Basy: Den Syaopin jәne Qytaydyng әskery strategiyasy

Áskery mashyq әdetke ainalugha tiyis

Eski Qytay mәtelinde «Áskerdi myng kýn baghu bir kýndik soghys ýshin», «Myng kýndik beybitshilik bolsa da, әskerdi bir kýn mashyqsyz qaldyrugha bolmaydy» degen siyaqty aqyl-naqyldary kóp bolady. Den Syaopinmen maydan dalasynda úzaq jyl әriptes bolghan marshal Liu Bochyn: «Jay kýnderi әskerdi mashyqtyra bilmegen adam soghys kezinde әskerdi istete de bilmeydi. Búl qolynda berekesi joq, aqsha jinay almaytyn adamnyng ýnemi soqyr tiynsyz jýretindigimen birdey», - degen bolatyn.

Den Syaopin әskery tәrbie men әskery jattyghudy strategiyalyq manyzdy dengeyge qoyyp, erekshe yjdahatpen iske asyra bildi. Búl ýshin de pәlendey danyshpandyqtyng keregi joq edi. Beybit zamanda armiyany soghysqa saqaday say etu ýshin jayshylyqta soghys qimyldary bolmaghan son, tek mashyghu-jattyghu arqyly ghana әskerdi soghysqa dayyndaugha bolady. Beybit zaman bolghan son, kóptegen biyleushiler búl jaghdaygha salghyrt qaraudy әdetke ainaldyrady. Mysalgha, qazaq handyghy dәuirinde Tәuke han biylegen zamanda qazaq 38 jyl boyy kórshilerimen úrys-kerissiz, beybit kýn keshipti. Beybitshilikting qymbat ekendigi dau tudyrmaydy, әriyne, biraq ainalandaghy antalaghan jaumen kýnderding kýninde qoramsaqqa qol salyp, egeuli nayza qolgha alyp, maydandasuyng da әbden mýmkin ghoy. Mine, Tәukedey әdil de danyshpan hannyng ózi osydan qatelesti. Qazaqtan әldeneshe ese az jonghardyng ózi 1723 jyly qazaq dalasyn qangha batyrdy. Beybit zamangha әbden eti ýirengen qazaq sarbazdary saylanghan jaumen sayysugha dayyn bolmay shyqty. Bizding qazaqtyng qanynda bar jaugershilik qashan da bir jerden tesip shyghary haq. Sol sebepti qazaqtar eng sonynda óz ata jauy jonghardy jer jastandyryp, qazaq dalasyn basqynshy jaudan tazarta aldy. Bayyrghy azat qazaq «Malym - janymnyng sadaghasy, janym - arymnyng sadaghasy» dep, qúldyq qamytyn kiygenshe, ólgenim artyq dep biletin. Biraq Qytay tarihyn jetik biletin adam qytaydyng sonday jauynger halyq emes ekendigin jaqsy biledi. Ejelgi Qytay maqalynda «Qatygez jaumen qarsylasyp, ajal qúshqansha,  itshelep bolsa da ómir sýr», dep ýiretedi óz balasyn. Mýmkin, olardyng kóptigi osynday itshelep ómir sýru jolyn tandaghannan da shyghar. Tarihta kóshpendi últtargha san mәrte bodan bolghan qytaylar solardyng biyleuinde jýrip-aq, sol biyleushi halyqtardy ózine sinirip әketti. Den Syaopin de óz halqyn óte jaqsy biledi. Halqy soghysqa qalay qarasa, armiyasy da solay. Sondyqtan da qytay armiyasy qúdiretti qorghanys qabiletine ie bolu ýshin ony ruhany jaqtan shyndaumen birge әskery әdis-tәsilderdi de sheber mengergen qosyngha ailandyru kerek. Búl turaly Den Syaopiyn: «Eger armiyany jattyqtyrugha dúrys mәn bermeytin bolsaq, keminde soghystyng alghashqy kezenining ózinde masqara jaghdayda jenilis tabarymyz sózsiz», - degen bolatyn. Búl jerde Den Syaopinning «keminde» degeni qytay armiyasy soghys qimyldary arqyly әskery ónerdi mengergenge deyin úshan-teniz bodau beredi degendegisi edi. Milliard halyqty týp-týgel bodan etip eshkimning de úshpaqqa shyqpaytyndyghy eng aldymen Den Syaopinning ózine týsinikti bolatyn. Biraq sany kóp, sapasy joq qalyng tobyr qorghanys qosyndary óz halqyn qorghamaq týgili,  óz basyn da qorghap jarytpaytyn. 1979 jylghy Vietnammen soghys qytay armiyasynyng әuselesin býkil әlemge aimanday etip әshkerelegen bolatyn.

