(Nemese Tamalar Arqagha qaydan keldi)

Búl súraqtyng jauaby qazirgi tilmen aitqanda, býgingi Týrkistan oblysy jәne Jambyl, Qaraghandy oblystaryn meken etken tamalardy bey-jay qaldyrmasy anyq. Sebebi, Ontýstikte ornalasqan tamalar men Qaraghandy oblysyndaghy tamalardyng ata-babalarynyng týp negizi – Arqadaghy tamalar. Keyinnen týrli tarihy jaghdaylargha baylanysty, Arqadaghy tamalardyng negizgi deni, qazirgi Týrkistan jәne Jambyl oblystaryna shashyray qonystandy.  Búl óz aldyna bólek әngime. Desek te, ata-baba tarihy-asyl múramyz. Sebebi, babalar tarihy-búl bizding últtyq ózegimiz, óz genologiyamyz turaly tariyh.

Arghy jaghy qypshaq, bergisi de orta jýz taypalary Nayman men Arghyn, Taraqtylardyng ortasyna Kishi jýz tamalardyng ornalasuy syrt kózge birtýrli tosyn jaghday sekildi bolyp kórineri anyq dýniye.

Sonda, qazaqy týsinikte Orta jýz terretoriyasy bolyp eseptelinetin Arqa jerine tamalar qaydan kelgen?

Arqagha tamalardyng qonystanuy jayly el arasynda eki týrli anyz bar. Halyq auzyndaghy týrli anyz әngimeler men múraghattyq qújattargha negizdelgen tarihy derekter molynan qamtylghan Pernebay Dýisenbin aghamyzdyng "Ýrkerdey bolyp kóshken júrt" kitabynda sol eki anyzdyng ekeui de jazylghan. Oqushygha týsinikti bolu ýshin P. Dýisenbin kitabynan ýzindi keltirudi jón sanadyq.

Pernebay Dýisenbiyn: "Osy kýnge deyin týrli basylymdarda, auyzeki әngimelerde Kishi jýzding Tama, Sherkesh alshyn,Jaghalbayly әuletterining Ontýstik ónirge, Sarysu boyyna qay kezde qonystanghany jóninde týrli әngimeler algha tartylady. Biraq búl pikirlerding kópshiligi naqty tarihy qújattarmen aighaqtalmaydy. Búl orayda jazushy Dulat Shalqarbaev kónekóz qariyalar әngimelerine negizdelgen myna tómendegi mәlimetterdi algha tartady.

1928 jyly 3 qyrkýiek aiynda Qyzylqúm, Sarysu, Sozaq, Shu audandary qúryldy. Sarysu audany qúramyna búrynghy Sarysu ózenin jaylap, Shudy qystap jýrgen 9 bolys kiredi. Búlardyng 7 bolysy Kishi jýz rulary, 2 bolysy Orta jýz Taraqty bolatyn.

Al, múndaghy Kishi jýzder Sarysu boyyndaghy jylqynyng týgindey qaptaghan Orta jýz ishine synalap kirip,qaydan jýr,- degen súraq tuuy mýmkin. Oghan shama-sharqynsha jauap bere keteyik. Ataqty "Aqtaban shúbyryndy" kezinde qazaq halqyn biylegen ýsh handyqtyng mәmilege kelip, kishi jýzding hany Ábilqayyrdy bas sardar etip, 1726 jyly jonghargha qarsy qyrghyn soghysta olardy oisyrata jengenin bilemiz. Jaudy jengennen keyin Ábilqayyrdyng qoly eline qaytqanda Kishi jýzden 17 batyr Abylay súltannyng qol astynda qalyp ketedi. Óitkeni olar Abylaymen óne boyy birge  jýrgen qandy kóilek janqiyar joldastar edi. Soghysta ýzengi qaghysyp birge jýrdi, birin-biri syilay bildi. Sóitken maydandas dostar birinen-biri ajyrasqysy kelmedi. Abylay ózining qarauynda qalghysy kelgen dostaryna Sarysu boyyndaghy Qonyrólen, Tolaghay, Jaryq, Bastau, Týgisken degen jerlerdi mekendeuge enshi etip beredi. Qariyalardyng aituy boyynsha, ol batyrlar mynalar: Malghara, Ótebay, Ótegen, Rәmet, Júma, Qozybaq, Toyghúly, Qosaghaly, Týktiqúrt, Qaramergen, Bekbergen, Aqsha taghy basqalary. Olar keyin batys ólkedegi el-júrttyng biraz bóligin kóshirip әkeledi",- dep jaza otyryp, ekinshi anyzda "Úly Dalanyng Úlytauy" atty kitaptyng avtory, jazushy, ólketanushy Quanysh Ahmetovtyng jazbasy arqyly beredi.

Quanysh Ahmetov: "Arqagha Kishi jýzderding eng alghash qonystanuy jayly mening biletinim mynau: Ol jayly 1978-1979 jyldary Shet audanynda túrghan Ermek Mustafin degen kóne sózderden habary mol, әnshi, aqyn azamattan estigen edim.

Tәuke han zamanynda (1685-1718 j.j) Atasu jaqtaghy Altay Qarpyqtar men Úlytau ónirindegi Baghanaly naymandar arasyndaghy bir dau әbden órship,rular arasyndaghy beybit ómir búzylyp, jyldar boyy basylmay qoyady. Bir-birinen mal aidap ketu, kisi ólimderi sekildi oqighalar tipti kóbeyip, qaqtyghys asqynyp, boy bermey ketedi. Han Kishi jýzdegi Áyteke biyge jarlyq berip,ózine qyzmetke jýz jigit súratady. Talaby mynau: Jigitter әrqaysysy bes adamdy úryp jyqqanday qauqary bolsyn әri boydaq bolsyn. Búl shamamen 1711 jyly tipten odan da búrynyraq bolghan oqigha siyaqty. Óitkeni Áyteke by 1711 jylgha deyin qaytys bolghan.

