Núrlan Dulatbekov: «Nәubet jyldardyng jazylmas jarasy»
31 mamyr - sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn eske alu kýni
Elbasymyzdyng 31 mamyrdy «Sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn eske alu kýni» dep jariyalaghany belgili. Qazaq halqy 70 jylda talay nәubetti bastan keshirdi, postkenestik elder arasynda eng auyr qiyametten ótken - qazaq halqy. Endeshe, búl kýnning mәni biz ýshin asa joghary, tarihy ghana emes, adamgershilik túrghyda da manyzdy.
31 mamyr - sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn eske alu kýni
Elbasymyzdyng 31 mamyrdy «Sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn eske alu kýni» dep jariyalaghany belgili. Qazaq halqy 70 jylda talay nәubetti bastan keshirdi, postkenestik elder arasynda eng auyr qiyametten ótken - qazaq halqy. Endeshe, búl kýnning mәni biz ýshin asa joghary, tarihy ghana emes, adamgershilik túrghyda da manyzdy.
Osydan birneshe jyl búryn Qaraghandy «Bolashaq» uniyversiytetinde Núrlan Dulatbekovting jetekshiligimen Ghylymiy-zertteu jәne tarihi-aghartu ortalyghy qúrylyp, «Qarlag» jobasy negizinde Qaraghandy ónirindegi stalindik lageriler jýiesin zertteu qolgha alynghan bolatyn. Sodan beri atqarylghan ghylymiy-zertteulerining nәtiyjesi 11 tomdyq jinaq bolyp, biyl 22 mamyrda Mәskeu qalasynda túsaukeser rәsimi ótti. Qazaq elining ghana emes, búrynghy KSRO halyqtarynyng tarihy toghysqan sonau bir zúlmat jyldardyng janghyryghy jayynda bayandaytyn búl qomaqty toptamanyng túsaukeserine Mәskeu qalasynyng beldi tarihshylary men qogham qayratkerleri, Qarlag tútqynynda bolghan kózi tiri kuәgerler men olardyng úrpaqtary, sonday-aq Germaniya, Shveysariya, Amerika ghalymdary da qatynasyp, ashyq pikirlerin ortagha saldy. Resey Federasiyasyndaghy Qazaqstan Respublikasy Elshiliginen arnayy delegasiya kelip, ayaqtalghan júmysqa joghary bagha berdi. Osyghan oray, Núrlan Dulatbekovten arnayy súhbat alyp, ghylymy jetekshi retindegi pikirin bilgen edik.
- Núrlan Orynbasarúly, Ghylymiy-zertteu jәne tarihi-aghartu ortalyghynyng Qarlag jayyndaghy enbekteri turaly bilgimiz keledi. Qalay jazyldy jәne ne jóninde ekendigi turaly qysqasha әngimelep berseniz?
- Áuelde 10 tomdyq kitap shygharmaq bolghan edik, keyin materialdyng kóptigine baylanysty josparymyzdy keneytip, 15 tomgha toqtaldyq. Búl júmys 2005 jyldan qolgha alynyp, qazirde 7 jylday uaqyt ótti.
Kitaptar jónine oiysar bolsaq, lagerilik túrmys turaly materialdar sony kózimen kórgen adamdardyng estelikteri retinde jergilikti baspasózderde azdy-kópti jaryq kórip túrdy. Alayda bizder «Memorial» Halyqaralyq qoghamdyq qory jәne Resey Federasiyasy memlekettik múraghatynan qyryqqa juyq adamnyng esteligin taptyq. Eng bastysy, ol estelikterge óz tarapymyzdan eshqanday pikir qosqan joqpyz.Tyng múralardy bastyru kezinde tehnikalyq túrghydan kóp salmaq týskeni de ras. Óitkeni múnyng barlyghy -lageriding tezinen ótken tútqyndardyng kózimen kórgenderi men bastan keshirgenderi. Sol uaqytqa say qaryndashpen nemese taghy da basqa әldeqanday qúraldarmen tanbalanghandyqtan, jartylay syry ketken jazulardyng nobayyn ajyratudyng ózi onay bolghan joq. Ol estelikterdi әuelde 1 tomgha josparlaghanymyzben, materialdardyng kóptiginen 3 kitapqa jinaqtauymyzgha tura keldi.
