Qazaq auyz әdebiyeti ghasyrlardan ghasyrgha jasap kele jatqan auqymy óte keng dýniye. Onyng bәrin sholyp, bagha beruding ózi onay sharua emes. Degenmen, men qazaq auyz әdebiyetining sala-salasyna qysqasha sholu jasap, últ mәdeniyetindegi atqarghan róli, manyzy turaly sóz qozghamaqpyn. "Qazaq halqynda órkeniyetti mәdeniyet bolghan ba?" degen súraqqa býgingi jastardyng kóbi jauap ta bere almay qaluy mýmkin. Men osy atalmash maqalada osy súraqqa jauap berudi maqsat túttym.

Qazaq auyz әdebiyeti turaly sóz qozghaudan búryn, qazaqtyng әli kýnge deyin tolyq zerttelmegen erte dәuirdegi tarihynan bir auyz sóz aita keteyin. Qazaqtyng býgingi tarihy XV-ghasyrdaghy Kerey han men Jәnibek hannan bastaldy" dep jýrsek, ol "odan búryn qazaq júrty bolmaghan" degen sóz emes. Týrik qaghanaty túsynda da, Oghyz qaghanaty túsynda da, Shynghyshangha deyin de qazaq eli batysy sonau Qyrym, shyghysy Altaygha deyingi alyp aimaqty mekendegen. Soltýstigi Tobyldan asyp ketse, ontýstigi Parsy elimen shekaralas bolghan. Onyng dәleli Týrik qaghanatynan әride ómir sýrgen altyn adamdardyng (Esikten, Shyghys Qazaqstannan, Batys Qazaqstannan) tabyluy. Sosyn Altaydan tabylghan "Orhon jazuy". Býginde ghalymdar búl eskertkishegi jazudyng qazaq tiline jaqyndyghyn dәleldep shyqty.

Qazaq jerinen tabylghan múnday ghalamat eskertkish múralardy "Órkeniyetti mәdeniyeti damyghan" delinetin Shyghys Aziyadan da, Europadan da taba almaysyn. Qazaq jerinen tabylghan Altyn adamdar men Orhon jazuynyng tarihy qúndylyghy tek bes myng jyl búrynghy Egiypet órkeniyetining jәdigerlerimen tenesedi.

"Órkeniyetti mәdeniyet" degenimiz ne? Ol - әdebiyeti, ol - óneri damyghan el turaly aitylatyn anyqtama. Olay bolsa, men qazaqtyng auyz әdebiyeti, óneri (muzykasy, qolóneri) sonau VII-ghasyrdan, Týrik, Oghyz qaghanaty kezinen "bastalghan" dep naqty aita alamyn.

"Batyrlar jyry" әlemdik әdebiyet jauharlarynan kem emes

"Batyrlar jyry" qazaq auyz әdebiyetining tendesi joq, әdeby asyl múrasy. Onyng ishindegi "Qobylandy batyr jyryn" alghash (XIX- ghasyrda) Shoqan Uәlihanov, odan keyin qazaq batyrlar jyryna orystyng ghalym etnograftaryda nazar audardy. XIX-ghasyrdyng ayaq kezinde Úly aghartushy Y.Altynsarin men etnograf Á.Divaev "Qobylandy batyr" men "Alpamys batyr jyryn arab gharpinde Qazan qalasynda bastyryp, shygharghan. "Qobylandy batyr" jyryna alghash ghylymy taldau jasaghan Álihan Bókeyhanov. Onyng tújyrymynda "Qobylandy batyr" jyry ghasyrlardan ghasyrlargha asqanda әr jyrau óz janynan oqighalar qosyp, damytqan" degen qorytyndygha kelgen. Uaqyt talabyna say talay ghasyr ishinde "Qobylandy batyr jyrynyn" mazmúndyq ózgeriske úshyrauy zandy qúbylys. Sonday aq, býginige deyin el arasynan "Qobylandy batyr" jyrynyng jiyrmadan astam týri tabyluy da nazar audaratyn mәsele.

"Qobylandy batyr" jeti buynda jazylghan qazaq eposynyng eng úzaq jyrynyng biri. Búl improvizasiyalyq jyraulyq ýlgi. Jyrda Qobylandynyng balang jigit bop jetilgen obrazyn beyneleytin mynanday joldar bar

...Qobylandy keledi,
Altyn qabaq túrghany,
Qobylandy batyr kóredi,
Endi atynan týsedi,
Qolyna alyp, sadaghyn,
Babalaryna syiynyp,
Ýstindegi kiyimnen,
Týgi tútam ótedi,
Qabaghynan qar jauyp,
Múrtynan múz jauyp,
Qúm bettenip, qyzaryp,
Saz bettenip, sazaryp,
Qobylandy atqan oq,
Qara tastan ótedi,
Aq tengege jetedi,

Shyldyr etnp, aq tenge,
Endi jerge túsedi...." dep aghylyp, әri qaray jeti buynmen tógile beredi.
Qobylandy batyr obrazy, jarqyn beynesi ghasyrlar boyy halyq sanasynda janghyra berdi.

