1. Qalalargha qatysymyz joq eken...

1. Qalalargha qatysymyz joq eken...

IYdeologiyalyq tetikting negizgi tiregining biri - tarih ghylymy desek artyq aitpaymyz. Ókinishke oray, qazirgi qazaq tarihy, Qazaqstan memleketining tarihy Tәuelsiz elimizding bolashaqtaghy qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz ete almaydy. Onyng mynaday birneshe sebebi bar: Birinshiden, qazirgi qazaq tarihy markstik tarihty materialistik túrghydan týsinu metodologiyasy men evrosentristik kózqaras negizinde jazylghan. Búl qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli tarihy jadyn tarih ghylymynyng qajetine jaratugha mýmkindik bermeydi; ekinshiden, qazaq halqynyng tarihy jady paydalanylmay, qytay, parsy, arab, grek t.b. halyqtar erterekte jazyp qaldyrghan derekter negizge alyna beretindikten biz biletin tarih qazaq halqy men Qazaq memlekettigi turaly syrt kózding pikiri bolyp qala beredi. Qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli tarihy jady esepke alynbay, ózgelerdin  qazaq turaly jazghan derekteri negizinde, ózgening tanymdyq, metodolgiyalyq yqpalymen jazylghan tarih qazaq tarihy bola almasy anyq. Múny dәleldeu ýshin kóp ter tóguding qajeti joq. Kez-kelgen «Qazaqstan tarihy» kitabynyng erte jәne ortaghasyrlyq bóligin ashyp kórseniz, qazirgi qazaq halqy mekendep otyrghan jerlerding qazaq halqynyng jeri emestigine, qazaqtyng basqa jaqtan kóship kelgendigine, Syr boyy men Talas óniri, Jetisudaghy qalalardyng qazaq halqyna eshqanday qatysy joqtyghyna  kóziniz jetedi. Búl jerlerding barlyghy kóne dәuirlerde indo-evropalyqtardyng otany bolghan. Búl jerlerdi jabayy týrkiler kelip, indo-evropalyqtardy yghystyryp, tartyp alghan. Sondyqtan qazaq halqy avtohtondy halyq emes. Marqúm, N. Masanovtyng tilimen aitsaq, «Storonniky migrasionnoy teoriy schitait, chto predky kazahov byly nedavnymy migrantamy y dovolino pozdno prishly na territorii Kazahstana, a sam kazahskiy narod ne iymeet nikakogo otnosheniya k drevnim naselinikam regiona y ne vedet svoe proishojdenie ot indo-iranskogo substrata. Etu tochku zreniya tak ily inache vot uje na protyajeniy bolee 200 let podderjivait bolishinstvo issledovateley»¹.

