Ghylymy tehnika sharyqtaghan, mobildi kommunikasiyalar zamanynda órkeniyetti qogham men jetilgen adamdy qalyptastyrudyng basty qúraly - din bolyp tabylatyny dausyz. Dinsiz qogham, dinsiz memleket, dinsiz adam - adamgershiliktin, damudyn, órkeniyetting kemel shynyna shygha almaytyndyghy da san ghasyrlar boyyna aitylyp keledi. Tәn men nәpsi qúmarlyghy, paydakýnemdik sharyqtau shegine jetip, materialdyq baylyq, tәn qyzyghy kulitke ainalghan qazirgi qoghamda -  dini-etikalyq, moralidyq, ruhani, adamgershilik qúndylyqtardyng shetqaqpaylanuy, tómendetilui adamzat balasynyng ruhany degradasiyagha úshyraghandyghynyng kórinisi. Arany toymas «tútynushylyqtyn» adamzatqa ortaq dertke ainalghandyghyn býgingi kýndegi jer betindegi týrli soghystar men qandy qyrghyndardyn, qylmystardyn, tәn jәne jan aurularynyng órshuinen kóruimizge bolady.

Ghylymy tehnika sharyqtaghan, mobildi kommunikasiyalar zamanynda órkeniyetti qogham men jetilgen adamdy qalyptastyrudyng basty qúraly - din bolyp tabylatyny dausyz. Dinsiz qogham, dinsiz memleket, dinsiz adam - adamgershiliktin, damudyn, órkeniyetting kemel shynyna shygha almaytyndyghy da san ghasyrlar boyyna aitylyp keledi. Tәn men nәpsi qúmarlyghy, paydakýnemdik sharyqtau shegine jetip, materialdyq baylyq, tәn qyzyghy kulitke ainalghan qazirgi qoghamda -  dini-etikalyq, moralidyq, ruhani, adamgershilik qúndylyqtardyng shetqaqpaylanuy, tómendetilui adamzat balasynyng ruhany degradasiyagha úshyraghandyghynyng kórinisi. Arany toymas «tútynushylyqtyn» adamzatqa ortaq dertke ainalghandyghyn býgingi kýndegi jer betindegi týrli soghystar men qandy qyrghyndardyn, qylmystardyn, tәn jәne jan aurularynyng órshuinen kóruimizge bolady.

