El basqaru salasy adamzat qoghamynda erteden payda bolyp, qogham damuynyng satylaryna sәikes ózgeristerge úshyraghan kýrdeli әleumettik-sayasy qúbylys. Qazaq qoghamy da osynau manyzdy ýrdisten tys qalmaghan. Elding tarihy órkendeu dengeyine oray onyng basqaru formasy men әdis-tәsilderi, qúraldary jetildirilip otyrylghany kýmәn tudyrmaydy. Alayda, patsha ókimeti qazaqtardyng qalyptasqan bayyrghy el basqaru jýiesin joyyp, onyng ornyna basqarudyng jana formasyn engizdi. Resey patshalyghy basqarudyng jana formasynan qazaq halqyna sayasy ýstemdik ornatudyng basty qúralyn kórdi jәne sonyng negizinde qazaq eli shyn mәnindegi otargha ainaldy. Osy formamen qazaqtardy basqaru barysynda kóptegen kelensizdikter etek aldy. Búdan qazaqtar auyr zardaptargha dushar boldy. Sondyqtan A. Baytúrsynov jәne t. b. qazaq ziyalylary búl mәselelerge erekshe mәn berip, ony patsha ýkimetine qarsy kýresting qaruy etti. A. Baytúrsynov qazaq elindegi el basqaru jýiesine arnap: «Taghy da narodnyy sot haqynda», « Qazaq Hәm 4-shi Duma» «Zemstvo», «Gubernator ózgerilui», «Orynbor. 13-shi oktyabri», «Zakon jobasynyng bayandamasy» jәne t.b. tól enbekter jazdy. Osy shygharmalarynda A. Baytúrsynov metropoliyanyng óz sayasatyn tolyq qandy jýrgizu ýshin jәne ony nyghaytyp, óristetu ýshin qazaq eline erekshe basqaru apparatyn qajetsingendigin atap kórsetedi.

El basqaru salasy adamzat qoghamynda erteden payda bolyp, qogham damuynyng satylaryna sәikes ózgeristerge úshyraghan kýrdeli әleumettik-sayasy qúbylys. Qazaq qoghamy da osynau manyzdy ýrdisten tys qalmaghan. Elding tarihy órkendeu dengeyine oray onyng basqaru formasy men әdis-tәsilderi, qúraldary jetildirilip otyrylghany kýmәn tudyrmaydy. Alayda, patsha ókimeti qazaqtardyng qalyptasqan bayyrghy el basqaru jýiesin joyyp, onyng ornyna basqarudyng jana formasyn engizdi. Resey patshalyghy basqarudyng jana formasynan qazaq halqyna sayasy ýstemdik ornatudyng basty qúralyn kórdi jәne sonyng negizinde qazaq eli shyn mәnindegi otargha ainaldy. Osy formamen qazaqtardy basqaru barysynda kóptegen kelensizdikter etek aldy. Búdan qazaqtar auyr zardaptargha dushar boldy. Sondyqtan A. Baytúrsynov jәne t. b. qazaq ziyalylary búl mәselelerge erekshe mәn berip, ony patsha ýkimetine qarsy kýresting qaruy etti. A. Baytúrsynov qazaq elindegi el basqaru jýiesine arnap: «Taghy da narodnyy sot haqynda», « Qazaq Hәm 4-shi Duma» «Zemstvo», «Gubernator ózgerilui», «Orynbor. 13-shi oktyabri», «Zakon jobasynyng bayandamasy» jәne t.b. tól enbekter jazdy. Osy shygharmalarynda A. Baytúrsynov metropoliyanyng óz sayasatyn tolyq qandy jýrgizu ýshin jәne ony nyghaytyp, óristetu ýshin qazaq eline erekshe basqaru apparatyn qajetsingendigin atap kórsetedi. Osy orayda A.Baytúrsynov 1822 jylghy «Sibir qyrghyzdary turaly Ustavqa» (búdan әri Sibir qazaqtary turaly Ustav), 1868 jylghy «Uaqytsha erejege» jәne 1891 jylghy «Dalalyq erejege» taldau jasap, búl erejelerding qazaq halqyn Resey imperiyasynyng týpkilikti otaryna ainaldyrudy zang jolymen bekituge baghyttalghan zandar jýiesi bolghandyghyn aighaqtaydy. Sondyqtan ol jogharyda atalghan enbekterinde Resey patshalyghynyng qazaq qoghamyna kýshtep tanyp otyrghan el basqaru jýiesining mәnin, mazmúnyn, maqsatyn ózekti mәsele retinde qarastyrady jәne búl jýiening sipatyn jәne qoghamdyq saldarlaryn ashady. Qazaq elin basqaru jýiesine baylanysty qabyldanghan erejelerdi jәne zandardy patsha ýkimetining chinovnikterdi aldyn-ala úzaq zerttep, múqiyat dayyndalghanyn әri basqa elderding otar halyqtardy basqaru tәjiriybesin esepke alghandyghyn da kórsetedi. Batys órkeniyetining biylikti atqarushy biylik, sot jәne ókildik biylik dep tarmaqtargha bólu iydeyasy «Sibir qazaqtary turaly Ustavqa» engizilgen bolatyn. Atalmysh iydeya qazaq dalasyn basqaru jóninde qabyldanghan ózgede erejeler men zandargha belgili bir dәrejede yqpal etkeni dau tudyrmaydy.

