QAZAQSTAN RESPUBLIKASY MEN QYTAY HALYQ RESPUBLIKASY YNTYMAQTASTYQ QATYNASTARYNYNG HALYQARALYQ MANYZY

Qazaqstan tarihta ózining ornalasqan geografiyalyq ornynyng ereksheligimen manyzdy bolsa, Tәuelsizdikten keyin aimaqtaghy iri memleket retinde halyqaralyq qatynastar jýiesinen oiyp alghan ornymen tanymal memleketke ainaldy.

Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng keng baytaq aumaghynyng Aziya men Europany tútastandyryp jatuy, ondaghy jer asty jәne jer ýstindegi resurstardyng moldyghy damyghan memleketterdi qatty qyzyqtyratyny sózsiz. Óitkeni damyghan memleketter túraqty týrde damy týsu ýshin mol energetikalyq resurstardy qajet etedi. Al Qazaqstan siyaqty damushy nemese janadan memleket qúrushy elderge eng qajetti nәrse, ol – investisiya men jana tehnologiya. Mine osynday ózara múqtajdyq Qazaqstan Respublikasy men alys-jaqyn damyghan elder arasyn tez jaqyndastyrdy. Sonymen, Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng halyqaralyq yntymaqtastyq qatynastary aldymen energetika salasy boyynsha  óristedi.

Qytay Halyq Respublikasy Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng tәuelsizdigin erterek tanyp, diplomatiyalyq qatynasyn aldynghylardyng biri bolyp ornatqanymen, energetika salasyna keshteu (1997 j.) keldi. Biraq olar qazirgi tanda Qazaqstannyng energetika jәne basqa óndiris sektorlaryna investisiya saluda aldynghy qatargha ótti. Sonday-aq, Qazaqstannyng aimaqtyq jәne jahandyq integrasiya jýiesine enuine múryndyq bolyp otyr. Sondyqtan, Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy yntymaqtastyq qatynastary – jalpy jahandyq halyqaralyq qatynastar jýiesinde manyzy oryn alady dep sanaymyz. Endeshe osy kózqarasymyzdy payymdap kóreyik.

Qytay Qazaqstanmen birlese otyryp transúlttyq shiyki múnay qúbyryn saldy, jәne ony 2009 jyly iske qosty. Búl Atyraudan Alashankougha deyin 2798 shaqyrym jerge sozylghan qúbyrdyng jyldyq múnay ótkizu quaty 20 mln tonnagha josparlanghan. Qazirge deyin odan 156 mln tonna shiyki múnay Qytaygha aghyp ótti. Osy qúbyrmen Reseyding shiyki múnayy da Qytaygha shygharyluda. Búl qúbyr «Jibek jolyndaghy birinshi qúbyr», - degen ataqa ie boldy.

Qytay Qazaqstan, Ózbekstan jәne Týrkmenstan memlektterimen yntymaqtasyp salghan «Qytay – Ortalyq Aziya tabighy gaz qúbyry» da halyqaralyq sipat alatyn transúlttyq jobalardyng biri. «Qytay – Ortalyq Aziya tabighy gaz qúbyrynyn» A, V, S – liniyalary, Týrkmenstannan shyghyp Ózbekstandy ainalyp, Qazaqstan jerin órlep, Qorghas arqyly Qytaygha kógildir otyn jetkizip jatyr. Qazaqstannyng gazy Shymkentten osy qúbyrgha qosylghan.

Atalghan múnay men gaz qúbyrlary bes birdey memleketting mýddesin tyghyz baylanystyryp otyrghanyn eskersek, onyng negizin qalaghan Qytay men Qazaqstan  yntymaqtastyq qatynastary ekenin týsinemiz. Mine, búdan  Qazaqstan men Qytay yntymaqtastyq qatynastarynyng halyqaralyq manyz alatynyn angharu qiyn emes.

2013 jyly qyrkýiekte QHR tóraghasy Sy Szinipin Qazaqstangha jasaghan alghashqy sapary kezinde Nazarbaev uniyversiytetine baryp «Halyqtar dostyghyn nyghaytyp, kórkem bolashaqty birge qúrayyq» degen taqyrypta jasaghan bayandamasynda, «Jibek joly ekonomikalyq beldeuin birge qúrayyq» degen bastama kóterdi. Keyin osy bastamanyng negizinde Qytaydyng «Bir beldeu - bir jol» mega jobasy qalyptasty.  Búl is jýzinde Qytaydyng jahandyq jana strategiyalyq diplomatiyalyq sayasatynyng túghyrnamasy bolyp tabylady.

Qytaydyng «Bir beldeu - bir jol» jobasyn eng aldymen Qazaqstan qoldady. 2014 jyly Elbasy Núrsúltan Nazarbaev kezekti Qazaqstan halqyna Joldauynda: «Núrly jol - bolashaqqa bastar jol» atty jana ekonomikalyq sayasatyn jariyalady.