Osy estelikterdi jinau barysynda Qarlagta otyrghan shygharmashylyq adamdardyng da enbekteri úshyrasty. Olar әigili suretshilerding shygharmalary edi. Germaniyanyng nemese Mәskeu, Leningrad, Kiyevting búl túrghyda qalyptasqan avangardtyq mektepteri bar. Solardyng týlekterinen V.Eyfert,IY.Borhman,G.Fogelerler de Qarlagqa aidalyp, sonda jazalau merzimderin ótegen. Mine, osynday iri túlghalardyng lageridegi tuyndylary kelesi enbegimizge ózek boldy. Búl júmystardyng qúndylyghy kórkemdik qyrynda ghana emes, negizinen, jazylghan materialdarynda bolyp otyr. Qamaudaghy tútqyndar óz qandaryn kómirge aralastyryp, nangha nemese basqa da taghamdaryna qosu arqyly boyau jasaghan. Sondyqtan ol shygharmalardy tebirenbey kóru mýmkin emes. Qazirde barlyghy dýniyejýzilik kitaphanalargha taratylyp, Europada joghary baghalandy. Qyzyghushylyq tanytqan sheteldik suretshiler әli kýnge deyin habarlasuda.
Besinshi kitap Stepnoy lagerindegi Kengir kóterilisi jóninde. Kengir kóterilisi turaly jazu sebebimiz - postkenestik kezende stalindik lageriler arasynan GULAG jýiesine, kenestik rejimge ashyq narazylyq tanytyp, qarsy shyqqan osy lageri tútqyndary boldy. Sonynda Mәskeuden arnayy aldyrylghan tankterding kýshimen janshylghan Kengir qozghalysy - Kenester Odaghyn ghana emes, tútas әlemdi dýr silkindirgen oqigha. Jezqazghan qalasyna jasaghan ekspedisiyamyzda,odan qaldy, Resey Federasiyasy memlekettik múraghatynda júmys istegen uaqyttarda Kengir kóterilisining sayasy buroda asa kýrdeli talqylaugha týsip, jogharydaghylar tarapynan qatty alandaushylyq tughyzghanyna kóz jetkizdik. Osylaysha Kengir kóterilisi óz aldyna jeke kitap bolyp jaryqqa shyqty.
Áriyne, Kengir qozghalysy óz aldyna jeke kitap bolghanda, Stepnoy lagerin ainalyp ótuding mýmkin emestigi ózinen-ózi týsinikti. Osy tústa bir útqanymyz - Kengir turaly material jinau barysynda Steplag turaly materialdardy qosa jinaghandyghymyz. Sóitip, Steplagtaghy tútqyndardyng túrmys-tirshiligi, olardy tamaqtandyru, medisinalyq qyzmet kórsetu, kýzetu isin qamtyghan altynshy kitabymyz baspagha úsynyldy.