N. Masanovtyng búl aitqandary kóne tariyhqa qatysty bolsa, E. Smaghúlovtyng zertteulerinde ortaghasyrlar tarihynda qazaq halqynyng Syr boyyndaghy qalalargha qatysy qanshalyqty ekendigi bylaysha bayandalady: «Nepreryvnosti evolusiy y gomogennosti kompleksa osnovnyh etnoopredelyayshih elementov materialinoy kulitury sviydetelistvuet o tom, chto osnovnymy sozdatelyamy kulitury pozdnesrednevekovogo Otrara yavilosi korennoe zemledelicheskoe naseleniye. Dokazano, chto osnovnye tipoobrazuishie cherty jilisha pozdnego Otrara y Turkestana svoystvenny dlya jilish mestnogo uzbekskogo naseleniya. V dorevolusionnoy liyterature ono izvestno pod nazvaniyem sarty. V istoricheskoy nauke etot etnonim sohryanyaetsya kak oboznachenie drevnego osedlo-zemledelicheskogo turkizirovannogo komponenta v etnogeneze uzbekskogo naroda»². Arheolog E. Smaghulovtyng búl zertteui de qazaq halqynyng Syr boyy qalalaryna eshqanday qatysy joqtyghyn dәleldep otyr. Olay bolsa  «Qazaq kim?» - degen zandy súraq tuary haq. Qazirgi tarih ghylymynda búl súraqqa da jauap dayyn. Ol jauapty da N. Masanovtyng pikirinen bastaghanymyz dúrys siyaqty. Ol bylay deydi: «Y nakones sleduet otvetiti na tretiy vopros, kto takoy kazah? My doljny chetko ponimati odnu vajnui spesifiku, a iymenno to, chto v Sentralinoy Aziy y v Kazahstane, kak uje pisalosi vyshe, sushestvovalo dvuhpolusnaya hozyaystvenno-kuliturnaya sistema. Na odnom pluse nahodilisi nomady ily kochevniki; na drugom osedlo-zemledelicheskoe naseleniye. Poslednee razdelyalosi mejdu soboy po yazykovomu priznaku: iranoyazychnye taty, taziki, tadjiki; turkoyazychnye-sarty. Gruppovaya prinadlejnosti cheloveka opredelyalosi ne proishojdeniyem, a toliko obrazom jizny y tipom hozyaystva. Esly tot ily inoy individuum rodilsya hoti za triydevyati zemeli, no kochuet sredy kazahov, on - kochevniyk, on - kazah. Esly ego je rodiytely kazahi, no jiyvet v gorode Ispidjabe, on - sart. On ne kazah. Kazahom byl kochevnik - nomad»³. Demek, qazaq - kóshpendi. Sondyqtan ol eshqashanda qalalardy meniki dep aitugha qaqyly emes. Búl - halyqty úiystyryp otyrghan onyng kóshpeli ómir salty, aldyndaghy maly. Qazaq malgha ghana tәueldi. Búl halyqta kóshpendi ómir saltynan ózge halyqty úiystyrushy kýsh - din, mәdeniyet bolghan emes! Al, osy kóshpelilerge memlekettilik qajet pe? Baqqan malynyng qamyn kýittegennen ózge dýniyesi joq halyqqa memlekettin, memlekettik jýiening qanshalyqty qajeti bar? Búl súraqqa A. Kóshkimbaev bylay dep jauap beredi: «Krupnye potestarno-politicheskie obrazovaniya (imperii) kochevnikov nosily sporadicheskiy harakter. Na istoricheskoy shkale, proydennoy nomadnymy sosiumamy mojno fiksiravati toliko «vspyshky gosudarstvennosti» defereniruishiyesya, prejde vsego, hronologicheskoy diskretnostiu, t. e. vremennye obediyneniya s posleduishim raspadom y vozvrasheniyem v pervonachalinoe obshinno-kochevoe sostoyaniye»⁴. Demek, kóshpendilerde túraqty memleket bolghan emes. A. Kóshkimbaevtyng búl pikiri A. Orazbaevanyng kóshpeliler órkeniyeti turaly jazghan monografiyalyq enbeginde bylaysha tújyrymdalyp, terendetile týsedi: «... jәne songhy, memleket emes, eng aldymen sayasy organizmning qyzmet etuining әleumettik-mәdeny negizin qamtityn, memlekettikten erekshelenetin EDKÓ-ning (Evraziya dalasynyng kóshpeliler órkeniyeti) tórtinshi, «ishki sayasy jýiesi, onyng atributtary retinde «әskery demokratiya», «kóshpeli imperiya», «dala demokratiyasy», «dala parlamenti» rolin atqarghan, sayyp kelgende barlyghy birdey zandylyq, әdildik pen qúttylyq negizinde adamzat qoghamynyng iygiligine qyzmet etuge baghyttalghan ózin-ózi basqaru instituttary retinde qarastyryla alady»⁵.