Keybir ghalymdardyng boljauynsha "Qobylandy batyr" jyry XV-ghasyrdyng tuyndysy dep te aitylyp jýr. Mening payymymsha "Qobylandy batyr" jyrynyng basty oqighalarynyng biri XIV-ghasyr oqighalarynan bastalghan. Jyrda Qobylandy batyr óz elining kegin qaytaru ýshin Qyzylbastyng hany Qazanmen shayqasady. Jyrdaghy "Qazan han" degen kim?.

Tarihta "Qyzylbastyng hany" deytin, yaghny Parsy elining hany bolghan biraq adam bar. Ol - Qazan han. Ol Parsy elining biyligine 1290 jyldary kelgen. Ákesining aty Arghyn bi. Parsy elin búl kezderi Shynghyshannyng úrpaghy Tolyhannyng úrpaqtary biylegen. Arghyn by sol Tolyhannyng úrpaqtaryna qyzmet etken bi. Qazan hannyng Parsy eline han boluyna әkesi Arghyn sep bolghan. Qazan han parsy eline biyligi jýrip túrghan kezde Kaspiy tenizining batysy arqyly Azerbayjandy basyp ótip, Altyn orda handarymen shayqasyp jengen. Sol kezdegi tarihy oqighalarmen sabaqtastyrsaq, Qobylandy batyr "kek alam" dep, Qazan hannyng eline attanuy osy tústan bastalady. Solay desek, "Qobylandy batyr" jyrynyng basty oqighasy XIV-ghasyrdyng orta túsyndaghy oqighalargha túspa tús keledi eken. Sondyqtan, "Qobylandy batyr" jyry XIV-ghasyrdyng ayaq túsynda shygharylghan" degen tújyrym jasaugha bolady.

"Batyrlar jyrynyn" ishindegi eng kórnektilerining biri - "Alpamys batyr" jyry. Ádebiyettanushylar da, etnograf ghalymdar da búl jyrdy mazmúndylyghy, oqighalarynyng shiratyluy, kórkem tili jaghynan Grekiyanyng "Odisseyyasymen", qyrghyzdardyng "Manasymen" salystyrady. Key ghalymdardyng aituy boyynsha "Alpamys batyr" jyry IX-ghasyrda shyqqan. Jyrda XII-ghasyr oqighalarynyng suretteri bar. XVII-XVIII-ghasyrdaghy jonghar shapqynshylyghy kezindegi Alpamys batyrdyng qalmaq batyrymen shayqasy kezindegi Alpamys batyrdyng joyqyn erligi keremet beynelengen. Mәselen, jyrdaghy pәlen myng joldan keyingi bir suret mynaday:

"...Búl qalmaghyng úrady,
Ústap túrghan qalqany,
Kesek kesek it bolyp,
jerge úshyp týsedi.
Túlparlar kirip, tizeden,
Barshasy aman qalady,
Alpamys aldy shoqpardy,
Ayamady úrady,
Atana nәlet, it qalmaq,
Ógizdeyin ókirip,
Attandayyn baqyryp,
Búdanda aman qalady,
Qaru tamam bolghan son,
At ýstinde alysty,
Belge shynjyr salysty,
Birin bir ala almay,
Qalmaq penen jas bala,
Ýsh tәuliktey alysty....
.....Qysylghanda jas bala,
ayghaygha endi salady.
...Babalaryn shaqyryp,
Qalmaqty jerden kóterdi,

Eki ayaghy serendep,
Múrnynan aghyp qan ketti,
Qalmaqqa qoly batady,
Óluge qalmaq qarady..." dep jyraular jas Alpamystyng qalmaq batyryn jengendegi erligin sheber surettegen.

"Batyrlar jyrynyng auyzdan auyzgha kóship, ghasyrlardan ghasyrgha asyp, býginge deyin jetuining basty sebebi, ol jyrlardyng últymyzgha ruhany kýsh beretin asyl qasiyetinde edi.

"Er targhyn", "Qambar batyr", "Er tóstik" jyrlary da osynday biyik qúndylyqtarymen ghasyrdan ghasyr boyy el auzynan týsken emes.