Búl jerdegi jattyghu, әskery mashyq degende búrynghyday nayzalasu, qarauyldy kózdep atu, granata laqtyru emes edi. Dәstýrli soghys qimyldarynyng kýni bayaghyda ótken. Osy zamanghy soghystyng keminde eki týrli ereksheligi bar. Onyng birinshisi joghary tehnologiyanyng soghys qimyldarynda qoldanyluy. Ekinshisi – týrli әskery qúramalardyng soghys qimyldarynda sheber sәikesui. Al sol kezdegi qytay armiyasynda dәl osy eki mýmkindik te joq bolatyn. Sol sebepti Den Syaopin әskery tәrbie men armiyany jattyqtyrudy alpauyt elderding armiyasymen aradaghy osy alshaqtyqty joigha baryn saldy. Den Syaopinning búl enbegi keshikpey-aq óz nәtiyjesin berdi. Sol arqyly qytay armiyasynyng soghys qabileti ýsh týrli ýlken betbúrysty iske asyra aldy. Olar, birinshiden, búrynghyday jeke-dara әskery sheberlikke mashyqtanudan týrlishe әskery qúramalardyng soghys qimyldarynda ózara sәikesuine baghyttaldy. Ekinshiden, búrynghyday jayau әskerding soghysqa jattyghuynan osy zamanghy soghys tehnikasyna qaray betbúrudy jýzege asyrdy. Ýshinshiden, búryn sarbazdardyng mashyqtanuyna kóbirek kónil bólinse, endi osy zamanghy soghys tehnikasyn mengergen sardarlardyng soghys qimyldaryna jattyghuyn basty oryngha qoydy.

Armiyany jattyqtyru osy zamanghy soghystyng qajettiligine óz dengeyinde jauap bere alatynday boldy-au degen mezgilde Den Syaopin qytay armiyasynyng naqty әskery manevrlerimen ainalysugha airyqsha mәn berdi. Den Syaopin ózi ortalyq әskery ister komiyetining tóraghalyghy mindetin moynyna alghan son, istegen alghashqy qimyldarynyng biri 1981 jyldyng kýzinde soltýstik Qytayda auqymdy әskery manevr ótkizdi. Áskery manevr auqymyna baylanysty dayyndyq mezgilinde iri, orta jәne shaghyn túrpatty әskery manevr ótkizuding ýsh týrli jobasy dayyndalghan bolatyn. Áriyne, joba dayyndaushylardyng kózdegeni ekonomikalyq reforma endi ghana bastalyp jatqan almaghayyp zamanda әskery qarajatty barynsha ýnemdesek degen jospardan tuyndaghan bolatyn. Biraq Den Syaopin úsynylghan jobalardyng ishindegi eng auqymdysyn tandap aldy. Ol joba avtorlaryna: «Onday shyghyndy júmsaugha dayyn bolayyq. Qytay armiyasynyng da eshkimnen kem-qor jaralmaghandyghyn kýlli әlem bilsin», - dep kesip aitty.