Búl jana sayasatta elimizding transport, ónerkәsip, energetika, әleumettik infraqúrylymdaryn damytu basty oryngha qoyyldy. Sonymen Qazaqstannyng jana ekonomikalyq sayasaty Qytaydyng «Bir beldeu -bir jol» jobasymen sәikes kelip, eki elding yntymaqtastyq baylanystary joghary dengeyge kóterildi. Sodan keyin atalmysh joba ayasynda Qytaydyng Qazaqstangha salghan investisiyasy men bergen kreditterining kólemi kóbeydi jәne óndiris quaty salasynda yntymaqtastyq jobalarynyng sany arta týsti. Qazirgi tanda elimizde iske asyrylyp jatqan «51 joba» nemese «56 joba» degender sonyng naqty mysaldary.

Qytaydyng «Bir beldeu - bir jol» mega jobasy Qazaqstanmen shektelmeydi, ol Qytaydyng úzaq merzimge arnalghan jahandyq strategiyalyq jobasy. Búl joba negizinen Úly Jibek joly boyyndaghy memleketterge nemese Aziya jәne Afrikadaghy damushy eldere arnalyp jasalghanymen, is jýzinde halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtar men damyghan memleketterdi de qamtyp otyr. Búlay boluy tabighy edi. Óitkeni Qytay ózining osy jobasy arqyly adamzat taghdyrynyng ortaq qauymdastyghyn qúryp, әlemge jetekshilik etudi kózdep otyrghany aitpasa da týsinikti.

Sondyqtan da QHR men AQSh arasyndaghy  qarama-qarsylyqtar shiyelenisip barady. AQSh ózining jer-jahandaghy jetekshilik ornyna Qytaydy kiyliktirgisi kelmeydi. Al Qytay bolsa, ózining myqty ekonomikalyq quatyna sýiene otyryp әlemge «jana tәrtip» ornatyp, jahangha jetekshilik etudi AQSh-pen bóliskisi keledi, tipti jeke-dara biyleu niyeti de joq emes. Mine, osynday týbirli prinsipti mәseledegi kelispeushilikter QHR men AQSh arasynda sauda soghysy formasynda bastalyp, qazirgi tanda keng etek jayyp iydeologiyalyq qúndylyqtar arasyndaghy kýreske ainalyp ketti.

AQSh jalpy adamzatqa ortaq qúndylyqtar negizinde qúrylghan demokratiyalyq qúqyqtyq jýiening әlemde saltanat qúruyn dәriptese, Qytay totalitarlyq rejimning abzaldyghyn aitudan jalyqpaydy. Jәne onyng útymdylyghyn (kýsh toptap, úly is tyndyra alatynyn) praktikada kórsetip te qoyady. Sonyng eng jarqyn mysalyn, «Bir beldeu – bir jol» mega jobasy jәne onyng ayasyndaghy halyqaralyq logistika jelisin qúruynan kóruge bolady.

Qytay ózining «Bir beldeu – bir jol» jobasyn iske asyrsyn, әlde halyqaralyq logistika jelisin salsyn, bәribir eng aldymen mindetti týrde Qazaqstanmen baylanysady. Óitkeni Qazaqstan – Qytaydyng batysqa qadam basqanda aldymen tabany tiyetin memleket. Sondyqtan Qytay birinshi kezekte Qazaqstanmen jarasymdy qarym-qatynasta bolugha bek mýddeli.

Qazaqstan da Qytaydyng «Bir beldeu – bir jol» jobasy berip otyrghan tarihy mýmkindikti útymdy paydalanyp, ózining infraqúrylymyn janghyrtyp, industriya jýiesin damytyp, túiyqtalghan qatynas-transport mәselesin sheshuge óte múqtaj. Sondyqtan eki elding týbirli últtyq mýddesi bir jerde toghysyty da, olardy tereng yntymaqtasugha jeteledi.

Adamdar arasynda bolsyn, әlde memleketter arasynda bolsyn, ózara mýddelilik qashan da olardy yntymaqtasugha bastaydy. Qazaqstan men Qytay arasyndaghy baylanystar osynday ortaq mýddeler negizinde qúrylghan, halyqaralyq sipaty qanyq qatynastar.

Sonyng biri jәne biregeyi – Qytaydyng Lyaniungannan Qazaqstannyng «Qorghas – Shyghys qaqpasy» qúrghaq portyna tartylghan transúlttyq Qytay-Europa ekspres jýk tasymal dәlizi. Eki elding búl jobasy 2017 jyly iske qosylysymen Qazaqstannyng qatynas-transport jәne halyqaralyq saudadaghy ornyn aitarlyqtay ózgertti. Óitkeni atalmysh Qytay-Europa ekspres jýk tasymal temir jol kerueni Qazaqstandy basyp ótip Europanyng batysyna - Amsterdamgha jetip jatqan halyqaralyq jýie bolyp tabylady.

