Qazaq handyghynyng tarihynda HÝIII ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda Kishi jýzdi basqarghan Ábilqayyr hanyng ýlken ýlesi bar. 1993 jyly Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng últtyq valutasy engizilgen kezde osy adamnyng portreti 50 tenge nominalyna ornalastyryldy.

Múnyng bәri kezdeysoq emes edi. Kishi Jýzdi han retinde HÝIII ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda basqaryp, 1731 jyly Kishi jýzding Resey imperiyasyna qosyluyn rәsimdedi. Múhammed Ábilqayyr Ghazy Bahadur Han Shynghys hannyng tikeley úrpaghy bolghan edi, ol qiyn jәne әdiletsiz HÝIII ghasyrda ómir sýrdi.

ShoqanUәlihanov qazaq halqynyng jaghdayyn sipattap: «HÝIII ghasyrdyng alghashqy onjyldyghynda qyrghyz halqynyng (qazaq halqy dep atalatyn) ómirinde auyr uaqyt bolyp edi. Jongharlar, Edil qalmaqtar, Jayyq orys-kazak jәne bashqúrttar (qazaqtargha) týrli baghyttardan shabuyl jasap, mal-mýlkin joyyp, tútas otbasylarymen tútqyngha aldy».

«HÝIII ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghy sayasy túrghyda bólshektelgen el boldy. Múnda ýsh jýz bar edi, olar óz kezeginde birneshe kishkentay handyqtardan túrdy. El feodaldyq qaqtyghystardan ajyrady. Ár týrli súltan toptary qazaq dalasynda jogharghy biylik ýshin jәne jaqsy jayylymdar ýshin kýres jýrgizdi. Súltandardyng biyligi men separatizmine qarsy kýreste HÝIII ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghy syrtqy basqynshylyqqa úshyrady», - dep jazdy Sh. Uәlihanov.

Eng qorqynyshty jongharlyq syrtqy qateri boldy. Jonghar handyghy Shyghys Týrkistan (qazirgi Batys Qytay) aumaghynda 1635 jyly qúrylghan edi. Sonday-aq, qazaq handyghy siyaqty, kóshpendi boldy. Kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghynyng damugha baylanysty jayylym jerdi túraqty keneytu kerek edi. Sonymen baylanysty jongharlardyng qazaq dalasynda shapqynshylyghy bastaldy. Jonghar handyghy Joghary Biyleushisi basqaratyn, quatty ortalyqtandyrylghan memlekettik, yaghni, absolutti biyligi bar kóshpendi monarhiya edi. Qazaq handyghynda әskeri qajet kezde jinalatyn, al jongharda túraqty әsker bolghan. Syrtqy shabuyldar men ishki dau-damaylardan býlingen jәne joyylatyn qazaq halqy sol kezdegi ýlken apattar men qiynshylyqtardy bastan keshirdi.

Kishi Jýzding hany Ábilqayyr jonghar basqynshylaryna qarsy qazaq halqynyng azattyq soghysyn úiymdastyru men jýrgizuge belsene aralasty. 1710 jyly jazda Karakúmdaghy býkil el jinalysynda qazaq әskerlerining qolbasshysy bolyp saylandy. Onyng basshylyghymen qazaqtar Tashkent, Týrkistan, Sayram shaharlardy qorghap shyqty. 1718 jyly Ábilqayyr han, 30 myngha juyq armiyanyng basynda Kayyp hanmen birge Ayagózdegi jongharlarmen shayqasty. Osy uaqytqa deyin ol Reseylik biylik ókilderimen alghashqy qarym-qatynastaryn jasap ýlgergen edi, sonymen qatar, Sibir gubernatorlarymen Jonghariyagha qarsy әskeriy-sayasy odaq qúru turaly kelissózder jýrgizip kórgen-di.

Ábilqayyr han osy uaqytqa deyin tәjiriybeli memleket qayratkeri jәne batyl әskery qolbasshy retinde tanymal boldy, sondyqtan 1726 jyly Ordabasyda jalpy qazaq birlesken әskerlerin basqaru Ábilqayyrgha birauyzdan senip tapsyryldy.

Býkil ýsh jýzden qúralghan qazaq әskerining basshysy Ábilqayyr ol kezde bar bolghany 33 jasta bolatyn, ol jauyngerlik qaruly kýshterdi qúru jәne qazaq halqyn jongharlardyng basqynshylaryn azat etuge bar kýshin saldy. 1728 jyly Úlytauda, Qarasiyr jerinde, Búlanty ózenining manynda, qazaq әskerleri basqynshylargha qatty soqqy berdi. Jonghar әskerlerining jenilmeytini turaly mif joqqa shygharyldy.

1730 jyldyng kókteminde Balqash manyndaghy IYt-ishpes audanynda Ábilqayyr hannyng basshylyghymen qazaq әskeri qaytadan jongharlargha qatty soqqy berdi. Osy shayqas jonghar jәne qazaq handyghy arasyndaghy 100 jyldyq soghysqa týbegeyli ózgeris (qazaq ýshin) jasady.

Sol kezde Bolat han (Úly Jýzding hany) qaytys bolady jәne biylikke ýmitkerler arasynda kýres kýsheydi. Sayasy dәstýr boyynsha, úly súltan handarynyng ókili býkil qazaq hany saylanugha tiyis bolatyn, Osyny eskere otyryp, Ábilmәmbet han saylanady. Kishi jýzding Ábilqayyr hany jas súltandardyng әuletining ókili bolghandyqtan, qazaq әskerlerining qolbasshysy qyzmetinen ketti. Osylay Kishi jýzge ózining әskerlermen oralady.