Sodan Tәuke han jigitterding bireuine Arghynnan, bireuine Naymannan degendey qyz alyp berip, bas-basyna otau tigip, aldaryna qazynadan jetkilikti mal salyp,olardy 5-6 ýiden Sórti men Sarysu boyyna aiqaylaghanda bir-birine dauystary jetetin jerlerge ornalastyryp, olargha mynanday mindet artady: Arghynnan Naymangha nemese kerisinshe ketip bara jatqandardy bayqap otyrasyndar, qyzyl-jasyl kiyinip, syrnaylatyp-kerneyletip toygha, sauyq-sayrangha bara jatqandarda sharualaryng bolmaydy. Al, týndeletip, shoqpar asynyp, soyyl sýiretip jýrgenderdi әri de, beri de ótkizbeysinder (bitimgershilik kýsh deuge keledi).

Kishi jýz jigitteri han tapsyrmasyn abyroymen oryndap shyqqan. Alayda búl sharua ondaghan jyldargha sozylghan. Búghan Jonghar shapqynshylyghynyng da әseri bolghan siyaqty (1723 j). Hannan jer alghan Kishi jýz jigitteri Arqagha mýldem ornyghyp qalady. Arttarynda izdeushileri, joqtaushylary bar ghoy. Onyng ýstine Kishi jýzdegi orys imperiyasyna qarsy ýzdiksiz kóterilisterden song "itjekkenge" aidalatyndar, jazalanatyndar 1822 jylgha deyin (Orta jýzding orys qaramaghyna ótuine deyin) dýrkin-dýrkin boy tasalau ýshin Arqadaghy tuystargha kelip qosylyp otyrghan. Búr ýrdis keyinge deyin jalghasqan. Osyny naqtylay týsetin derekter "Parasat" jurnalynda (1990 j №11) Rahymjan Otarbaevtyng maqalasynda da bar... Solay kóbeyip, irgeli elge ainalghan..."- dep jazady.

(Pernebay Dýisenbiyn. "Ýrkerdey bolyp kóshken júrt" 14-15-16-better. Almaty, "Litra-M"  baspasy-2007 jyl)

Áriyne, búl-eshqanday tarihy qújatqa negizdelmegen, halyq arasynda týrli núsqada auyzsha taralghan-anyz әngimeler. Sondyqtan da biz ony ghylymy negizde taldaudy maqsat etpedik.

Al, endi Tamalardyng Arqagha qonystanuyn kәsiby tarihshylar: "Tamalardyng negizgi ata-qonysy Qazaqstannyng batys bóligi bolsa da,olardyng Ontýstik pen Ortalyq Qazaqstangha keluin Reseyding otarlau sayasaty men otarshyldyqqa qarsy bolghan últ-azattyq qozghalystardyng saldarymen týsindiruge bolady", -dep jazady. (Tama.1-tom, 2-kitap,25-bet.Almaty, "Alash" tarihy zertteu ortalyghy. 2005 jyl)

Auyzeki әngimeler sýrleuimen aitylghan tarihshylardyng búl siltemesi, Tamalardyng Arqagha qashan kelgenine ghylymy túrghyda jauap bere almaydy. Búl kózge anyq kórinip túrghan shyndyq. Sonda Tamalar Arqa jerine qashan kelgen?

Búl súraqqa jauap beru ýshin tariyhqa az-kem sholu jasay otyryp, "Qazaq", "Jýz", "Taypa", "Taypalyq odaqtar"  nemese  "Taypalyq birlestikter"  degen sózder men sóz tirkesterining etimologiyalyq maghynasy men tarihyn bilip alghanymyz jón.

"Qazaq" etnoniymining payda boluy, Qazaq handyghynyng jeke memleket bolyp qúryluymen túspa-tús keldi desek,  bir jaqty ýstirt ketip adasamyz. Sebebi, "Qazaq" degen sóz Qazaq handyghy qúrylghangha deyingi dәuirde de qoldanysta bolghany belgili.

Kóptegen ghalymdar "Qazaq" sózining shyghu tegin Qazaqstan territoriyasynda b.z.d VII-VI ghasyrlarda ómir sýrgen saq taypalarynyng atymen baylanystyrudy úsynady. Qazaq tarihyn arhiologiyalyq qazba júmystary arqyly kóp zerttegen tarihshy ghalym A. N. Bershtam "Qazaq" sózi "Kaspa", "Kas" jәne "Saq" taypalarynyng biriguinen jasaldy dese, akademik Á. H. Marghúlan Hazarlar arasynda "Hazar-úq" degen taypa bolghandyghyn basa kórsetip, "Hazar-úq" sózi "Qaz-úq", "Qazaq" bolyp týrlene ózgerui mýmkin,-degen ghylymy boljam aitady. "Orys tarihynyng atasy" dep moyyndalghan N. M. Karamzin "Istoriya gosudarstvo Rossiyskogo" enbeginde Kavkazdyng soltýstik-batysynda "Kazahiya" eli turaly mәlimet keltirse, H ghasyrdaghy arab tarihshysy әri geogrofy Ál-Masudiyding "Kitab at-tarih va-li shiraf" degen shygharmasynda Kubani ózenining jaghalauyndaghy Kavkaz halyqtarynyng etnikalyq aumaghyn "Ál-Kasakiya" dep jazady. Nemisting kórneki shyghystanushy ghalymy I. Markvart "Kasag" termiyni etnostyng atauyn bildiredi dese,avtory belgisiz parsy tilinde H ghasyrda jazylghan "Hudud әl-alam" degen geografiyalyq enbekte "Kasag" sózi etnikalyq atau emes, Qarateniz jaghalauyndaghy qala atauy dep jazady. Al, belgili lingvist ghalym A. N. Samoilovich ózining "O slove "kazah" enbeginde, "qazaq"sózining payda boluyn XI ghasyrgha jatqyzady. Jazbasha әdebiyette "qazaq" termiyni alghash ret 1245 jyly mәmlýktik Egiypettegi "Qypshaq-Arab" sózdiginde kezdesedi.

Osy ghylymy derekterge jýgine otyryp aitarymyz; "qazaq" sózi Qazaq handyghynyng qúryluynan әldeqayda kóp uaqyt búryn payda bolghan. Sebebi, etnonim men memleket kóp jaghdayda bir uaqytta payda bola bermeydi. Búl ghylymda dәleldengen aqiqat jaghday.