2. Qalmaq nege qazaq emes?..

Egerde biz jogharyda aitylghan pikirlerdi dúrys dep qabyldap, bas iyer bolsaq, onda biz ózimizdin  syrttan kelgen kelimsek ekenimizdi, memlekettigimizding bolmaghandyghyn tolyq moyyndaugha tiyispiz. Áriyne, Qazaq memlekettigining tarihta bolghandyghyn dәleldep jatqan tarihshylar da bar emes pe? - dep uәj aitushylar da tabylar. Alayda, olardyng eshqaysysy qazaqtyng kóshpendi ekendigin, týbi Monghol men Altay jerinen kelgendigin joqqa shygharghan joq. Olay bolsa, búl jogharyda attary atalyp, pikirleri mysal retinde keltirilgen avtorlardy moyyndau bolyp shyghady. Egerde biz osy tújyrymdardy qabyldar bolsaq, onda búl tújyrymdar qazirgi Tәuelsiz Qazaqstan memleketining de, qazaq halqynyng da mýddesine say kelmeydi. Kerisinshe, bolashaqta Tәuelsiz Qazaqstan memleketinin  territoriyalyq tútastyghyna ziyan keltiretin qauipti faktorgha ainalu yqtimaldyghy basym. Búl tújyrymdar qazirgi kýnning ózinde kórshi elderdegi  keybir sayasy toptardyng qazaq jerining әr aimaghyna kóz tiguine sebep bolyp otyr. Kezinde Ózbekstandaghy «Erik» jәne «Birlik» atty partiyalardyng programmalyq qújattarynda «Eski ózbek jerlerin Ózbekstangha qosu» degen arnayy bap bolghanyn eskerer bolsaq, onda búl qauipting negizsiz emestigin kóruge bolady. Al, Týrkimenstannyng búrynghy basshysy S. Niyazovtyng «Ruhnamasynda» Manghystau jerining týrkimen jeri ekendigi aitylatyn kórinedi. Ghalymdary bolsa, Manghystaudyng týrkimenderdiki ekendigin dәleldeu jolynda ghylymy izdenister jýrgizip jatqanyna talay jyldyng jýzi boldy. Mysaly, Amantaghan Begjanovtyng «Kómilgen arnalar, kóshken júrttar»⁶ atty enbegi biz kóterip otyrghan mәselening qúr baybalam emestigin bayqatady. Al Jetisuda úighyr aghayyndar territoriya jayyn kóterip jýrgeni jasyryn emes. Osynyng bәri qazirgi qoldanystaghy «Qazaqstan tarihynyn» Qazaqstan memleketining mýddesine say kelmeytindigin kórsetedi. Sondyqtan, býgingi kýni otandyq tarih ghylymy ózining baghytyn shúghyl ózgertip, qazaq halqynyng tәuelsiz tarihyn qalpyna keltirui tiyis. Alayda, búl jalghan tarih jazu kerek degendi bildirmeydi. Kerisinshe, qazaq halqynyng tarihy jady tolyq qamtylghan, qazaqtyng últtyq ereksheligin, ruhani, mәdeny bolmysyn tolyq kórsete alatyn tarih jazyluy tiyis.

Biraq, ol onay sharua emes. Eng aldymen qazirgi qoghamdyq ghylymdardy zertteudegi evrosentristik kózqaras pen markstik tarihty materialistik túrghydan týsinu metodologiyasynan bas tartuymyz kerek. Óitkeni, evrosentristik kózqaras negizinde hristiandyq dýniyetanym jatqanyn biz emes, evropalyq ghalymdardyng ózi moyyndap otyr⁷.  Olay bolsa biz nege ol tanymdy óz tarihymyzdy zertteuge negizgi ólshem etip alamyz? Bizding dýniyetanym mýlde basqa tanymdyq negizde qalyptaspap pa edi? Tarihty materialistik túrghydan týsinu metodologiyasy qazaq tarihy týgil, sol Evropa tarihyn zertteuge paydalanylmaydy. Kóshpendiler órkeniyetine qatysty jasalynghan tanym teoriyasy da, metodologiyasy da qazaq tarihyn zertteuge kelmeydi. Óitkeni, kóship jýrgenning bәri qazaq, otyryqshynyng bәri sart nemese kóshpelining bәri jabayy, otyryqshynyng bәri mәdeniyetti degen tújyrym aqylgha syimaydy.