Búl ýshin Ábilqayyrdy aiyptaugha bolady, biraq úmytpanyzdar, ol Shynghys hannyng әuletining ýrpaghy retinde sonday is-әreketke barghan.

Kóp úzamay  Úly Jýz Orta jýzben birlisip kýresudi jalghastyrdy. Al tórt taraptan Kishi Jýzge Edil qalmaqtar, Jayyq orys-kazaktary, bashqúrt men Hiualyqtar kýn bergen joq. Kishi Jýz túrghyndary qatty qysymnan zardap shekti.

Osylaysha, jonghar shabuylynan keyin qazaq handyghynyng ishindegi jaghday kýrdeli jәne apatty boldy. Jetisudaghy bay jayylymdarynan aiyrylyp, qazaqtar materialdyq jәne adamdyq shyghyndargha úshyrady. Qazaqstan aumaghyndaghy ghasyrlar boyy kóship-qonu joldary búzyldy. Jongharlardyng Qazaq ru-taypalarynyng batys jәne soltýstik-batys shekaralaryna, Edil men Jayyq arasyndaghy qonys audaru mәseleni qiyndatyp jiberdi, Resey subektileri bolyp tabylatyn Jayyq orys-kazaktary men qalmaqtarymen túraqty qaqtyghystar tughyzdy.

Qazaq handyghynyng batys shekarasynda beybitshilikke qol jetkizu qazaq biyleushilerining negizgi syrtqy sayasy maqsattarynyng biri boldy. Barlyq kýshterimizdi jongharlarmen kýresuge tolyq auystyru óte qajet boldy.

Búl asa manyzdy jaghday Kishi jýzining geosayasy jәne sayasy jaghdayyn qayta qarau qajet ekenin anghartty. HÝIII ghasyrdyng birinshi shiyreginde Reseymen (basshylyq etken I Petrding kezinde) qarym-qatynas ornatu óte qajet boldy. Ol kezde Resey - Euraziya qúrlyghynyng jetekshi kýshterining biri boldy. HÝIII ghasyrda kóptegen imperiyalyq memleketter qúryldy: britandyq, fransuz, avstro-vengr, qytay, orys jәne t.b. Búl qatygez uaqyt kez-kelgen az halyqtardy úly derjavalargha baghynugha әkeldi nemese joghalyp ketti (Jonghariya mysalyn qaranyz).

1731 jyly 10 qazanda Kishi jýzding qazaq aqsaqaldarynyng kezdesuinde Ábilqayyr han, Býkenbay, Eset, Qúday-Nazar jәne taghy Kishi Jýzding 27 basqa qazaq feodaldary Reseyge erikti týrde qosylu turaly qújatqa qol qoydy.

Ábilqayyr han osynday sayasy qadamy arqyly soltýstik kórshisining әskery kýshterin jonghargha qarsy qondy kózdedi jәne onyng kómegimen barlyq qazaqtardy jonghar basqynshylarynan qútqaramyn degen oiy boldy. Múnyng syrtynda ol óz handyq biyligin nyghaytudy da oilady. Ábilqayyr ortalyqtandyrylghan qazaq memleketining qúryluy tek qazaq halqyna aman-esen ómir sýruge kómektesetinin jaqsy bildi. Biraq, Resey sayasaty Kishi jýzding hany - Ábilqayyr hannyng myqty biyligine qarsy baghyttalghan edi.

Soghan qaramastan, Ábilqayyr han qazaqtyng jalpy últtyq mýddelerinen shyqqan jәne tughan halqyna tynysh jәne beybit ómir sýrudi qamtamasyz etuge tyrysty. Ábilqayyr hannyng sayasy jәne strategiyalyq tandauy kez-kelgen iri sayasy jәne memleket qayratkeri ýshin kýrdeli halyqaralyq sayasy jaghdaydy uaqytynda qozghaltu, tútastay aqyldy jәne konstruktivti geosayasatty jәne tútastay alghanda sayasatty jýrgizu, dostar men odaqtastar tabu ýshin qanshalyqty manyzdy ekendigin taghy da dәleldeydi.

Al býgingi kýni bizding elimiz , onyng kóshbasshysy, Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Preziydenti N.Á.Nazarbaev jaqyn jәne alys shet elderge qatysty aqyldy jәne konstruktivti sayasat jýrgizip keledi. Eng aldymen Reseymen baylanysymyzdy abaylap jýrgizuge tyrysady. Yaghni, Kishi jýzding Ábilqayyr hanynyng ómirlik josparyn bizding Elbasy jýzege asyrdy.

Osylaysha, Kishi jýzding Ábilqayyr hany HÝIII ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysyndaghy úly memlekettik jәne sayasy qazaq qayratkeri. Ol bizding Qazaqstanymyzdyng býgingi ómir sýruining negizin qalady. HÝIII ghasyrdaghy kýrdeli jәne qatal kezende óz halqynyng jәne elining bolashaq damuyna strategiyalyq, sayasy jәne adamdyq tandau jasay bildi. Sol ýshin de Ábilqayyr hannyng tarihiy-sayasy beynesine terenirek boylaugha tiyispiz!

Kerimsal Júbatqanov, Qazaq-Orys Halyqaralyq Uniyversiyteti «Ruhany janghyru» ghylymiy-zertteu ortalyghynyng jetekshisi

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