"Batyrlar jyry" ishindegi asyl tastay qadirli shygharma "Qyrymnyng qyryq batyry" atty jyr. Búl jyr Altyn ordanyng biyligi ýstem bop túrghan kezde, qazaq pen noghayly eli qonysy bir bop túrghan kezde shyqqan.

"Qyrymnyng qyryq batyr" jyryn týrkimender de, ózbekter de, noghaylar men qaraqalpaqtar da ghasyrlar boyy jyrlaghan, Alty Alash júrtyna keng jayylghan jyr edi.

Ghylymy zertteu qorytyndysy boyynsha "Qyrymnyng qyryq batyry" jyrynyng avtory Sypyra jyrau. HH -ghasyrda "Qyrymnyng qyryq batyry" jyry Múryn jyraudan jazylyp alynghan.

Bir sózben aitqanda "Qazaq batyrlarynyng jyry", qazaq eposy ghasyrlar boyy qazaq últyna ruhany tirek boldy.

Ásirese, jonghar shapqynshylyghy kezinde qazaq batyrlarynyng namysyna jalau boldy.

Qazaqtyng abyz, alyp jyraulary turaly... 

Qazaqtyng jyraulyq ónerining tamyry óte terende jatyr. Ótken ghasyrdyng 60-jyldardyng ayaghynda jazushy M.Maghauinning jinaqtauymen "Aldaspan" atty qazaq jyraularynyng shaghyn jinaghy shyqty. Odan keyin orta ghasyr jyraularynyng shygharmalary birshama jinaqtalyp, "Bes ghasyr jyrlaydy" degen atpen birneshe tomdyq bolyp jaryq kórdi. Atynan kórinip túrghanday búl jinaqta XV-ghasyr men XX-ghasyr aralyghynda ómir sýrgen jyraulardyng shygharmalary berilgen. Yaghni, búl jerde "XV-ghasyrdan búryn qazaq elinde jyraular bolmaghan ba?" degen zandy súraq tuyndaydy.

Qazaq auyz әdebiyetining eng erte dәuirdegi jyraularynyng biri - Qorqyt jyrau. Jyraudy zerttegen búrynghy ghalymdardyng aituy boyynsha, Qorqyt jyrau  X-ghasyrda, Syrdariya boyynda, Oghyz qaghanaty kezinde ómir sýrip, keyingi úrpaghyna tereng filosofiyalyq múralar, jyrlar, kýiler qaldyrghan. Qorqyt babanyng esimi Rashid ad dinnin, Ábilghazy hannyng enbekterinde atalghan.
Qorqyt babanyng osy kýnge deyin jetken keybir filosofiyalyq mәni zor mәtelderin mysalgha keltire keteyin:

"Menmen tәkәppar adamdy tәnir sýimeydi".

"Basqalardan ózin úlyq sanaghan adamgha Tәniri baq bermeydi".

"Kýldi qansha ýigenmen tóbe bolmaydy". 

"Qara esekting basyna qansha jýgen salsang da túlpar bolmaydy" degen sózderi on ghasyr boyy úmytylmay, býginge deyin jetken.

Qorqyt baba sonday aq, әuliye, sәuegey baqsy, qabyrghaly qobyzshy, kýishi bolghan. Qorqyt babanyng qobyz kýileri qazaq dalasyn ghasyrlar boyy kýnirentip, elge ruhany jan bergen Úly әuen boldy.

Qazaq jyraularynyng ishinde Asan qayghynyng orny bólek. Asanqayghy Kerey han men Áz Jәnibek hannyng aqylshysy bolghan. Kerey han men Jәnibek hannyng eldi Maurennahrdan bólip, Balqashqa qaray bastaghan qiyn kezeni bolsa kerek. Sonday almaghayyp kezende Áz Jәnibek hangha Asan qayghy:

"Ay, han iyem, men aitpasam, bilmeysin,
Aytqanyma kónbeysin.
Shabylyp jatqan eling bar,
Aymaghyn kózdep kórmeysin,
Ózinnen basqa han joqtay,
Eleurep nege sóileysin!?
Qorghan saldyng beynet qyp,
Qyzmetshing jatyr, iship jep,
Ony nege bilmeysin?,
Qatyn aldyng qaradan,
Ayryldyng handyq joradan,
El ústaytyn úl tappas,
Ayrylar ata múradan,
Múny nege bilmeysin?
Qúldyn qústyng qúly edi,
Tyshqan jep jýnin týledi,
Aqqu qústyng tóresi,
En jaylap kólde jýredi,
Andyp jýrgen kóp dúspan,
Elge jau bop keledi...." deydi. Sodan sózin tyndamaghan Áz Jәnibekti tastap, Syrdariyadaghy elge ketipti. Halqynyng keleshegin kóp oilaghan Asanqayghy sodan "Qazaqqa jayly qonys bolatyn jer bar ma eken?" dep qazaq jerining batysy men shyghysyn, soltýstýgi men ontýstigin týgel aralap, әr aimaqtyng adamgha malgha qút bola alatyn qasiyetterine toqtap, ýlken tarihy jyr qaldyrghan eken úrpaqqa. Asan qayghynyng sol kezde qazaq jerining qútyna bergen baghasy әli kýnge úrpaq auzynda.