Al,endi "Qazaq" sózining qanday maghyna beretinine kelsek, "Qazaqstan tarihy" ghylymy: "Týrki tilining ataqty mamany, akademik V. V. Radlov: "Qazaq sózining maghynasy-tәuelsiz,erikti adamdar", - dep jazady. Búl pikirdi A.N.Samoilovich te qoldaghan. Al, Sh.Qúdayberdiúly "qazaq" sózining maghynasy-óz aldyna el bolyp, erkin jýrgen halyq, -dep jazsa, til mamany Telqoja Janúzaqov "qazaq" sózining birinshi bóligi "qaz", "qas" Altay, Oral, Kavkaz taghy basqa týrki tilder tobynda "erkin", "er", "er jigit" degen maghynany bildiretinin dәleldegen", -dep jazady. (S.Joldasbekov. "Qazaqstan tarihy" oqulyq. "Mektep" 2010 jyl.

Otandyq turkologiya ghylymynyng kórnekti ókili, akademik A.K.Qúrysjanov ózining "Issleodovanie po leksiyke staro-kypchakskogo pisimennogo pamyatnika HIII veka" atty ghylymy enbeginde "qazaq"sózining "erkin", "kezbe", "tәuelsiz" degen maghyna beretinin lignvistika jolmen,ghylymy negizde tamasha dәleldegen.

Jogharyda keltirilgen ghalymdar pikirin qorytyndylay kele, birer sózben oiymyzdy tújyrymdasaq: "qazaq" etnoniymi "erkin", "er", "tәuelsiz", "erikti adamdar" degen maghyna beretin kóne týrki sózi bolyp shyghady.

Qazaq halqynyng tarihyn sóz etkende qazaq halqyn qúraytyn ýsh jýzdi, yaghny Úly jýz, Orta jýz, Kishi jýzderdi aitpay ketu mýmkin emes. Kóptegen zertteushiler qazaq "jýzderin" arabtyng "djuz" - bir nәrsening basty bóligi, "tarmaq" degen sózdermen sәikestendiredi. Qazaq jýzderining payda boluy turaly naqty derekter joq. Osy uaqytqa deyingi zertteushiler "jýz" mәselesining tolyq, jan-jaqty zerttelmegenin moyynday otyryp, ózindik qorytyndylar jasaydy. Mәselen, N.A.Aristov,  G. N. Potanin sekildi zertteushiler jýzderding shyghuyn halyq arasyndaghy keng taralghan anyz әngimeler negizinde týsindiredi.Búl avtorlardyng aituynsha qazaqtyng ýsh jýzi bir adamnyng ýsh balasynan taraghan. (G. N.Potaniyn. Kazak-kirgizskie y altayskie predaniya,legendy y skazki. Aristov. N.A. Zametky ob etnicheskom sostave turkskih plemen y narodnostey.)

Qazaq degen bir adamnyng Aqarys, Bekarys, Janarys atty ýsh balasynan qazaqtyng ýsh jýzi taraydy degen anyz әngimeler kóptegen rulyq shejireler men el arasynda auyzsha aitylatyn әngimelerde kýni býginge deyin kezdesedi. Qazaq degen bir adamnyng Aqarys, Bekarys, Janarys atty ýsh balasynan qazaqtyng ýsh jýzi taraydy degen tújyrymdar, býgingi sauatty da bilimdi kópshilikting ghylymy súranysyn qanaghattandyra almaytyny ózinen-ózi týsinikti jaghyday. Qazaq jýzderi bir adamnyng ýsh balasynan taraghan degen tújyrymdy biz, anyz әngimelerge negizdelgen topshylaular qataryna jatqyzamyz.

Ghalymdar S.A. Amanjolov (Voprosy dialektologiy y istoriy kazahskogo yazyka. A-Ata,1959g.) jәne G.M. Ádilgereevting (K istoriy obrazovaniya kazahskogo naroda. K.A.N."Habarshy" 1951 j) ghylymy enbekterindegi pikirleri boyynsha qazaqtyng ýsh jýzi erte týrki dәuirinde bastalyp, X-XI ghasyrlarda ayaqtalady. V.V. Viliyaminov-Zermov, M. Krasovskiyler qazaq jýzderi XV-XVI ghasyrlar sheginde,qazaq handyghynyng negizin qalaghan ýsh úlystyng territoriyasynda qúryldy dese, Sh. Uәlihanov qazaq jýzderining shyghuyn Altyn Ordanyng bólshektenuimen baylanystyrady.

Al, Bartolid geografiyalyq erekshelikterge say, kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghynyng jaghdayynan tuyndaghan,-deydi.

IY.Vyatkin jýzderding payda boluyna ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy jaghdaylar әser etken dese, T.IY.Sultanov qazaq jýzderining payda boluy jóninde naqty jazba derekterding joqtyghyn moyynday otyryp, qazaq jýzderi shamamen XV ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda úlystyq jýiening ornynda payda bolghan degen boljam aitady. (Sultanov T.I. "Kochevye plemena Priaraliya v XV-XVIIv-v. Moskva.1982 g")

Qazaq jýzderining payda boluy jóninde ghalymdar arasyndaghy pikirler әrtýrli bolghanymen, "jýz" sózining anyqtamasy jóninde ghalymdar arasynda talas joq, kerisinshe olar bir auyzdan ortaq pikirge keledi. Ol pikir mynanday: "Jýz- XV-XVI ghasyrlarda qazaq handyghynyng aimaqtyq-әkimshilik bóligi retinde qalyptasqan taypalyq-rulyq birlestikter." (Arghynbekov. H.L,Múqanov. M.S. Vostorgov. V.V. Qazaq shejiresi haqynda. Almaty, 2000j)

Jogharyda atalghan ghalymdardyng derekteri men dәleline sýiene otyryp,myna toqtamgha kelemiz. Ol: qazaq halqyn qúraytyn ýsh jýz, qazaq shejirelerinde aitylyp jýrgendey tuystyq-genologiyalyq baylanys emes, ol-territoriyalyq, әkimshilik bólinis.