Ghylym men bilimnin, ekonomika pen tehnikanyng adamnyng ruhany qúndylyqtarynsyz damuy - ony orgha jyghatyn qauipti basty faktor dep aitugha bolatynday. Óndiris pen tehnikanyn, ekonomikanyng jalang ósui men damuyn dittep jýrip, diniy-ruhany túrghydan qúldyraugha úshyraudyng zardaby óte qiyn bolmaq. Jasyratyny joq basqa damyghan elderdi qoyghanda, songhy uaqytta elimizde tabys әkeletin, payda kózderine, baylyqqa bastaytyn salalar men mamandyqtargha basymdyq berilip, manyzdylyghy arttyrylyp, kulitke ainaldyrylu tendensiyalary ýstemdik etude. Memlekettik kadrlar dayarlau sayasaty da osy arnagha týbegeyli búrylghan. Onsyz da Kenes dәuiri kezenindegi ateizmning qasang shenberinen zorgha qútylyp, shalajansar kýy keshken ruhaniyat әlemining kýii qazir de onala qoymady. Batystyq «tútynushylyq» modeli bizding qoghamnyn, jasy men kәrisining sanasyna myqtap sinirildi. Sondyqtan jenil jolmen payda tabugha negizdelgen ulanghan jas sanasy qylmystyng naghyz qarabayyr týrlerin jasaugha jeteleude. Týptep kelgende qoghamymyzda jastargha tәrbiye, bilim beru, adam, túlgha qalyptastyru ýderisteri aqsap otyr. Ol kemshilikterding bәri memleketting jýrgizip, ústanyp otyrghan sayasatyna baylanysty tuyndaydy. Óskeleng úrpaqqa diny bilim berip, diny sanasyn qalyptastyrmay, diny sana men din etikasyn adamgershilik etikasymen úshtastyrmay, adamzat kýiregen ýstine kýirey beredi. Búl ýrdiste kýsh pen baylyqqa negizdelgen alpauyt memleketterding ghana asyghy alshysynan týsetini belgili. Diny sanany qalyptastyru bir kýnning ne bir pәnning mindeti emes. Diny sanany qogham, ómir qalyptastyrady. Es bile bastaghan jas bala ata-anasy men otbasynyng ústanghan din rәsimderin kórip ósui, er jete bastaghannan sol dinning tereng syrlaryn úghugha talpyna bastauy, ata-anasy men otbasynyng oghan din turaly bergen tәrbiyesi, qarym-qatynas barysynda ainalasynan kórgen-týigenimen qatar, diny әdebiyetterdi oquy, týsinui abzal. Diny sananyng teoriyalyq jәne praktikalyq tústary bolatyny anyq. Bala dinning osy eki aspektisin de qamtyp óskeni dúrys. Dintanu pәni arqyly әlemdegi dinderding shyghu jәne qalyptasu tarihyn bilgeni, onyng ata-babalarynyng dinining ereksheligin sezinuimen, týsinuimen, bolashaqta qanday joldy ústanatyndyghyn aiqyndauymen sipattalady. Diny sanasy qalyptaspayynsha, túlgha qalyptaspaydy. Ol ghylym men bilimning kóptegen salalarynan jaqsy qarulanghan bilimdi adam boluy mýmkin, dinsiz ishki meni, ruhany әlemi teren, adamgershilikting joghary qúndylyqtaryn boyyna sinirgen, meyirim men shapaghatqa, әdiletke toly jan bolyp jetilui ekitalay.

Qazaq qoghamy jastargha diny bilim beru men diny sanasyn qalyptastyru barysynda dana Abaydyng múralarynan alary mol. Búl taqyrypqa kelgende ústanar negizgi temirqazyghymyz  Abay  ilimi bolsa adaspaymyz. Shyntuaytqa kelgende, búl jerdegi diny sana degenimiz de shartty úghym, dәl XXI ghasyrda saf týrindegi diny sana degen de bolmaytynday. Qazirgi әlemde sananyng bәri bir-birimen aralasyp, sintetikalyq jýiege ainalghan. Oishyl Abay da tek diny sana qalyptastyrugha, diny adam tәrbiyeleuge úmtylghan emes, ol adamgershilikti adam, tolyq adam, kamily insan modelin jasaugha, tәrbiyeleuge talpynghan túlgha. Alayda búl degen sóz biz Jaratushyny, onyng jibergen kitaptaryn, Elshilerin moyyndamaymyz degen oy tumauy kerek. Hakim Abay da, biz de bәrin mýltiksiz moyyndaymyz. Adamzattyng qarbalas, dinamikalyq damu ýstindegi qoghamynda, ekonomikalyq mәseleler aldynghy qatargha shyghyp túrghan zamanda, zamangha say, zamannyng damu ýrdisi men iydeologiyasyna say  - diny ústanymyz ben adamgershilik payymymyz úshtasyp jatsa, XXI ghasyr biyiginde adamzat qoghamy adamgershilik ilimin, ruhany әlemdi basshylyqqa alsa degen niyetten tuyndaghan pikir.