Qay ghasyrdy,  alsaq ta, qazaq jyraularynday abyz, alyp jyraulardy qazaqtan basqa elde kezdestiru tipti mýmkin emes. Olardyng esimderining ózi kez kelgen elding mysyn basady. Mәselen,basy XIX- XV-ghasyrlardan bastau alatyn Sypyra jyraudy, Qaztughan jyraudy, Jiyembet jyraudy, Shalkiyiz jyraudy, Marqasqa jyraudy, Aqtamberdi jyraudy, Tәtiqara jyraudy, Ýmbetey jyraudy, Janaq, Shal aqyndardy atasaq ta, qazaq auyz әdebiyetining abyroyyn mәngilikke kókke kóterip túratyn túlghaly jyraular ekeni sózsiz...

Búhar jyrau

Qazaq auyz әdebiyetindegi erek túlgha, úly túlgha Búhar jyrau edi. Búhar jyrau úzaq ómir sýrgen kisi. Tәuke han zamanynda kórgen. Jonghar shapqylyghynyng alghashqy kezenin bastan keshken. Ýsh jýzding qazaghynyng basyn qosyp, jonghar shapqynshylyghyna qarsy kýresti úiymdastyrghan. Búhar jyrau Ábilhayyr hanmen qazaq halqynyng jongharlardy alghash jengenin kórip qazaq batyrlaryna ruhany qoldau kórsetken. Búhar jyrau Bógenbay batyrdyn, Qabanbay batyrdyn. Shaqshaq Jәnibek batyrdyng qalmaqtarmen aiqas kezinde kórsetken talay erlikterine kuә bolghan.

Búhar jyrau Abylaydyng qalmaqtarda tútqyn bolghan kezin kórip, odan keyin ýsh jýzge han bop saylanghanyn da jyrgha qosty. Búhar jyrau Abylay hannyng aqylshysy boldy. Búhar jyrau Abylay hannyng jongharmen shayqasqan kezindegi erligin de jyrlady.

Birde Abylay "Asan qayghy "Qily-qily zaman bolar, qaraghay basyn shortan shalar" degen eken, osy sózdi mәnisi joq siyaqty ghoy, oghan ne aitasyz?" dep qasynda túrghan Búhar jyraudan súraghan eken, Sonda Búhar jyrau atynyng basyn teristikke búryp:

"Ózing qonghan Kókshetau,
Kәpir qala saldy, oila!
Jarqayyng degen jerlerge,
Shashylyp, sheti bardy oila!
Atbasar men Qalqútan,
Balyghy tәtti su edi,
Ózen boyyn shandyp ap,
Sýzekisin saldy, oila!
Núrada bar Aqmola,
Esilde bar, Qaraótkel,
Eki ótkelding auzynan 
Qaraótkeldi saldy, oila!

Bayanauyl, Qyzyltau,
Onyda kәpir aldy, oila!
Ketpeyin dese, jeri tar,
Keteyin dese, aldy artyn,
Qarqaraly degen taulargha,
Qarqarasyn shanyshty, oila!
Úlytau shegi Sozaqtan,
Berekeli jerlerden,
Shúbyryp, qazaq ketti, oila!
Qorshap alghan kópir bar,
Úilyqqan qoyday qamalyp,
Býiirden shanshu qadalyp,
Sorly qazaq qaldy, oila! deydi de, "Asan qayghynyng sózining mәnisi osy edi dep, Búhar jyrau atyn tebinip, jýrip ketipti.

"Búhar jyrau shygharmalarynyng taqyryptyq ayasy, shenberi ken, ol jaqsylyq pen jamandyq, eldik pen erlik, izgilik pen zúlymdyq, әdildik pen әdeptilik, jastyq pen kәrilik, tatulyq pen arazdyq, dostyq pen dúshpandyq, adaldyq pen aramdyq, tektilik pen azghyndyq, tútastyq pen birlikti jyrlaydy, úlyqtaydy" deydi Búhar jyrau shygharmalaryn zerttegen Mәshhýr Jýsip.

Bir sózben aitqanda, әuliye, filosof, Búhar jyraudyng úly beynesi osynday.