Sózimiz dәleldi bolu ýshin, Kishi jýzding alty ata Álimining bir atasy-Qarakesek ruy. Al, osy Qarakesek ruy Orta jýzdegi Arghyn taypasynyng qúramynda da bar. Ortalyq Qazaqstannyng ontýstik-shyghys bóligin mekendeytin Qarakesek ruy geografiyalyq jer ynghayy men sayasi-ekonomikalyq jaghdaylargha baylanysty birazy Kishi jýz qúramyna kirip, kópshilik bóligi Orta jýz qúramynda qalsa kerek. Ramadan-Kishi jýz "Jeti ru" birlestigining bir ruy. Al, endi nayman taypasynan órbigen Baghanaly ruynyng bir atasy-Ramadan. Sol sekildi Kerey dep atalatyn bir ata Nayman taypasy ishinde Tólegetay qúramynda da bar.

Professor S. Amanjolov týrli ekonomikalyq jaghdaylargha baylanysty Tórtuyl ruynyng Arghyn men Nayman taypasynyng qúramyna, al Qarakesek ruynyng Orta jýz ben Kishi jýz qúramyna bóline kirgenin mysalgha keltire otyryp: "Ishodya iz etih faktov, mojno priity k vyvodu, chto delenie na juzy (ordy) bylo otnudi ne po priznaku rodstvo  plemen, a po territorialinomu ih raspolojenii, t.e. v silu edinstvo ekonomichiskih interesov otdelinyh rodov y plemen",-(qazaqshasy:Osynday dәlelder túrghysynan kelgende,jýzge bólinu-taypalardyng tuystyq qatynasyna baylanysty emes,ol-taypalar men rulardyng territoriyalyq jaghynan ornalasuy men ekonomikalyq mýddelerine baylanysty boldy. Erkin audarghan N.Mahan.)-dep jazady. (S. Amanjolov. Voprosy dialektologiy y istorii  kazahskogo yazyka.A-Ata 1959g.17 str)

Avtordyng búl pikirine bizding óz tarapymyzdan qosarymyz: Qazaq ru-taypalarynyng jýzge bólinuine tek qana territoriyalyq jәne ekonomikalyq jaghdaylar ghana emes, sayasiy-әleumettik jaghdaylar da әser etken boluy bek mýmkin. Biraq, búl óz aldyna jeke zertteytin bólek taqyryp.

Qazaqstan territoriyasynda b.z.d III ghasyr men b.z X ghasyrynda Ýisin memleketi, b.z.d III ghasyr men b.z VII ghasyrynda Qanly memleketi, XI-XIII ghasyrlarda Qypshaq, XII-XIII ghasyrda Nayman, Kerey memleketteri ómir sýrgeni belgili. Tarihtyng b.z.b III ghasyry men b.z XIII ghasyr aralyghynda ómir sýrgen Ýisin, Qanly, Qypshaq, Nayman, Kerey sekildi týrki taypalaryna "jýz" degen úghym týsiniksiz bolsa, al qazirgi tanda Ýisin, Qanly taypalary Úly jýz birlestigine, al, Qypshaq, Kerey taypalary Orta jýz birlestigine kiredi. Osydan-aq "jýzderdin" territoriyalyq әkimshilik bólinisi retinde keyinnen payda bolghany aiqyn kórinip túr.

Aristov, Levshiyn, Haruziyn, Grodekov sekildi orys zertteushileri Qazaqtyng ýsh jýzin óz enbekterinde starshiy, sredniy, maloy ordy" dep jazady. Búl orys zertteushilerining bilmestikpen aitqan qate tújyrymy. Shyndyghyna kelgende, jýzding "ordagha" esh qatysy joq. Olar "orda" dep bytyranqylyqqa úshyrap, jonghar shapqynshylyghynyng túsynda ýshke bólingen qazaq handyghy men sol handyqqa qaraytyn qazaq rularyn aityp otyr. Al, negizinde qazaq halqynyng territoriyalyq-әkimshilik túrghysynan ýsh jýzge bólinui, qazaq memleketining nyghayyp, tarih sahnasyna shyqqan Kerey, Jәnibek, Qasym han túsynan bastau alyp, Haqnazar han men Tәuke hannyng túsynda keninen qanat jayghan. Ol kezde territoriyalyq-әkimshilik jaghynan ýsh jýzge bólingen qazaq halqyn bir han basqardy. Qazaq handyghynyng ýsh jýzge bólinui, Tәuke han ólgen son, Jonghar shapqynshylyghynyng túsynda bolghan oqigha. Orys zertteushileri jazyp jýrgendey "jýz" ben "orda"-nyng arasynda eshqanday baylanys joq. "Orda" sózi "jýz" sózining balamasy da emes. Orda-hannyng stavkasy ornalasqan oryn, al, jýz-taypalyq-rulyq birlestikke negizdele qalyptasqan territoriyalyq-әkimshilik bólinis. Sondyqtan da professor S.Amanjolov:  "Juzy" v istoricheskoy liyterature chasto nazyvaiytsya "ordami" hotya slovo "juz" samimy kazahamy nikogda zamenyalasi slovom "orda",-(qazaqshasy:"Jýz"-tarihy әdebiyetterde kóbine"orda"dep atalady.Biraq,qazaqtardyng ózderi"orda"sózin "jýz" degen sózding ornyna esh uaqytta qoldanghan emes. (Erkin audarghan N.Mahan)-dep jazady ózining "Voprosy dialektologiy y istoriy kazahskogo yazyka "atty ghylymy enbeginde. Jýz-sóz joq rulyq-taypalyq negizdegi territoriyalyq-әkimshilik bólinis. Búl dau tudyrmaytyn shyndyq. Qazaq jýzderining "úly", "orta", "kishi" ataluy, ol-olar ornalasqan territoriyalyq jer japsarynyng ynghayyna qaray yaghny ghylymy tilde aitqanda jer relefine baylanysty aitylghan boluy mýmkin. Su aghyny Tyani-Shaninan bastau alady. Úly jýz ornalasqan Tyani-Shani, jonghar Alatauy bir sózben aitqanda Jetisu ólkesining jer japsary biyik, jogharyda túr. Sondyqtan da osy ólkede ornalasqan taypalardy "Úly jýz" dep ataghan. Al, "Orta jýz" geografiyalyq jer jaghdayynyng ornalasuy boyynsha qazaq handyghynyng ortasynda túr. "Kishi jýz" ornalasqan  Aqtóbe, Oral, Atyraudy bizding el kýni keshege deyin "tómen jaq", "tómengi el" dep ataytyn.                 Shyndyghynda da Aqtóbe, Oral, Atyrau,Jetisu ólkesine qaraghanda tómende ornalasqan.Sondyqtan da  olardy "Kishi jýz" dep ataghan boluy mýmkin. Sonymen, qazaq jýzderining "Úly", "Orta", "Kishi"dep ataluy,  ol-olar ornalasqan territoriyalyq-geografiyalyq jer relefining jaghdayyna baylanysty boluy bek mýmkin.