Qazaq halqyn basqaruda jergilikti basshylardy saylau institutynyng engizilui erekshe ról atqardy. A.Baytúrsynov jergilikti el biyleushilerining saylau arqyly biylikke keluin bilimdi, ónerli elderding tәjiriybesinde qalyptasqan jaghymdy dәstýr sanap, onyng manyzdylyghyn qoldaydy. Sonymen qatar saylau nauqanynyng qazaqtar ýshin erekshe manyzdylyghyn halyqtyng azattyq kýresimen tyghyz baylanystyrady. Saylau nauqany arqyly qazaqtardy oyatyp, olardy sayasy kýreske tartudy negizgi mәsele dep sanaydy. Saylau nauqany barysynda halyqtyng terende jatqan әleumettik mýddelerin bayqaugha bolady dep esepteydi.

Saylaudy qazaq halqynyng ózin-ózi basqarugha aparatyn manyzdy jol sanap, halqyn saylaudy dúrys týsinuge, «Saylau degen ózine bergen yqtiyar» - dey otyryp, ony jónimen paydalana biluge shaqyrdy. Osy orayda, A. Baytúrsynov, «Adam balasy ghoy, paydasyn, zararyn aiyra biler, ózine-ózi qastyq oilamas. Júrtqa jaghymdy, paydaly bolar-zarary tiymes degen adamdaryn ózderi saylasyn. Zararly bolar degen jer iyesi adamdaryn ózderi de saylamas» dep ýkimetting qazaqqa saylau institutyn engizip, jergilikti basshylardy erekshe saylau arqyly, olardy tandaudy halyqtyng ózine berilgen qúbylys retinde baghalaydy.

Lauazymdy qyzmetke basshyny saylaudyng taghayyndaudan artyqshylyghyn, ereksheligin ashyp kórsetedi. Saylaumen el biyligine kelgender halyq aldyndaghy jauapkershiligin belgili bir dәrejede sezinetin, ózine jýktelgen mindetti mýmkindiginshe dúrys oryndaugha tyrysatyn edi. Al qyzmetke taghayyndalghan adam tek ózining basshysynyng aldynda ghana esep beretin bolghan son, halyqtyng mún-múqtajymen sanasa bermeytin. Sondyqtan A. Baytúrsynov qazaq halqy ýshin bolys basshysyn, auylnaydy, mýftiydi, deputatty saylau tiyimdi, al olardy patsha ýkimetining taghayyndauy sayasy jýie ýshin tiyimdi bolghanymen halyq ýshin tiyimsiz degen baylam jasaydy.

A. Baytúrsynovtyng enbekterinen búrynghy qazaqtyng biyler sotyn joghary baghalaghany bayqalady. Patshalyq dәuirde qazaqtardyng arasynda onday biylerding joqtyghyna ókinish bildiredi. Osy kezde búzyq biyler shyqty. A. Baytúrsynov búzyq biylerding qataryna patsha ýkimetine iyek artyp, týrli jenildikter alyp, ýkimderi әdil bolmaghan, onyng ýstine paraqorlyqpen ainalysqan qazaq biylerin jatqyzdy. Búlarmen qatar qazaq qoghamynda búzyq bolystar da payda boldy. Búzyq bolystardyng qalyptasuyn A. Baytúrsynov negizinen bolys basshysyna saylau nauqanymen baylanystyrady.

Bolys basshysyna kandidat bolystyq biylikti qolyna alu ýshin ózining tuystaryn, jaqtastaryn jinap, «óz partiyasyn» qúryp, saylaugha týsti. Olardyng әrqaysysy qalayda kóp dauysty iyelenuge tyrysyp, bәsekelestikti óristetti jәne ru namysyn qozdyrdy. Sol tústa saylaushylardy satyp alu keng etek alyp, búl jaghday oblystyng býkil bolystaryn qamtydy. Saylau kýresi partiyalyq jaulasugha deyin jetip, jii qaqtyghystargha aparyp, adam ólimine sheyin jetkizdi. Saylau ótkennen keyin bolys basshysy bolghandar da, oghan óte almay qalghandar da saylaugha kóptep júmsaghan shyghynyn zorlyq-zombylyq kórsetip halyqtan birneshe ese etip qaytardy. Osy jaghdaylardyng bәri, sayyp kelgende, býkil halyqty týrli әleumettik-ekonomikalyq qiynshylyqtar men zardaptargha iytermeledi, atap aitqanda, júrttyng maly tartyp alyndy, salyqtardyng belgilengen mólsherinen salyq asyra salyndy, әr nәrseni syltauratyp aiyptar salyndy, jónsiz syy -siyapat alyndy.