Abay ózining diniy-filosofiyalyq oi-tújyrymdarynyng jemisi retinde - tolyq adam ilimin úsynady. Abaydyng armanyndaghy tolyq adamnyng irgetasy dinmen úshtasyp, dinmen damidy, dinmen jetiledi. Islam dinindegi, islam filosofiyasyndaghy «tolyq adam» ilimi men Abaydyng tolyq adamynyng arasynda prinsipialdy aiyrmashylyq joq. Óz dәrejesinde Abay islam dini men filosofiyasyndaghy tolyq adam ilimin jetildirushi, jana sapagha kóterushi. Abay ózining ólenderi men qara sózderinde aldymen qazaq qoghamyndaghy tolyq adamnyng modelin, odan shygha islam dinindegi kemel adam kelbetin, sonday-aq keng maghynadaghy barsha adamzatqa ortaq tolyq adam modelin úsynady. Ony mәngilik triada, ýshtaghan dep atasaq ta bolady:

ÚLT - DIN - ADAMZAT

Islam dini tarihyndaghy týrli aghymdar men tanymdardyng kóbin saraptau barysynda, Abay ghylymy dәl pikirler aityp, tura joldy ústana bilgen. Abaydyng diny kózqarastarynyng bizding kәmil dinimizge turalyghy, sәikestigi jóninde dintanushy ghalymdar aityp-jazyp jýr.  Abay ústanymynyng ereksheligi jәne basty janalyghy ózine deyingi kóp ghalymdar, bilgirler syndy bendelikting kamalattyghy iydeyasymen shektelmey, insaniyattyng kamalattyghy iydeyasyn úsynuy, jetildirui. Abaydyng tolyq adam iydeyasyna jetu birneshe satylardan túrady, ol da eki baghytta úsynylghan jogharydan tómenge, tómennen jogharygha. 1-shi keste jogharydan tómenge:

Payghambarlar - Áuliyeler - Hakimder - Kәmil músylmandar [1, 199]. 

2-shi keste tómennen joghary qaray:

Nadan - Jarym adam - Jarym músylman - Tolyq músylman - Tolyq adam [1, 190]. 

Diny túrghydan da, etikalyq-intellektualdyq túrghydan da adamzattyng bәri payghambar, әuliye, hakim dengeyine jete bermeydi. Tolyq adamdyqqa úmtylu әrbir adamnyng paryzy. Tolyq músylman men tolyq adamnyng arasynda aiyrmashylyq bar ma, bar bolsa qanday aiyrmashylyq? Abay 38-shi qara sózinde jikteytin Adamnyng ghylymy jәne Allanyng ghylymy degen tújyrymdar bar. Tolyq adam osy eki ghylym salasyna qanyq, eki ghylym salasynda qatar alyp jýretin, olardy ózining adamgershilik qalybyn, ishki imanyn jetildiru ýshin tútynatyn bolsa kerek. Tolyq músylman adamnyng ghylymynan góri, allanyng ghylymyna den qoyghan, sol baghytty tereng ústanghan iman jolyndaghy adamgha aitylsa kerek. Abaydyng tolyq adamynyng ereksheligi jogharyda aitqan ghylym týrlerin mengerip, ishki imanyn arttyryp qana qoymay, әleumettik mәselelerde adamzat qoghamynyng beybit te baqytty, әdiletti ómir sýrui ýshin ter tógetin, elinin, últynyng qamyn oilaytyn kýresker, azamat boluy qajet. El túrmysyna, ekonomikasyna, óndirisine qyzmet etip, adamzat túrmysynyng әdiletti týrde damuyna qolqabys etetin qayratker túlgha. Kәsippen shúghyldanu, kәsipti iygeru, ghylymy jetistik pen kәsipti úshtastyryp, adamzat iygiligine mýmkindik tudyru, adamdar arasyndaghy qarym-qatynastarda qúqyqtyq tendikti, әdilettilikti saqtau, nasihattau syndy sýbeli komponentter aqynnyng tolyq adam turaly talabyn, tanymyn keneyte týsedi. Abaydyng tolyq adamy ghylymdy iygergen, imandy, kәsippen shúghyldanghan, qarym-qatynasta әdilettilikti úsanghan túlgha ghana emes, moralidyq-etikalyq tazalyqpen qatar, óner men mәdeniyetke, әdebiyetke jaqyn, janyn syrshyl sezimtaldyqpen tazarta biletin, jany móldiregen taza sezimderge toly, súlulyqqa qúmar, súlulyqty ansaytyn, adamy inkәr sezimderdi úlyqtaytyn, saqtaytyn estet túlgha. Sanamalap otyrsaq, Abay tolyq adam iydeyasyn keremet moralidyq-estetikalyq, azamattyq qasiyettermen jetildire bilgen. Abaydyng tolyq adamy keshendi, simbioz, sintetikalyq túlgha. Adamzat órkeniyetindegi barlyq iygi qasiyetter: din, iman, ghylym, bilim, tәrbiye, qúqyq, iskerlik, tapqyrlyq, qayratkerlik, azamattyq, ónerpazdyq, estetizm, t.b. boyynda jetildire bilgen, damytqan adam -  Abay úsynghan tolyq adam konsepsiyasy. Tereng ýnilsek, ómirde osynday adam boluy mýmkin be, qajet pe degen saualdar tuyndaytynday. Alla taghala hauas arqyly búl barlyq qasiyetterdi adam boyynda bar etip jaratty, qaysysy jibili, qaysysy kәsiby aqyn ony da ajyratyp beredi [1, 214].