XV-XVI ghasyrlarda rulyq-taypalyq negizde territoriyalyq-әkimshilik túrghysynan ýsh jýzge bólingen qazaq memleketining patriarhaldy rulyq qúrylysy myna tómendegidey boldy. Otbasy-Áulet-Ata-Ru-Taypa (jәne taypalyq birlestikter. Mys: "Jeti ru"degen sekildi) -Jýz-Ýsh Jýzden qazaq halqy qúraldy. Bir adamnyng balasynan birneshe otbasy taralsa, birneshe otbasynan әulet qúraldy, birneshe әuletten ata, atadan ru qúralady. Sonda ru degen ne? Ru-genologiyalyq tegi bir, әdet-ghúrpy, senim-týsinigi, ómir sýretin territoriyasy, sharuashylyq jýrgizu әdisi birdey adamdar birlestigin ru dep ataymyz. Rugha Otbasy, Áulet, Ata birlestigi jatady.

Al, birneshe rudan qúralghan taypagha rugha bergen anyqtamany bere almaymyz. Nege? Sebebi, taypalardy tek qana genologiyalyq tegi bir rulardan qúraldy, -desek bir jaqty ýstirt ketip adasamyz. Týrli tarihy jaghdaylargha baylanysty, taypalar qúramyna ózge rulardy kiriktirip otyru, N.A. Aristovtyn, A. Haruzinning jәne professor S. Amanjolovtyng zertteuleri boyynsha qazaq halqynyng tarihynda jii qaytalanghan oqighalar.

Taypa qúramyna basqa rulardy kiriktirip otyrghandyqtan da boluy mýmkin, úrpaghynyng genologiyalyq tegi men qan tazalyghyna sonshalyqty qatal qarap,jeti atagha deyin qyz alyspaghan atalarymyz,bir taypa qúramyndaghy eki rugha qyz alysyp, gendik túrghydan aralasugha rúqsat bergen.

S. Amanjolovtyng zertteui boyynsha, Noghay ordasy ydyraghan son, Qonyrat taypasynyng qúramyna Noghay ordasynan kelgen Manghyttar men Sanghyttar kiriktirilgen. Mine, osy Manghyttar men Sanghyttardyng (Π sekildi) tanbasy Qonyrattarmen birdey bolyp,Qonyrat taypasynyng qúramynda Sangyt, keybir derekter boyynsha "Sangiyk", "Sangyt", "Sangly", "Sanghyl" bolyp, al, Manghyttar "Mangyt", "Mangatay", "Manghytay" bolyp qatar atalyp jýr. (Tanbalar men derekter S. Amanjolovtyng "Voprosy dialektologiy y istoriy kazahskogo yazyka", Alma-ata 1959 g enbeginen alyndy. Qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tarihy. Tama. 1-tom,birinshi kitap, 296-bet. Almaty, "Alash" tarihiy-zertteu ortalyghy)

El auzyndaghy derekterge qaraghanda Qonyrat taypasynyng qúramyndaghy  Manghytay, Sanghyl rulary búryn bir ata bolyp, keyinnen bólinip qyz alysqan.

Taypa tarihyn olardyng qúramyndaghy rulardyng tanbalaryn salystyru arqyly zerttegen professor S. Amanjolov, Úly jýz Alban, Suan, Botpay, Siqym rularynyng Dulat taypasymen baylanysyn olardyng tanbasy arqyly ghylymy negizde dәleldeydi. (S. Amanjolov "Voprosy dialektologiy y istoriy kazahskogo yazyka", 12-13-better, Alma-ata 1959 g )

Ádebiyet-tarihtyng kórkem shejiresi. Búl-aqiqat! Biraq, әdebiyet tarihy qújat bola almaydy. Búl zandylyqty da esten shygharmaghan abzal. Auyz әdebiyeti ýlgileri epostyq jyrlar men anyz-әngimelerding týp negizi-ózeginde tarihy shyndyq jatuy mýmkin. Tek ony jete týsinu ýshin kórkemdik shyndyq pen tarihy shyndyqty baghamdap ajyrata biletindey oqushy boyynda nәzik sәuleli ghylymy týisik boluy shart. Qazaq auyz әdebiyetinde mynanday anyz bar: Oghyz hannyng úly Kýn han maldary qosylyp, olardy ajyrata almay ózara daulasyp, soghysa bergen song qaramaghyndaghy ózine baghynyshty әr taypagha ózindik belgi-tanba taratyp beripti. Mine, sol Kýn hannan alghan tanbany maldaryna basqan Oghyz taypalary, qosylyp ketken maldaryn tanbasy arqyly ajyratyp, tatu-tәtti ómir sýripti, -deydi anyz. Ekinshi bir anyzda dәl sonday tanba men taypa úranyn jәne taypa ýshin qasiyetti bir zatty (tal, qyran qús t.b) qaramaghyndaghy ózine baghynyshty taypalargha Shynghys han ýlestiripti, -dese, taghy bir anyz qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tanba belgisin Alasha han taratypty,-dep,búghan qazaq dalasynyng әr qiyryndaghy ru-taypa tanbalary qashalyp basylghan "Tanbaly tastardy" dәlel retinde úsynady.

Mәsele tanbany kimning taratqanynda emes. Mәselening ózegi ol-qazaq halqyn qúraytyn әr taypanyng ózine ghana tәn belgi-tanbasy boluynda.