Mysaly, arasynan islam dinin dýniyege әkelgen Múhammed Payghambar syndy úly túlgha shyqqan, islam mәdeniyetin dýniyege әkelgen arab halqy tek otyryqshylardan túrmaydy. Arabtarda otyryqshy - qala halqy da, kóshpeli - bәdәuy taypalary da bar. Biraq olardyng eshqaysysy bir-birine men arabpyn, sen arab emessing demeydi. Ras, kóshpeli arabtardyng әdet-ghúrpynda azdaghan ózgeshelikter bar. Ol sharuashylyqqa, ómir sýrgen ortasyna baylanysty. Nemese qazaq  halqymen kórshiles otyrghan týrkimen, qaraqalpaq, noghay, qalmaq siyaqty halyqtar nege qazaq emes? Olar da kóshpendi halyqtar emes pe? Búl halyqtardyng arasyn ashyp, bastaryn qospay túrghan qanday kýsh? - degen zandy súraq tuady. Búl súraqtargha «kóshpendiler órkeniyetine» arnap jasalynghan tanym teoriyasy men metodologiyasy jauap bere almaydy. Nege deseniz, әr halyqty ózgelerden erekshelep túratyn ózindik dýniyetanymy, soghan layyqtalghan mәdeniyeti bolady. Etnograf J. Artyqbaevtyn aituynsha, qazaq halqynda «Batystyng da, Shyghystyng da mәdeny ólshemine say kelmeytin erekshe mәdeniyet qalyptasqan. Osy erekshelikti sezinu - metodologiyalyq paradigmany ózgertuge negiz boluy tiyis. Bәrinen búryn, tarihy tanym ózegine materialdyq qúndylyqtar emes, ruhany qúndylyqtar: qoghamdyq sana, әleumettik-mәdeny qúndylyqtar siyaqty faktorlar qoyyluy tiyis»⁸. Olay bolmaghan jaghdayda, qazaq halqynyng tól tәuelsiz tarihyn jazu mýmkin emes. Halyqtardy bir-birinen ereksheleytin dini men mәdeniyeti. Demek, qazaq tarihyn zertteuge erekshe tanym qajet. Qazaq halqy kezinde týrki dýniyesi degen atpen әlemdi silkindirgen iri imperiyalardy dýniyege әkelgen, ózining qaytalanbas filosofiyalyq dýniyetanymy, dini, mәdeniyeti bolghan erjýrek halyqtyn  qazirgi tandaghy izbasary. Sol sebepti, qazaq tarihy men ruhany mәdeniyeti tek týrki órkeniyeti ayasynda qarastyryluy kerek. Olay bolmaghan jaghdayda, qazaq halqynyng tәuelsiz tarihyn jazu mýmkin emes. Al qazaq halqynyng diniy-filosofiyalyq tanymy onyng asa bay ruhani, mәdeny múrasynda: anyz әngimeleri men kiyeli tarihtarynda, jyr-dastandarynda, batyrlyq jyrlarynda, shejirelerinde, Qoja Ahmet Yasauy men onyng jolyn qughan shәkirtterining shygharmalarynda saqtalghan. Biz әli kýnge ol múralardaghy týrkining asqaq ruhyn tany almay kelemiz. Solardy tanyghanda ghana biz qazaq halqynyng tól dýniyetanymyn qalyptastyra alamyz. Sonda ghana qazaq tarihy ghylymynyng filosofilyq negizi qalyptasady. Egerde  biz osy tanymdy qalyptastyra alatyn bolsaq, onda qazaq halqynyng tәuelsiz tarihyn jazu onshalyqty qiyngha soqpaydy. Biz sol kezde óte erte zamandarda-aq qazaqtyng óz jerinde, óz elinde otyrghanyn, qalalardyng barlyghy qazaqtyng óz qalasy ekendigin tolyq dәleldep shyghamyz. Mysaly, qazirgi tarihta kóne qanlylar men Qanly memleketterine qatysty  tújyrymdar tarihy shyndyqqa kereghar ekenin angharu qiyn emes. Qazirgi qalyptasqan pikir boyynsha, qanlylar - iran tildes, indo-evropalyq halyq. Keyinnen búl jerge týrkilerding keluine baylanysty týrkilengen degen pikir qalyptasqan. Jalpy qanly atauynyng shyghuy kóne Kanha ózenining atyna baylanysty ekendigi shyndyq. Ol ózenning jaghasyndaghy halyqty irandyqtardyng kangar, qytaylyqtardyng kanguy, ózderi qanly dep atady. Osy qanlydan taraghan ru, taypalar evraziya kenistigining batysy men shyghysy arasyn, Kishi Aziyany týgel alyp jatyr. Mysaly, keneges - ózbek, bashqúrt, qaraqalpaq qúramynda, qanly, qonyrat taypalary - qazaq, ózbek, noghay halyqtary qúramynda bar. Ortaghasyrlarda qanly qúramynda bolghan aqqoyly, qaraqoyly rulary osmanly týrikteri qúramynda әli kýnge ómir sýrip keledi. Múnyng ózi kóne Kanha, qazirgi Syrdariya ózeni jaghasynan shyqqan halyqtyng týrki halqyna jatatyndyghyn dәleldeydi. Qanlylargha qatysty jer ataulary da osy eki aralyqta kóptep kezdesedi. Mysaly, Manjuriyadaghy Hingan taularynda «Altyn qanly» atty asu bar. Al, Kaspiy tenizi jaghasynda «Qangha baba» atty kiyeli jer bar. Arasyn qansha myng shaqyrym bólip jatqan búl eskertkishterding ataularyndaghy úqsastyq kezdeysoq emestigin osy aralyqta taryday shashyrap jatqan jazba eskertkishterding barlyghy da naqtylay týsedi. Mysaly, Orhon, Enesey eskertkishteri әlip-biyimen jazylghan eskertkishting Manghystau jerinen tabyluy, bizding búl pikirimizding aiqyn dәleli. 2002 jyly bizding Manghystaudyng kiyeli jerlerine jasaghan ghylymy ekspedisiyamyzdyng barysynda  «Ersarynyng qayraghy» atty tas baghannan kóne týrki әlip-biyimen jazylghan  sózderdi kóshirip әkelip oqytqanymyzda «Qanly eli» degen sóz shyqty. Ol jazudy oqyp, ghylymy ainalymgha engizgen, belgili týrkitanushy Begjan Orynbay boldy⁹. Ol jaqynda arheolog V. Podushkinning Arys ózeni jaghasynan tapqan kóne jazulardy da oqyp, ol jazularda da «Qanly eli» degen jazu barlyghyn anyqtady. Ókinishke oray, búl jazba eskertkish te ózge zertteushiler tarapynan kóne soghdy eskertkishi retinde qarastyryluda. Búl eskertkishterdegi jazudy búlay oqudyng astarynda ne jatyr? - degen zandy súraq tuady. Oghan jauap bireu. Týrki halyqtarynda múnday jazu, mәdeniyet bolu mýmkin emes degen evrosentrizmning qasang qaghidasy.  Búl kózqaras qoghamdyq ghylymdarda beleng alyp túrghanda qazaq halqynyng ózin-ózi tanuy mýmkin emes.