Sol Alla taghala әr adamnyng boyynda bar etip jaratqan qasiyetterdi damytu, tәrbiyeleu, jetildiru әr adamnyng ózining mindeti. Abaydyng oiynsha kez-kelgen adam adam bolyp jaratylyp dýniyege kelgen son, adam bolugha, tolyq adam bolugha úmtyluy, tyrysuy kerek jәne ol onyng eng basty mindeti.

Abaydyng diny tanymynyng ghylymilyghy jәne aqiqilyghy onyng bilimdarlyghymen, enbekqorlyghymen, izdenimpazdyghymen týsindirilse kerek. Onyng sopylyq turaly pikirleri de ghylymy dúrys taldanghan pikir bolyp esepteledi. Teoriyalyq sopylyq pen praktikalyq sopylyqtyng myqty jәne osal tústaryn dóp basyp kórsetui, qazirgi tandaghy kózqarastardyng da qanday baghytta damuy kerektigin anyqtap beretindey.

«Allanyng ózi de ras, sózi de ras» atty konseptualdy óleninde ýsh sýn iydeyasyn aita kele:

Ruza, namaz, zeket, haj -talassyz is,

Jaqsy bolsan, jaqsy tút bәrin tegis.

Bastapqy ýshti bekitpey, songhy tórtti

Qylghanmenen tatymdy bermes jemis,- [1, 112]

dep diny tanym men senim mәselesinde sýy, ishki iman, meyirimdilik, әdilettilik mәselelerin aldynghy qatargha qony kóp jәitti anghartsa kerek. Qazirgi qoghamymyzda, әsirese, jastar arasynda dinning ishki mazmúnyna, filosofiyasyna emes, syrtqy týrine kóp kónil qonshylyq tendensiyasy oryn alyp otyr. Dana Abaydyng sózderinen búl kókeytesti mәselelerding de jauabyn estiysiz: «Sizding batinynyz taza bolmaghy әueli iman bolyp, búl zahir ghibadatynyz imandy bolghan song ghana, paryz bolghan, sizding zahirynyzdaghy ghibadat - batynynyzdaghy imannyng kólenkesi, hәm sol imannyng núrlanyp túrmaghyna kórik ýshin búiyrylghan. Onyng ýshin ghúlamalar iman ekeu emes, bireu, biraq izgi taghatpenen núrlanady, taghat joq bolsa, kýngirttenedi, bәlky sónu haupi de bar degen. Eger nadandar ol ghibadattyng ishki syryn eskermey qylsa, sony qylyp jýrip, imany sóner degen.