Ru men taypalar óz tanbasyn jeke menshik maldaryna ghana emes, shekaralyq aumaghyna jәne bәtualy isting kelisimi retinde, basqa taypalarmen birge óz tanbalaryn kelisimge kelgen jerde ornalasqan tasqa da qashap basqan. Sondyqtan da ol tas "Tanbaly tas" dep atalghan. Ru-taypa tanbalary basylghan dәl osynday "Tanbaly tastardyn" birnesheui qazaq dalasynyng әr qiyrynda  bar. Ár taypa óz tanbasy arqyly ózin basqa taypalargha tanyta otyryp, ózderi bóten tanba arqyly ózge taypalardy tanyghan.

Dәl osy jaghday úly jazushymyz Múhtar Áuezovting ensiklopediyalyq túrghyda jazylghan

"Abay joly" roman-epopeyasynyng birinshi kitabynda shynayy surettelgen. Jas Abaydyng әkesi Qúnanbaygha erip, Bójey dauyna baylanysty Qarqaraly qalasyna kelgen túsyn oqyp kórelikshi.

...Abay qora ishinde kele jatyp, әr toptyng tús-túsynda baylauly túrghan attaryna qarap, sandarynan tanbalaryn kórip, ishinen tanyp keledi. "Anau" kóz tanba" deytin, qos dóngelek-Arghyn, Boshan attary. Myna bireu "ashamay" tanba Kerey. Al, ana bireu kók at she? E, e, ol "shómish "tanbaly-Nayman eken ghoy. Búl jaqta Naymandar da bar eken-au! "-dedi. Eki jerde araptyng "shyn" әripine úqsas Tóre tanbasyn da tanydy. (M.Áuezov. Abay joly. Birinshi kitap, 78-bet. Almaty, "Jazushy" 1989j)

Mine, dәl osylay әr taypa ózin jәne ózining jeke mýlkin ózgelerge tanytu ýshin olargha taypa tanbasyn basqan. Taypa tanbasy qazirgi tilmen aitqanda, memlekettik eltanba sekildi. Jeke dara ony ózgertuge eshkimning de qúqy joq.

Bizding kóptegen tarihshylarymyz taypalar tarihy turaly jazylghan jazba derekter joq dep ókinish bildiredi. Meninshe, olar qatelesedi. Taypalar turaly jazbasha derekter bar! Ol-taypalar tanbasy! Taypalar tanbasynyng әrbir syzyghy men qosymshasynyng ózindik belgisi men maghynasy bar. Ókinishtisi sol, biz olardy oqy almay jýrmiz. Orhon-Eniysey jazbalary sekildi, taypa tanbalarynyng da qúpiyasyn ashyp, olardy oqityn kýn alys emes dep oilaymyn. Eger biz, taypa tanbalarynyng qúpiyasyn ashyp oqy bilsek, onda últtyq tarihymyzdyng biz bilmeytin jana qúpiyalary ashylyp,últtyq sanamyz ólsheusiz biyikke kóterilgen bolar edi.

N.A. Aristov, A. Haruziyn, Levshiyn, Meyer sekildi orys zertteushileri qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tarihyn olardyng tanbasy arqyly zertteuge әreket jasaghan. A. Haruzin ózining "Kirgizy Bukeevskoy ordy" enbeginde: "Tamga-ne esti znak sobstvennosti,  a znak rodovoy", -dey kelip: " ...tak, kak ne Levshin ny Meyer izobrajaya tamgi, ih nikakimi  obiyasneniyamy ne popolnyayt",-(qazaqshasy: Tanba eshkimning jeke menshik belgisi emes, ol-rudyng belgisi,- dey kelip: "Levshin de,Meyer de tanbalardy surettey otyryp,olardy eshqanday týsinikpen tolyqtyrmaydy."(Erkin audarghan N. Mahanov) - dep, qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tanbalaryn erkin týsinip, tany almaghanyna ókinish bildiredi.

"Voprosy dialektologiy y istoriy kazahskogo yazyka" enbeginde professor S. Amanjolov N.A. Aristovtyng qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tanbalary turaly zertteu enbegine silteme jasay otyryp, qazaq rularynyng ózara genologiyalyq tuystyghy men baylanysy turaly bylay deydi: "N. Aristov v svoey zamechatelinoy rabote "Zametky ob etnicheskom sostave turkskih plemen y narodnostey y svedeniya ob ih chislennosty ("Jivaya starina"vyp III-IV spb.1896 g) namekaya na vozmojnosti nayty glavnye, osnovnye rody ily plemena pry pomoshy sopostovleniya tamgovyh znakov", -dey kele: "Esly eto verno, to sushestvuyshie rodovye tamgy doljny ukazyvati ot kakih rodov nyneshnie rodovye edinisy proishodiyt", - (qazaqshasy: N. Aristov ózinin"Týrki halqy  taypalarynyng sany men etnikalyq qúramy turaly jazbalar" atty tamasha enbeginde ("Jivaya starina" vyp III-IV spb.1896g) rular men taypalardyng tanbalaryn salystyru arqyly basty ru men taypany tabugha mýmkinshilik barlyghyn aitqan",-dey kelip: "Eger búl dúrys bolsa,onda qazirgi ru tanbalary,rudyng qanday rudan shyqqanyn kórsetip beruge tiyis".Erkin audarghan N. Mahan.)-dep jazady.