Osy retki әskery manevrge qatysqan Qytay men shet elding әskery sarapshylary  múnday әskery manevrding auqymy jaghynan әlemde siyrek kezdesetindigin, Qytay tarihynda mýldem bolyp kórmegendigin aitady. Áskery manevrge Qytaydaghy barlyq әskery okrugterding týrlishe әskery qúramalary qatysty. Manevr әue kenistikterinde, jer betinde jәne jer astynda  jýrgizildi. Tek qana teniz kýshteri qatysqan joq. Manevrding maqsaty osy zamanghy soghys qimyldarynyng qajettiligine baylanysty Qytay qorghanys kýshterining әskery quatyna jasalghan bir retki jalpy tәjiriybe boldy. Búl turaly Den Syaopiyn: «Múnday әskery manevrding qajettiligi dau tudyrmaydy. Búl bizding әskery qosyndarymyzdy is jýzinde shynyqtyrady. Biz osy arqyly óz armiyamyzdyng jattyghu dengeyin kóre alamyz. Búl kýlli qytay armiyasyn shabyttandyrady. Halqymyzdyng da qytay armiyasynyng qarym-qabiletine degen senimin arttyra týsedi», - degen bolatyn. Shynynda, múnday kólemdegi әskery qimyl búryn-sondy Qytay tarihynda bolghan da emes. Den Syaopin osy arqyly Qytay armiyasynyng úiymdyq qúrylymynyng qanday dengeyge óskendigin kórgisi kelgen bolatyn.

Áskery manevr erekshe tabysty boldy. Den Syaopinning quanyshynda da shek bolghan joq. Onyng әr qimylyn qalt jibermey baqylap otyrghan sarapshylar onyng әr 10 minut sayyn quana qol soghyp otyrghandyghyn kórgendigin aitady. Sol kezde manevrdi kóruge shaqyrylghan shyghys Europa elderining bes әskery attashesi múnday dәrejedegi әskery manevrding shyghys Europa elderinen әldeqayda asyp týskendigin tamsana aitypty desedi.

Manevr ayaqtalghannan keyin Beyjing әskery okrugining qolbasshysy general Chin Jiyvey manevrge qatysqan joghary dәrejeli әskery qolbasshylar men joghary mәrtebeli qonaqtargha arnap arnayy qonaqasy úiymdastyrghan bolatyn. Óz enbegining jemisine erekshe tolqyp, shat-shadyman bolghan Den Syaopin generaldarmen araqty shalqyp ishipti. Onyng densaulyghyn baqylap, ýnemi qasynan qalmay jýretin tughan qyzy onyng densaulyghynan alandap, onyng ishuine kedergi keltirgen kórinedi. Biraq Den Syaopin osy qonaqasyda 10 tostaghan araqty esh qymsynbay alyp qoyypty desedi.

Osy retki әskery manevrge qatysqan on myndaghan qytay armiyasynyng qúrmet marshyn qabyldaghan Den Syaopin qytay armiyasynyng qúdiretti osy zamanghy әskery qosyngha ainalyp bara jatqandyghyn jan dýniyesimen sezindi.

Armiyany jónge saludy әskery oqu oryndarynan bastau kerek

«Armiyany jónge saludy әskery oqu oryndarynan bastau kerek» degen búl sóz Den Syaopinning eski әriptesi, jauynger dosy marshal Liu Bochynnyng qanatty sózi bolatyn. Búghan Den Syaopin әskerdi qysqartyp, qúrylymdardy azaytsaq ta, әskery oqu oryndaryn kóbeytip, sarbazdarymyzdy jýieli oqytayyq dep tolyqtyrghan bolatyn.