A. Baytúrsynov saylaudyng adal da әdil ótiluin prinsiptik mәsele retinde kóterip, ony barynsha qoldady. Adal әri әdil saylau búzyq biyler men búzyq bolystardyng biylikke keluine tosqauyl bolatyn basty faktor dep eseptedi. « Búzyq biylerdi, búzyq bolystardy syrtqa shyghyp, kózge kóringen dertting irinine, shirigine» balady, tenedi. Olardy týp-tamyrymen jon qajet dep sanady.

A. Baytúrsynov jergilikti el biyleushilerin saylau kezinde bolatyn qazaqtardyng psihologiyalyq jәi-kýiin kórsetti jәne әr týrli әleumettik toptargha sipattama jasady. Saylau nauqanynda oryn alatyn kelensiz qúbylystargha qazaqtardyng ózderi kinәli dep eseptedi. Olay deytini qazaqtar jergilikti el biyleushilerine halyqqa paydaly adamnyng ornyna ziyan keltiretin adamdy saylady. Ol júrttyng shyrqyn alyp, tynyshtyghyn búzdy. Osynday kelensizdikterding bәri jinaqtalyp kelip, jergilikti biyleushilerding qyzmetine yqylassyzdyghyn jәne júmysqa shorqaqtyghyn tughyzdy. Búl jaghdaylar olardy jalpyúlttyq mәselelerdi oilap, sheshu dengeyine kótergizbedi, halyqtyng birligin nyghaytugha, azattyq ýshin kýresine keri yqpal etti. Sondyqtan A. Baytúrsynov jergilikti el biyleushilerin saylau kezinde jeke bastyq, tuystyq, rulyq úsaq mýddeler men maqsattardan qazaqtardyng jalpy halyqtyq mýddeleri joghary qoyyluy tiyis dep sanady.

Qazaqtyng búrynnan qalyptasqan biyler sotyn Resey patshalyghy joyyp onyng ornyna halyqtyq sotty engizdi. Ol saylanyp qoyylghanymen orys әkimshiligining tikeley basqaruynda qaldy. Soghan qaramastan osy sot jýiesi kezinde elde sheksiz ozbyrlyq, zansyzdyq pen para alushylyq keng etek alyp, adam qúqyghy ayaqqa taptaldy. Sondyqtan ýkimet engizgen halyq sotynyng qyzmetine qazaqtardyng kónili tolmady, tipti onyng júmysyn toqtatu qajet degen el arasynda pikir de qalyptasty. Halyq sotynyng ornyna ókimet arnayy bilimi bar sudiyalardy qazaq eline jiberetin bolsa, onda olar qazaqtyng salt - dәstýrin, әdet-ghúrpyn jәne t.b. bilmey isting shyndyghyna jetip qyzmet istey almaytyn boldy. Osylaysha qazaq qoghamynda biyler soty tyghyryqqa tireldi. Múnday jaghdaydan shyghudyng jolyn A. Baytúrsynov ókimetke qazaq eline engizilgen jana resmy sottyng jaghymsyzdyghyn dәleldep, onyng ornyna sottardyng sheshim qabyldauynda basshylyqqa alatyn «Qazaq qaghidasyn» shygharudy úsyndy. Onyng pikirinshe búl bayyrghy qazaqtyng erekshe sot erejelerining negizinde jasalynuy tiyis jәne sol tústaghy qoghamnyng talaptaryna sәikestendirilui qajet. Egerde ony bekitetin bolsa qazaq biyleri búrynghy әdildigine qaytyp oralatynyna kәmil sendi.