Stepnoy lagerining Jezqazghanda ornalasqandyghy belgili. Sondyqtan ol turaly tarihy qúndy materialdardyng deni Jezqazghan qalasynyng memlekettik múraghatynan tabylghanyn aita ketu qajet. Áskery tútqyndargha qatysty qyruar materialdar da sol jerden tabyldy. Al Jezqazghanda sayasy qughyngha úshyraghan KSRO azamattaryna arnalghan lageri ghana emes, әskery tútqyndargha arnalghan lageriding de bolghandyghyn qazirde jergilikti túrghyndardyng bәri birdey bile bermeydi. Tek Qaraghandy oblysynyng ózinde ghana nemis, japon, rumyn, kәris jәne t.b. últtardan qúralghan 60 mynnan astam әskery tútqyn bolghan. Qaraghandy, Balqash, Jezqazghan lagerilerindegi japon әskery tútqyndargha arnalghan jetinshi kitabymyzda da eshbir sayasy bagha berudi maqsat etpedik. Tarihy faktilerge jýgine otyryp, osy ýsh lageridegi japon әskery tútqyndardyng taghdyr-talayyn, sanyn, enbegin, tamaqtandyru jәne medisinalyq qyzmet kórsetu jýiesin t.s.s. qújattar negizinde bayandadyq. Búl kitap japon elinde ýlken tolqu tudyrdy. Sebebi, Qaraghandy lagerilerinde tútqynda bolghan 23 myngha juyq adamnyng onda úrpaqtary ghana emes, qazirgi kezde ózderining de sany kóp. Japon halqy ómir sýru jasynyng úzaqtyghyn eskersek, әli de myndap sanalatyndyghyn boljaugha bolady. Búl enbek Japoniyanyng Qazaqstandaghy Elshisine tabystalyp, ol elding iri degen uniyversiytetterining kitaphanalaryna jiberildi. Japon әskery tútqyndar beybit assosiasiyasynyng nazaryna ilikken osy zertteuge qatysty songhy kezderde japon tiline audaru jәne túsaukeserin Japoniyada ótkizu jóninde úsynystar týsip jatyr.
Kelesi enbegimiz kenestik dәuirdegi sayasy rejimning adam ómirin qalay ayaqasty etkendigin Lev Voznesenskiyding nәubet jyldardan bastau alghan jeke taghdyry arqyly kórsetuge baghyttaldy. Kenestik jәne reseylik ekonomist, ghalym әri pedagog, memleket jәne qogham qayratkeri L.Voznesenskiymen Mәskeu qalasynda arnayy kezdesip, lagerilik ómiri turasynda súhbat alghanym bar. Keyin sonyng negizinde dialogtik ýlgidegi kitap dýniyege keldi. MMU-dyng 20 jastaghy studenti L.Voznesenskiy taghdyr tәlkegimen Sherubay-Núragha (qazirgi Abay jerine) әkelinip, Peschanyy lagerining tútqyny bolghan, L.Gumiylevpen bir kamerada otyrghan. Búl kitaptyng túsaukeseri Sankt-Peterburg uniyversiytetinde ótti. L.Voznesenskiy әli kýnge deyin tyn, jasy 87-de. 11 tomdyq zertteu júmysymyzdyng túsaukeseri kezinde kózine jas alyp túryp: «Eshqashan úmytpaymyn, qazaq dalasynda tútqynda bolghan sonday bir qiyn-qystau kezende jergilikti halyqtyng bizge degen kónili tym jaqsy boldy. Sol ýshin de qazaq halqyna rizamyn», - deu arqyly últymyzdyng kendigi men darqandyghyn jәne bir әigiledi.
Kelesi enbek elimizge jer audarylghan nemis halqynyng taghdyry turaly. Osy kitapty oqyghan Germaniyanyng Qazaqstandaghy Elshisining aghynan jarylyp túryp: «Men Qazaqstan halqyna qatysty tandanarlyq jayttyng kuәsy bolyp otyrmyn. Nemister turaly qazaqtar men orystar kitap jazyp bastyrady, últaralyq tatulyqtarynyz shynymen de aitsa aitqanday eken», - degeni jәne bar. Meninshe, Germaniya Elshisining múnysy keng peyildi qazaq halqyna bergen joghary baghasy bolsa kerek. Qazirde búl enbek nemis tiline audarylyp, Germaniyada sony nasihattau júmystary jýrgizilude.
Tayauda «Qarlag» degen atpen 2 tomdyq enbegimiz jaryq kórdi. Biri - Qarlagtyng qúryluynan júmysyn toqtatqangha deyingi aralyqtaghy fotoqújattardy qamtyghan alibom bolsa, ekinshisi sony teoriyalyq jaghynan sipattaydy, yaghni, Qarlag tarihyna arnalghan. Tútqyndar sany, olardy tamaqtandyru jýiesi, medisinalyq qyzmet kórsetu, kýzetu isi, tútqyndar ólim-jitimi, bólimshelerining ornalasu reti, basshylary t.s.s. mәlimetter turaly bayandaydy.