Tóle, Áyteke, Qazybek biyler turaly...

Sheshendik sózder de qazaq auyz әdebiyetining eng manyzdy salalarynyng biri. Qazaqtyng әuliye, Sóz qúdiretin boyyna darytqan úly sheshen biylerining óz zamanynda aitqan sózderi ghasyrlardan ghasyrgha úmytylmay, auyzdan auyzgha kóship, býgin zamangha jetip, әr dәuirding úrpaqtaryna ruhany jebeushi bolyp keledi.

Tóle bi, Qazybek bi, Áyteke biyding sheshendik sózderi sonau erte dәuirdegi Rim memleketining ataqty qayratker sheshenderi Siyseronnyng tarihta qalghan sózderinen birde kem emes. Tóle bi, Qazybek bi, Áyteke by sonau Tәuke han zamanyn da kórgen kisiler. Búhar jyrau bir tolghauynda:

"Shyghaydan song ornyna Tәuke qaldy,
Kezinde "Áz Tәuke" degen ataq aldy.,
Qazybek, Tóle, Áyteke aqylman bop,
Deytúghyn "Jeti jarghy" Zang shyghardy..." depti.

Sóz qúdiretin almas qylyshtay oinata bilgen Qazybek bi, Tóle bi, Áyteke by el arasyndaghy daulardy bir aq auyz sózben sheship, rumen rudy, elmen eldi tatulastyryp otyrghan. Qazaqtyng Úly ýsh bii Ýsh jýzding birigip, yntymaqty bolyp, Qalmaq jonghar shapqynshylyghyna qarsy kýresti úiymdastyryp, jeniske bastap, qazaq jerin qalmaqtardan tazartugha sebepker bolghan qayratkerler. Tóle biydin, Qazybek biydin. Áyteke biyding XVIII-ghasyrdaghy jonghar shapqynshylyghy kezinde aitqan úly sheshendik sózderi býginde qazaq auyz әdebiyetining asyl múrasy bop qaldy.

Tóle biydin, Qazybek biydin, Áyteke biyding úlaghatty sheshendik sózderi býgingi biraz úrpaqtyng jadynda. Jiyndarda, toylarda Ýsh jýzding Úly biylerining sózderin ýlgi qylyp, aityp jýrgen azamattardy da kórip jýrmiz.
Sondyqtan men búl joly ýsh biyding elge belgili sheshendik sózderine toqtalmay, keshegi de, býgingi de qazaqtyng obrazyn beynelegen 14 jasar Qazybekting (bolashaq biydin) Jongharlargha elshilikke barghan kezde aiqan sózin mysalgha keltire keteyin. Qalmaqtar qazaq jaghynan kelgen elshilergi kónilderi tolmay, "Al endi basqa ne aitarlaryng bar?" dep súraghanda Qazybek bala:

"Qazaq degen mal baqqan elmiz,
Eshkimge soqtyqpay jәy jatqan elmiz,
Elimizden qút bereke qashpasyn dep,
Jerimizding shetin jau baspasyn dep,
Nayzamyzgha jylqynyng qylyn taqqan elmiz.
Dúshpan basynbaghan elmiz.
Basymyzdan sóz asyrmaghan elmiz,
Dosymyzdy saqtay bilgen elmiz, 
Dәm túzdy aqtay bilgen elmiz.
Biraq, asqaqtaghan jan bolsa,
Han ordasyn taptay bilgen elmiz.
Atadan úl tusa , qúl bolamyn" dep tumaydy,
Anadan qyz tusa, "kýng bolamyn" dep tumaydy,
Úl qyzyn jatqa qúl men kýng etip otyra almaytyn elmiz.
Sen temir bolsan, biz kómirmiz, eritkeli kelgenbiz.
Qazaq qalmaq balasyn telitkeli kelgenbiz.
Tanymaytyn jat elge tanysqaly kelgenbiz,
Tanysugha kónbesen,
Alysqaly kelgenbiz!" deydi. Búdan asqan qazaqtyng kim ekenin tanytar sóz bolar ma!

Sevan Revtan Qazybekting sózine qarsy aitar sóz taba almay , qazaq tútqyndaryn bosatqan eken desedi.

Mine, Qazaq auyz әdebiyetindegi sheshendik sózderding tarihymyzda qalghan Altyn qorynyng bir mysqaly osynday!  Qazaq auyz әdebiyetining osynday asyl múralary ghasyrlardan ghasyrlargha, auyzdan auyzgha kóship, últymyzdyng ruhany Tuy, namysynyng jalauy bolyp, keleshekke bastap keledi.

Júmat Ánesúly

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