QHR qúrylyp, soghys qimyldary tolastaghan sәtte marshal Liu Bochyn ortalyq ýkimetke Nanjing әskery akademiyasyn qúru jóninde úsynys jasaydy. Osydan bastau alghan Qytaydyng әskery oqu oryndary jýzdep sanalatyn. Ókinishke qaray, mәdeniyet tónkerisinde osy oqu oryndarynyng bәri jabylyp qaldy. Búghan da sol Mao Szedunnyng soghys ónerinin soghys qimyldarynan ýirenu kerek degen sózi sep bolypty. Biraq Den Syaopin búl turaly: «Búryn soghys ónerin, soghys qimyldaryn da ýirengenimiz shyndyq. Biraq qazir zaman mýlde basqasha. Tipti, qazir soghys qimyldary jýrip jatqan kýnning ózinde de jýieli bilimdi oqu ornynan almay bolmaydy», - dep kesip aitty. Búryn qytay armiyasy qara myltyq, qara qazanmen kýlli qytaydy baghyndyrghan bolatyn. Biraq búl dәuir ótti. Qazirgi soghys jana әskery tehnolgiyalar men ozyq qarulardyng bәsekesinen túrady. Qazirgi rota komandiyrining ózi búrynghyday qolyndaghy bir avtomatymen qolastyndaghylardy bastap jaugha atoy sala almaydy. Eger sol rotagha birneshe tank berip, zenbirek rotasymen sәikese qimyldaysyn, aspandaghylarmen de habarlasyp otyrasyn, ol ýshin osy zamanghy baylanys qúraldaryn jetik mengergen boluy tiyis dese ne betindi aitasyn?! «Joq, ondaydan habarym joq» dep qarap otyrasyng ba? Qatal soghystyng tәrtibi ondaydy kótermeydi. Jap-jas rota komandiyrining jaghdayy osynday bolghanda odan joghary batalion, polk, diviziya, korpus komandirlerining jaghdayy odan beter mýshkil boluy mýmkin. Búl turaly Den Syaopiyn: «Osy zamanghy soghys qimyldaryna jetekshilik etu ýshin bizding qart generaldarymyzdan bastap qarym-qabileti jetkiliksizdik etedi. Men osy bir shyndyqty ashyq moyyndaymyn. Biz óz kózimizdi ózimiz kólegeylep almaugha tiyispiz», - dep kesip aitty. Ol jәne: «Bizding qol basy sardarlar osy zamanghy soghys ónerin mengerudegi qarym-qabileti aitarlyqtay tómen ekendigi talassyz aqiqat. Al sayasy komissarlardyng dengeyi de jetisip túrghan joq», - degen bolatyn. Den Syaopin qytay armiyasyndaghy osy bir olqylyqtardyng ornyn toltyru ýshin armiya sardarlary osy zamanghy soghys ónerin jetik  bilip qana qoymay, armiyada shynayy tәrtip ornatu ýshin әskery komissarlardyng da dengeyin kóterip, eng bilimdi, eng tandauly jas ziyalylardy jýieli tәrbiyelep, әskerler arasyndaghy әlimjettik pen tәrtipsizdikke qatang shekteu qongdy tapsyrdy. Shynynda, qytay armiyasynyng osy zamanghy soghys ónerin qanday dengeyde mengergendigin óz basym dóp basyp aita almaymyn. Sebebi, әskery sala mýldem jabyq taqyryp bolghandyqtan naqty bir nәrse aitu óte qiyn. Biraq, bir nәrseni kesip aitugha bolady. Qytayda armiyanyng ishki tәrtibi maqtaugha túrarlyq. Búlay deytinimiz, bizding jas kezimizde ýsh te tórt jyl armiya qatarynda bolyp kelgen jastar mýlde basqa adam bolyp oralatyn. Onda da jaqsy jaghynan. Áriyne, olardyng bilim dengeyi joghary jәne arnauly oqu oryndaryna jetpegenimen, tәrbiye, tәrtip jәne kisilik qarym-qatynasta tolysqan azamat bolyp oralatyn. «Áskerde әlimjettik bolypty», «pәlenbay sarbaz ózine qol júmsapty» degen siyaqty qauesetter atymen bolmaytyn. Tabytpen oralghan qazaq sarbazyn Qytayda ótken 30 jylgha juyq ómirimde estip kórmeppin.