- Ár kitaptyng kólemi 50-60 baspa tabaqtan artyp jatsa, uniyversiytet ghalymdary auqymdy enbek atqarghan eken. Aldaghy uaqytta qanday josparlarynyz bar?
- Jospar kóp. Mәselen, túlghalyq birneshe kitap jazu oida bar. Búghan deyin Sәken Seyfullinge arnalghan túlghalyq ensiklopediya shygharghan edik. Endi Sanjar Aspandiyarov,Nikolay Zaboloskiy,onan әri A.Chiyjevskiy, G.Fogeler jәne basqalar turaly jazumen ainalyspaqpyz. Ekinshiden, keyingi jyldary Beriya, Stalin turaly kitaptar tym qarqyndy shyghyp, olar barynsha qaralanyp jatyr. Osy rette Goloshekinning tarihy bet-beynesin ashatyn júmys jazu, qújattyq túrghyda dәleldep kórsetu de oiymyzda.
Sonynan, әriyne, qúqyqtyq normativti qújattargha toqtalmaq oy bar. Ózderinizge belgili, Qylmystyq Kodekste «58» degen bap bolghan. Bizding maqsat - osy baptyng qúrylysy, qabyldanu sharttary, sonymen qatar elimizge qanday sipatta qanshalyqty zalaly tiygeni turaly taldau, shet memleketterdegi zandarmen salystyra otyryp, qúqyqtyq tabighatyn zertteu bolmaq.
- Rasynda da josparynyz ter tógudi talap etedi eken. Barlyghynyng da jýzege asuyna tilektespiz. Endi bir súraq, osy ghylymiy-zertteu júmystaryn jazuda, jetekshilik etude jasaghan qorytyndynyz, týigen oiynyz bar ma?
- Áriyne, zúlmat jyldardyng jarasy - әli talay ghasyrlar boyy oilandyratyn mәsele. Búl joba sol zúlmattan japa shekkenderding ruhyna baghyttalghan deymiz ghoy. Degenmen, mening oiymsha, búl taqyryp olardan góri jas úrpaqqa qajet. Sebebi, adamnyng eng ýlken qúndylyghy - bostandyq. Kenestik dәuirde qughyndalghan adamdardyng bostandyghy shektelmegende, Álihan men Álimhan, Túrar men Smaghúldardyng biyik armandaryna kedergi keltirilmegende, әlem jәne Qazaqstannyng jaghdayy mýlde basqasha bolar ma edi, bәlkim... Sapalyq qasiyetin bylay qoyyp, sandyq mólsherge jýgineyikshi. Ashtyq, sayasy qughyn siyaqty zobalandar bolmaghanda, halqymyzdyng sany, Elbasymyz aitqanday, 40 milliongha jetken bolar edi. Alyp qos memleketting ortasynda otyrmyz, endeshe, bizge sapalyq ta, sandyq ta kórsetkishting joghary bolghany kerek. Sol alyp elderge barghanda, halyq nópirin kórgende, osynday bir oy keledi. Bizdegi eng ýlken problema - adam sanynyng azdyghy. Babalar miras etken mynaday úlan-ghayyr jerdi qorghau ýshin adam sanynyng kóptigi kerek. «Kóp - qorqytady, tereng - batyrady» degendi de aityp ketken sol babalarymyz edi ghoy.
Óser el úrpaghynyng babalar aldynda qanday mindetteri túr? Yaghni, sol 40 millionnyng armanyn qazirgi 15 million qazaq arqalaugha tiyispiz. Demek, boyymyzda 3 qazaqtyng kýshi bolu kerek. Ol - aqyldylyq, parasattylyq, enbekqorlyq. Árqaysymyz ózimiz ýshin ghana emes, 3-5 adam ýshin júmys jasauymyz qajet. El birligin, halyqtyng tatulyghyn oilap, tәuelsizdigimizding túraqtylyghyna qyzmet etuimiz kerek.
- Súhbatynyzgha rahmet, jemisti enbek tileymin.
Súhbattasqan - Álimjan Jaqan
«Abay-aqparat»