Qytay men Qazaqstan birlesip salghan Qorghas erkin ekonomikalyq audany, «Qorghas - Shyghys qaqpasy» Qúrghaq porty halyqaralyq sauda jәne qatynas-tasymaldaryna sapaly qyzmet kórsetedi. Qazirgi tanda jalpy Qazaqstan men Qytay shekarasynda bes ótkizu punkti jyl on eki ay júmys jasaydy; bes múnay-gaz transúlttyq qúbyry ótip jatyr; bir halyqaralyq shekaralyq yntymaqtastyq ortalyghy - «Qorghas - Shyghys qaqpasy» erkin ekonomikalyq Qúrghaq port aimaghy júmys jasap túr; «Batys Europa – Batys Qytay» jedel jolymen avtokólikter jýitkip jýrip jatyr.

Qytay men Qazaqstannyng Lyaniungan logistikalyq yntymaqtastyq bazasy – Qazaqstannyng tikeley Tynyq múhiytqa shyghatyn portyna ainaldy. Múny Qazaqstannyng tarihy jetistigi deuge bolady. Óitkeni ol Qazaqstannyng túiyqtalghan ishki kontiynenttik memleket sipatyn týbegeyli ózgertti. Mamandardyng esepteuinshe, Qazaqstannyng tek tranzittik tasymaldan tabatyn jyldyq kirisi  4 mlrd AQSh dollaryn qúraydy eken.

Demek, Qazaqstan – Qytay arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyq qatynastarynyng halyqaralyq manyzy airyqsha. Qazaqstannyng halyqaralyq qatynas-transporty jaghdayynyng jaqsaruy – Qazaqstan men Qytay arasyndaghy sauda-ekonomikalyq baylanystardy damytyp keledi. Búghan songhy ýsh jyldy mysalgha keltiruge bolady.

Songhy jyldary halyqaralyq saudanyng qúldyrauyna qaramastan, Qazaqstan men Qytay arasyndaghy sauda damu dinamikasyn kórsetti. 2019 jyly eki jaqty sauda kólemi 21,9 mlrd AQSh dollaryna jetip, onyng aldyndaghy jylynan 10,6% artty. Onyng ishinde Qytaydyng Qazaqstangha eksporty 12,73 mlrd AQSh dollar bolyp, ótken jyldan 12,1% ósken; Qazaqstannyng importy 9,26 mlrd AQSh dollaryna jetip, ótken jyldan 8,6%-gha kóbeygen. Eki tarap saudasynyng ong salidosy 3,47 mlrd AQSh dollaryn qúrap, onyng aldyndaghy jyldan 22,7% artqan.

2020 jyly Qazaqstan men Qytay COVID-19 indeti keltirgen qiyndyqtardy ensere otyryp sauda damu qarqynyn saqtap qaldy. Qytay kedendik statistikalyq derekteri boyynsha: 2020 jyldyng qantarynan jeltoqsan ailaryndaghy eki elding sauda kólemi 21,43 mlrd AQSh dollaryn qúrap, onyng aldyndaghy jyldan 2,6%-gha azayghan. Onyng ishinde Qytaydyng Qazaqstangha eksporty 11,71 mlrd AQSh dollaryn qúrap, ótken jyldan 8%-gha tómendegen; Qazaqstannan importy 9,72 mlrd AQSh dollary bolyp, aldynghy jyldan 4,9%-gha ósken. Eki jaqty saudada Qytay taraptyng ong salidosy 1,99 mlrd AQSh dollar bolyp, ótken jyldan 42,7%-gha tómendegen. «Temir keruen» dep atalatyn «Qytay-Europa poyyzy»  on mynnan astam reys qatynaghan.

2021 jyly Qytay men Qazaqstannyng eki jaqty sauda kólemi 252,5 mlrd AQSh dollaryna jetip, ótken jyldan 17,6% ósti. Onyng ishinde Qytaydyng Qazaqstangha eksporty 13, 98 mlrd AQSh dollary bolyp, ótken jyldan 19,5% artqan; al Qazaqtannan importy 11,27 mlrd AQSh dollaryn qúrap, ótken jyldan 15,3 % kóbeygen. Eki jaqty saudada Qytay tarapynyng ong salidosy 2,71 mlrd AQSh dollaryna jetip, ótken jyldan 36,2 % ósken.

Jogharydaghy faktilerden Qazaqstan men Qytay arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyq qatynastary tek eki el ýshin ghana emes, halyqaralyq qauymdastyq ýshin de asa manyzdy ekenin kóruge bolady. Qazaqstan men Qytaydyng memlekettik sipatynda aiyrmashylyqtar alshaqtau bolghanymen, olardyng bir-birine degen mýddeliligi «elude elu» - qaraylas keledi. Endeshe eki el qatynastarynyng damu perspektivasy zor jәne onyng halyqaralyq manyzy da aiyryqsha bolyp qala bermek. Sondyqtan Qazaqstan Respublikasy ózining osynday әleuetin paydalana otyryp, halyqaralyq qatynastar jýiesinde tipti de belsendi diplomatiyalyq qatynastar óristetui kerek dep sanaymyz.

Nәbijan Múqamethanúly,

t.gh.d., professor,Ál-Faraby atyndaghy Qazaq últtyq uniyversiyteti 
janyndaghy «Qazirgi zamanghy Qytaydy zertteu ortalyghynyn» diyrektory

Abai.kz