Zikiriya Jandarbek, t.gh.k.,

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy atyndaghy HQTU-i

Týrkistan qalasy

1 Istoriya Kazahstana: Narody y kulitury. -Almaty: «Dayk-Press», 2001. s. 58

2 Smagulov E. K voprosu ob etnicheskoy prinadlejnosty pozdnesrenevekovoy kulitury drevnih gorodov Yujnogo Kazahstana // tezisy dokladov nauchno-prakticheskoy konferensii, posvyashennoy 70-letii organizasiy Chimkentskogo istoriko-kraevedcheskogo muzeya (10-12 oktyabrya 1990 g.). -Alma-Ata: ss. 48-49.

3 N. Masanov, J.Abylgojiyn, IY.Erofeeva. Nauchnoe znanie y mifotvorchestvo v sovremennoy istoriografiy Kazahstana. -Almaty: «Dayk-Press», 2007. s. 104.

4 Kushkumbaev A. K proleme gosudarstvennosty v kochevyh obshestvah // Gosudarstvo y obshestvo v stranah postsovetskogo Vostoka: Istoriya, sovremennosti, perspektivy. Materialy Mejd. konf. -Almaty: «Dayk-Press»,  1999.  s. 55.

5 Orazbaeva A. I. Kochevniky evraziyskih stepey. -Almaty: «Dayk-Press», 2005. s. 301.

6 Begjanov A. Kómilgen arnalar, kóshken júrttar. -Almaty: «Ýsh qiyan», 2004.

7 Norman Deviys. Istoriya Evropy. -Moskva: AST: Tranzitkniga, 2005. s. 7.

8 Artyqbaev J. Kazahskoe gosudarstvo: k probleme metodologiy // Gosudarstvo y obshestvo v stranah postsovetskogo Vostoka: Istoriya, sovremennosti, perspektivy. Materialy Mejd. konf. -Almaty: «Dayk-Press»,  1999.  ss. 37-38.

9 Bekjan O. Manghystau - Hun - qanly jazuy // Qazirgi zamandaghy týrkologiya ghylymynyng ózekti mәseleleri. Halyqaralyq Týrkologiya kongresi  materialdary, 9-12 qazan, 2002 jyl. -Týrkistan: Túran baspasy, 2002. 96 b.

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