S. Amanjolov jәne N. Aristov, A. Haruzin sekildi zertteushiler taypa tanbalaryn salystyru arqyly olardyng basqa qazaq taypalarymen baylanysyn anyqtaugha tyrysqan. Qazaq halqyn qúraytyn ru-taypalar tanbalaryn bir-birimen salystyra otyryp zerttegen S. Amanjolov: "Kypchakov ya schitai samostoyatelinym plemenem. K niym, po moemu, otnositsya iz rodov maloy ordy-tama; suda nado bylo by otnesty y Kereytov, poskoliku ony toje iymeiyt kypchakskuiy tamgu", -dese, N.A. Aristov: "Malaya orda y Bukeevskaya "enbeginde: "Tama po tamge doljen byti rodom kipchakskiym",- (qazaqshasy: Meninshe,qypshaqtar ózindik taypa.Olargha meninshe,kishi ordanyng tamalary qaraydy. Búlargha Kereyitterdi de qosugha bolady,sebebi olardyng da tanbasy qypshaqtardyng tanbasymen birdey,-dese,N. Aristov:"Tama-tanbasy boyynsha qypshaq taypasynan bolugha tiyis".(Erkin audargha N.Mahan.)-dep jazyp, S. Amanjolov pikirin naqtylay týsedi.Shyndyghy sol:A. Haruziyn, S. Amanjolov zertteu enbekterindegi qazaq taypalarynyng tanbalar tablisasynda da,basqa enbekterde de kórsetilgen taypa tanbalary turaly derek kózderinde Qypshaqtar men Tamalardyng tanbalary birdey dәl  osynday II qos әlipby bolyp keledi. Sózimiz dәleldi bolu ýshin A. Haruzin jәne N. Aristovtar jasaghan qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tanbalar tablisasyn negizge alghan, S. Amanjolovtyng qazaq-ru taypalarynyng tanbalar tablisasyna nazar audarayyq.

Tanbalar tablisasy."Tama" kitabynan alyndy.

(Qazaq ru-taypalarynyng  tarihy. Tama. 1-tom,birinshi kitap, 296-bet. Almaty, "Alash" tarihiy-zertteu ortalyghy)

Bayqap otyrghanymyzday,qazaq ru-taypalarynyng ózara ishki baylanysy men tarihyn biz tek qana olardyng tanbalary arqyly ghana anyqtap boljay alamyz.

Men osy maqalamdy "Tamalar Arqagha qashan keldi?"-degen sózben bastap edim.Búl súraqqa bir jaqty jauap beru óte qiyn.Teginde biz, qazaq halqynyng ru shejireleri men taypa tarihyn sóz etkende qazaq auyz әdebiyeti núsqasy men Bartolid, Radlov, Levshiyn, Aristov, Haruziyn, Meyer sekildi orys zertteushilerining ghylymy enbekterine sýiene otyryp, qazaq ru-taypalarynyng shejireli tarihyn túnghysh ret ghylymy negizde jazghan qazaq tarihynyng ghalymy Múhamedjan Tynyshbaev enbekterine soqpay óte almaymyz.

M. Tynyshbaev ózining "Materialy k istoriy kirgiyz-kazakskogo naroda" atty enbeginde: "Po kirgizskim (kazahskim N.M) predaniyam Tauke-han soedinil slabye 7 rodov Sredney ordy v odin soiz y vkluchil Mladshui ordu ",-(qazaqshasy: Qazaq anyzy boyynsha, Tәuke han Orta jýzding әlsiz 7 ruyn bir odaqqa biriktirip,olardy kishi ordagha qosty. (Erkin audarghan N.Mahan.) - dep jaza otyryp,ómir sýru zany sonshalyqty qatal qyr tósinde ómir sýretin qazaq taypalarynyng sany az,әlsizdeu jeti ruyn Tәuke han "Jeti ru" atty bir birlestikke toptastyryp, "Kishi jýzge" qosqanyn atap ótedi.

N.A. Aristov: "Levshin pologal,chto menishaya orda prejde soediyneny iz silinogo plemeny alchin y semy malyh rodov kotorye byly soediyneny znamenitym v narode kirgizskim (kazahskiym. N.M.) hanom Tyavkoiy (Tәuke. N.M.) v odno pokoleniye. Teperi menishaya orda obyknovenno delitsya na try chasti. Pervoe pokolenie alchyniy,vtoroe pokolenie bayuly y III pokolenie djetiurug ily semirodskoe,"-(qazaqshasy: Levshinning oiynsha, kishi orda  myqty da kýshti Alshyn taypasy men halyq arasynda óte bedeldi,әigili Tәuke han biriktirilgen jeti rudan qúralady. Qazir kishi orda ýsh bólikke bólingen.Birinshi bólik-alshyndar,ekinshi bólik-bayúly, ýshinshi bólik-jeti júrt nemese jeti ru.(Erkin audarghan N.Mahan.) - dep jaza otyryp,Tәuke han Orta jýzding jeti ruyn "Jeti ru" birlestigine toptastyryp, Kishi jýzge qosty,-degen M. Tynyshbaev pikirin ózining "Malaya orda y Bukeevskaya" atty enbegi arqyly naqtylap,dәleldey týsedi. Ayta ketetin bir mәsele: Kishi jýz qúramyndaghy rulardy týgeldegen Levshin de, Aristov ta alshyndardyng on eki ata Bayúlyna, al, alty ata Álimning Kishi jýz qúramyna kiretinin bilmegen.

Qazaq tarihyn, qazaq halqyn qúraytyn ru-taypalardyng tarihy arqyly zerttegen Levshiyn, Aristov, Tynyshbaevtardyng jazuyna qaraghanda, Orta jýzding әlsizdeu 7 ruyn "Jeti ru"atty birlestikke biriktirip, olardy Kishi jýzge qosqan-Tәuke han.

"Jeti ru" birlestigine kirgenge deyin Qypshaqtarmen tanbalary birdey tamalar Orta jýz qúramynda bolsa,onda olar Arqagha eshqaydan da kelmegen, Arqany erteden mekendep kele jatqan qazaqtyng kóne taypalarynyng biri bolyp shyghady. Bizding búl pikirimizdi últ kósemi, tamasha ensiklopedist ghalym Álihan Bókeyhannyng myna pikiri rastay týsetin sekildi.

"Búrynghy uaqytta búl ózendi osy kýni Perovskige qaraytyn Tama da jaylaytyn edi. Baghanaly-Baltaly, Tama búl Alash han, Joshy han beyiti turaly ne biledi?", -dep jazady ózining "Týrik, qyrghyz hәm handar shejiresi" atty maqalasynda. ("Qyr balasy","Qazaq",№12,28.04.1913jyl.Orynbor.)