Armiya sarbazdarynyng osy zamanghy ozyq eldermen iyq tiresuine jәne osy zamanghy soghys ónerin jetik mengeruine Den Syaopin talaby aitarlyqtay auyr boldy. Armiyanyng óz ishinde jattyghu, oqytu, tәrbiyeleu osy zamanghy soghys ónerin iygeruge mýlde jetkiliksiz bolatyn. Sol sebepti әskery oqu oryndaryn qúryp, osy zamanghy soghystyng joghary tehnologiyasyn mengeru, kәsiby óresin ósiru ýshin talantty jәne talapty jastardy qarshadayynan qatang tәrbiyeleu arqyly ghana qol jetkizu mýmkin bolady. Den Syaopinning búl saladaghy jospary, eng aldymen, әskery sardarlardy tek әskery mektepterde ghana tәrbiyelep jetildiru kerek. Áskery oqu oryndary eki ýlken salagha bólinuge tiyis. Onyng birinshisi 70% әskery bilim, 30% sayasy bilimmen úshtasugha tiyis. Al ekinshi salasy sayasy kadrlardy tәrbiyeleytin arnayy әskery oqu oryndary. Onyng oqu baghdarlamasynda 60% sayasat  jәne basqa da qoghamdyq bilimder, al 40% әskery bilim bolugha tiyis. Búnyng bәrin de bolashaq generaldar әskery oqu oryndarynyng qabyrghasynda mengeruge mindetti.

Osy jerde bizdi myna bir oy mazalay beredi. Qazaqstan Qaruly Kýshterinde tәuelsiz Qazaqstanda oqyp-jetilgen jas ofiyserlerding qatary az emes. Áriyne, olar talapqa say osy zamanghy soghys ónerin jetik mengergen boluy әbden mýmkin. Biraq, sayasy sana-sezimi, qoghamdyq bilim salasyndaghy qarym-qabileti kónil kónshitpeydi-au dep qorqamyn. Eger biz de óz qaruly kýshterimizge sayasy komissarlar institutyn engizsek, mýmkin, armiyadaghy әlimjettik pen tәrtipsizdik azayar ma edi? Uyzday jas sarbazdarymyz óz auylyna tabytpen oralatyn jaghdaydy kórmes pe edik dep oilaymyn. Soghys óneri men tәrtibi úshtasqan armiya ghana shyn mәninde el qorghany bola alady. Jau joq jerde óz tuysqandarymyzdy ózimiz әlimjettikpen azaptap óltirip jatsaq, múnday jasaqtan ne payda, ne qayyr?! Syrtqy jaudan Alla aman saqtasyn dep tileyik.

Búryn qytaydyng әskery oqu oryndary sanauly bolghandyqtan, onda bilimin jetildiretinderding kóbisi diviziya komandirlerinen joghary qolbasylar bolatyn. Onda eng ýzdik degen polk komandirlerining ózi 20% aspaytyn. Keyin Den Syaopin joghary shendi ofiyserlerdi oqytudan tys birtindep negizgi saty ofiyserlerining ózin kәsiby әsker kadrlardan jasaqtaudy búiyrdy. Sóitip, vzvod komandirlerinen joghary barlyq әskery kadrlar әskery oqu oryndarynyng týlekterinen jasaqtalatyn boldy.

1979 jyldan bastap Qytayda ilgerindi-keyindi jýzdegen әskery oqu oryndary boy kóterdi. Qazir Qytaydyng 2 mln 300 myng túraqty armiyasynyng 37% joghary bilimdi. Al ofiyserlerding joghary bilim dengeyi 100% jetti. 1982 jyly diviziya komandirlerinen joghary qolbasshylardyng joghary bilim dengeyi nebәri 1,6% bolatyn. Osydan-aq Den Syaopinning әskery oqu oryndaryn qúru strategiyasy Qytay armiyasynyng osy zamandanu jәne jýielenu ýrdisinde erekshe ról atqarghandyghyn kóruge bolady.

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