Qazaq ziyalylarynyng arasynda A.Baytúrsynov alghashqylarynyng biri bolyp, «Uaqytsha erejeni», «Sibir qazaqtary turaly Ustavpen» salystyra otyryp, birinshi erejening ekinshi erejege qaraghanda qataldyghyn qazaqtardy aumaqtyq әkimshilikke bólu kezinde qoldanghan aila-tәsilderi arqyly kórsetedi. Ereje boyynsha «Qazaqtardy auylgha bólgende atalas-túqymdas boluyn esepke almay, aiyrghan jerin hәm sharuasynyng retine qaray bóldi,...Bolys, yaky auyl qansha ýiden qúralugha mýmkindigi haqynda belgili bir mólsherler shygharyldy (bir auylnay elde 100-den 220-ge sheyin, bir bolysta 1000-nan 2000-gha sheyin ýy bolady dep). Ár bolystyng jerine ishek tartyldy, әr bolystyng jeri óz arasynda sharualary hәm maldarynyng sanyna qaray bólinetin boldy. Ár auyldyng jeke kisilerining de jer paydalanuy osy retpen boldy» - dep jazdy.

A. Baytúrsynov «Uaqytsha ereje» boyynsha qazaq ólkesine bolystyq biyler sezining engizilui turaly da jan-jaqty toqtaldy. Búl ereje osy sezding biylik jýiesindegi atqaratyn mindetterin aiqyndady, mәrtebelerin belgiledi. Oishyl búlardyng әdil sheshpegen ýkimderin tótenshe biyler sezi sheshuge qúzyrly ekenin jazdy. Jeke biyler men bolystyq biyler sezining qanday dauly mәseleni qarastyrugha, biyligining qanday mólsherde boluy kerektigi jóninde oy tolghady.

A. Baytúrsynov halyq sotynyng biylikti iske asyruda jibergen jónsizdigin synay otyryp, ony «Dalalyq erejenin» iri qatelikterining biri retinde atalmysh zandy aiyptady. «Dalalyq ereje» boyynsha biylerding jónsiz biyligine tyiym salatyn talaptar bolmaghan son, júrttyng olardyng qyzmetine senimsizdigi artty, narazylyghy kýsheydi. Sonymen qatar búl zang qazaq halqynyng әleumettik jaghdayyn eskermegendikten, júrttyng mýddesin oilamaghandyqtan halyqty búzugha sebepker bolghan ereje bolyp shyqty dep baghalady.

A. Baytúrsynov qazaq qoghamynyng jergilikti biyleushilerin jer bólu jәne salyq salu siyaqty patsha ýkimetining sayasatyn jýrgizushilerining qataryna qosty . «Dalalyq ereje» boyynsha kóshpeliler paydalanghan jәne olargha tiyesili sonyng ishinde ormandar, memlekettik menshikke ótip, osy erejening talabynyng jәne tәrtibining negizinde kóshpendiler paydalanghan jerler, olardyng qoghamdyq sheksiz paydalanuyna qaldyryldy dep jariyalanghanymen qazaqtyng artyq jerleri, Memlekettik mýlik ministrligining qaramaghyna ótuine A.Baytúrsynov qarsy boldy. Ol Jetisu, Semey, Aqmola, Torghay, Oral oblystarynda qazaq jerlerin alyp, orys sharualaryna beriluine jergilikti biyleushilerding at salysyp otyrghanyna kýiinish bildirdi.

«Dalalyq ereje» jerdi satyp alugha baylanysty talabynda orys bodandyghyna jatpaytyn, týzemdikterden ózge, hristian dinin ústamaytyn adamdargha jerdi satugha tyiym saldy. Osyghan oray A. Baytúrsynov qazaqtardyng ózderining meken etken aumaghynda menshikke jer satyp alamyz ba degen ýmitin IV Memlekettik Dumadan shyqqan zannyng aqtamaghandyghyn atap kórsetti. Sebebi, IV Memlekettik Duma memlekettik jerdi tek hristian dinin ústaushylargha ghana satyp alugha jәne ózge adamgha beruge qúqyq bergen edi.

Sayyp kelgende, A.Baytúrsynov qazaq elin basqaru jónindegi qabyldanghan zandardyng qazaqtardy otarlaudyng birden-bir qúraly, al jergilikti biylikti ýkimetting otarlau sayasatyn jýzege asyrushy dep sanady.

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:

1. Baytúrsynov A Aq jol - Almaty: Jalyn - 1991

2. Zimanov S.Z. Politicheskiy stroy Kazahstana konsa XVIII y pervoy poloviny XIX vekov.- Alama-Ata: izd-vo AN Kaz SSR, 1960

3. Jiyrenchin K.A. Politicheskoe razvitiya Kazahstana v XIX- nachale XX vekov.- Alamty: Jeti jarghy, 1996

4. Materialy po istoriy politicheskogo stroya Kazahstana- Alama-Ata: izd-vo AN Kaz SSR, T.1.,1960

5. Materialy po vvedenii russkoy politicheskoy sistemy upravleniya v Kazahstane.- Almaty,1999

Mayrash  Erkebayqyzy Sәulembekova, Abay atyndaghy teoriyalyq-qoldanbaly jәne әleumettanu kafedrasynyng agha oqytushysy

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