Enbekterining kóbin "Qyr balasy" atty әdeby býrkenshik esimmen jazatyn Álihan Bókeyhan ózining dәl osy maqalasynda Nayman taypasynyng Baltaly-Baghanaly rulary men Tama taypasy búrynghy uaqyttan beri Arqa jerining Qarakengir ózeni boyyn mekendeytinin jazghan. "Istoricheskoe sudiby Kirgizskogo kraya y kuliturnye ego uspehiy", "Kirgizy", "Materialy k istoriy sultana Kenesary Kasymova", "Rodovye shemy kirgiz Karkaralinskogo uezda", "Kazahy Adaevskogo uezda" sekildi qazaq halqynyng tarihy turaly birneshe ghylymy zertteu enbekterining avtory, tamasha tarihshy,ensiklopedist-ghalym Álihan Bókeyhannyng búl sózi, Tama taypasynyng Arqa jerin erteden mekendep kele jatqanyna dәlel bolsa kerek. Últymyzdyng birtuar daryndy úly,tarihshy-etnograf, jazushy Aqseleu Seydimbekting myna pikiri Tamalardyng Arqa jerin ejelden mekendep kele jatqan qazaqtyng kóne taypalarynyng biri ekenin dәleldey týsedi.

Aqseleu Seydimbek: "Tarihy jәne shejire derekteri boyynsha Kishi jýz qúramyndaghy jeti ata, Jetiru XVIII ghasyrgha deyin Orta jýzding qúramynda bolghan.Tәuke hannyng túsynda memlekettik qúrylymdy shyndau barysynda Orta jýzding Teleu, Ramadan, Tama, Kerderi, Kereyit, Jaghalbayly dep atalatyn jeti ruly eli Kishi jýz qúramyna qosylghan. Búl derekti Kishi jýzding hany Ábilqayyrdyng (1693-1743) aituynda I.I. Tevkeleev keltiredi", -dey kelip: "Tәuke han Orta jýzding jeti ruyn Kishi jýz qúramyna qosqanymen, olardyng bәri birdey ata-qonysyn tastap ketpegen, tipten alghashqy han jarlyghymen kóshuin kóshkenimen ata júrtqa qayta oralghandary da az bolmaghan", -dey otyryp, Edil-Jayyqqa ýsh baryp, ýsh qaytqan dualy auyz Qylyshúly IYtemgen biyding shejirelik derek sózin mysalgha keltiredi. (A. Seydimbek. "Qarabura" jinaghy. 532-533-better.)

Shyndyghynda da, eger Tamalardyng ata-mekeni Edil-Jayyq boyy bolsa, onda olar jana jerdi jatyrqap Edil boyyna ýsh baryp,ýsh kelmes edi ghoy. Kishi jýz "Jetiru" búryn Orta jýz qúramynda boldy degen orys elshisi I.I. Tevkelev jazbalaryndaghy derekterge senuge bolady. Sebebi, búl derekterdi I.I. Tevkelev Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrdyng óz auzynan jazyp alghan. Ekinshiden, qazaq dalasynda birinshi ret bolyp otyrghan elshi I.I. Tevkelev orys patshasyna qazaq halqy turaly súryptalghan, barynsha senimdi derekterdi jetkizuge tyrysatyny ózinen-ózi týsinikti jaghday.

Tarih ýshin adamzat týrli sebepterge baylanysty ýnemi oryn auystyryp otyratyn aua aghyny sekildi. Adamzat tarihy – úly qonys audarulardan túrady. Búl – zandylyq. Sol sebepten de jýz-ru-taypalardyng genologiyalyq baylanysy emes, ol – ru-taypalardyng territoriyalyq-әkimshilik bólinisi. Qazaq handyghynyng memeleket bolyp tarih sahnasyna shyqqan alghashqy dәuirinde, memlekettik qúrylymdardy kýsheytip shyndau maqsatynda bir rudy ekinshi taypa qúramyna nemese belgili taypa men taypalar birlestigin territoriyalyq-әkimshilik jaghynan bir jýzden ekinshi jýzge auystyryp otyru qalypty jaghday bolghan. Búl tarihiy-dialektikalyq shyndyqty әrqaysysymyzdyng da jete týsingenimiz abzal.

Ayta ketetin bir mәsele: eger Tamalar Edil-Jayyqtan Arqagha aua kóship, qonys audarsa, halyq ómirindegi múnday kýrdeli oqighanyng kez-kelgen últtyng «tarihy jadysy» bolyp eseptelinetin halyq auyz әdebiyeti núsqalarynyng birinde saqtalmay qaluy mýmkin emes.

2010 jyly Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysy әkimshiligining Respublikalyq «Mәdeny múra» baghdarlamasy boyynsha qúrylghan «Qazynaly Ontýstik» ghylymy zertteu ekspedisiyasynyng qúramynda jýrgenimizde, kóne kóz qariyalardan súrastyryp, auyzsha-jazbasha halyq arasynda saqtalyp qalghan týrli әdeby núsqalardy qansha jerden shúqshiya zerdelesek te, Tama taypasynyng Arqagha qashan kelgeni turaly naqty dәleldi-derekti kezdestire almay, salymy sugha ketkendey bolghan. Arqagha Tamalar eshqaydan da kelmegen-au, - degen kýdikti oy sol kezden bastap qylang bergeni ras. Belgili tarihshylardyng Tamalar turaly ghylymiy-zertteu enbekteri sol kýdigimizdi rasqa shygharyp túrghanday.

Sonymen Tamalar Arqagha qashan kelgen? Búl súraqqa Levshiyn, N. Aristov, M. Tynyshbaev, A. Haruzin jәne S. Amanjolovtardyng ghylymiy-zertteu enbekteri men I.I. Tevkeleev, Á. Bókeyhan, A. Seydimbek derekterine sýiene otyryp aitarymyz; Qypshaq taypasymen tanbasy birdey, bir kezde Orta jýz qúramynda bolghan Tamalar, Arqa jerindegi Qarakengir, Sarysu ózenderi boyyn ejelden mekendegen qazaqtyng kóne taypalarynyng biri, - degen toqtamgha kelemiz. Týgel sózdi  týbirimen aitsaq: Arqagha Tamalar eshqaydan da kelgen joq. Sebebi, Arqa jeri – Tamalardyng ata-mekeni. Búl – ghylymy negizde dәleldengen aqiqat dýniye!

Núrghaly Mahan

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