Mening haupim bar, olar has osy ghibadat eken, qúdanyng bizge búiyrghany, biz osyny qylsaq, músylmandyq kәmil bolady eken dep oilaydy. Ol ghibadat kýzetshisi edi. Jә, kýzetshi kýzetken nәrsening amandyghyn oilamay, bir ghana oyau túrmaghyng qasd qylsa, ol ne kýzet? Kýzetken nәrsesi qayda ketedi? Maqsat kýzetilgen nәrsening amandyghy, tazalyghy emes pe?» [1, 208]. Abay әrqashan ishki jan dýniyenin, ruhany әlemnin, ishki imannyng tazalyghyn qadap aityp, onyng manyzdylyghyna kónil bólgen, mәselening bastysy syrtqy týr, syrtqy rәsimderde emes, ishki mazmúnda, «Imannyng tazalyghyn jaqsy úqtyrmay, Syrtyn qansha jusa da, ishi onbaghan»,- dep ishki әlemnin, imanning sheshushi ekendigin aitady.

Óskeleng jastarymyzdyng qúlaghyna haq dinimiz islam Abayday hakimning traktovkasymen, interpretasiyasymen úghyndyrylyp jatsa, qoghamymyz kemel adamdy qalyptastyruda jemiske jeter edi. Jalpy adamzat ataulygha qatysty dinderdi nemis filosofy G.F.Gegeliding tabighy din (estestvennaya religiya), ruhany túlgha dini (religiya duhovnoy individualinostiy), absolutti din (absolutnaya religiya) dep jiktegeni belgili [2]. Diny sanany qalyptastyratyn diny tanym, din filosofiyasy óte kýrdeli sala. Dinning tanymdyq qyrynan etikalyq qyryna keler bolsaq, әrbir dinning qalauy men kóksegen maqsaty da - jer betinde adamgershilik pen tynyshtyq ornatatyn tolyq adam túlghasyn qalyptastyru, tәrbiyeleu bolyp sanalady. Iran  ghalymy M.Mutahhariyding «Islamdaghy tolyq adam» enbegining de mazmúny osy joghary aitylghan pikirlerimizde dәleldeydi  [3]. Oishyl Abay «Allanyn, payghambardyng jolyndamyz, Yntamyzdy búzbastyq imanymyz» dey otyryp, islam dinining ishinen altyn jelini kóre bilip, ony adamzattyq adamgershilik iydeyalarymen úshtastyryp, adamzatqa ortaq «tolyq adam» tәrbiyeleudi múrat tútady.  Akademik M.Áuezov tújyrymdaghan, ghalym M.Myrzahmetúly taratyp, týsindirgen Abaydyng dinge qatysty qózqarasyna baylanysty ústanylghan «Abay dini - synshyl aqyldyng shartty dini» [4], «Abay dini - adamgershilikting dini» [5] syndy tújyrymdardy eskersek, Abaydyng diny tanymy, kózqarasy - din men ghylymnyn, etika men filosofiyanyng qorytyndysynan, qospasynan shyqqan sintetikalyq dýniye. Diny sana degen úghymnyng da qazirgi tanda sintetikalyq dýniyege ainalghanyn eskersek, jastardyng diny sanasyn qalyptastyrudaghy negizgi qúraldardyng biri - Abay shygharmashylyghy, adamgershilik ilimi ekendigi ózektiligimen ortagha shyghady.

Noyabri Kenjegharaev,

Abay atyndaghy QazÚPU-nin

«Abaytanu» ghylymiy-zertteu ortalyghynyng

agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri, f.gh.k.

«Abay-aqparat»

Ádebiyetter

1.     Abay shygharmalarynyng eki tomdyq tolyq jinaghy. T.2. Almaty: Jazushy, 1995.

2.      Gegeli G.F. Filosofiya religii. T.2. Moskva: Mysli, 1977.

3.     Mutahhary M. Sovershennyy chelovek v islame. - Santk-Peterburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedeniye, 2008.

4.     Myrzahmetov M. Múhtar Áuezov jәne Abaytanu problemalary. Almaty: Ghylym, 1982.

5.     Myrzahmetúly M. Abay jәne Shyghys. Almaty: Qazaqstan, 1994.