Basy: Ilening bayyrghy jәne songhy túrghyndary

4. Ýisinderding qazaqtarmen qatysy

Saqtardyng bir mýshesi bolghan Ýisinder Jetisu jerinen, Ile angharynan shyghysqa qaray qonys audaryp, jolay Erentaudyng (Erenqabyrghanyn) teriskey jaghyndaghy Jyn, Shihu, Sayapyl ónirlerin jaghalay jyljyp Túrpan, Jemsary, Shonjy, Barkól (Baryskól) ónirlerin basyp ótip, jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi III ghasyrdyng bas sheni men II ghasyrdyng bas sheninde Tәnir tauynyng shyghys silemi Shýlen (Chilinan) tauly ónirine deyin óris keneytip barady. Búl ónirge kelgen Ýisinderding ol kezde jan sany da, mal sany da az edi, eldik qúdyreti әlsiz shaghyn el bolatyn, olar Shyghysta Úly Jýzdermen, Shyghys soltústykte Ghúndarmen kórshi otyrdy. Derekterge qaraghanda, ol kezdegi Ýisin elin Dәuden taraghan Elsau (Eljau dep te aitylady) basqarypty.

Ýisinderding batysqa aughandaghy kósh joly. Búl suret "Ýisin turaly zertteu" kitabynyng qazaqsha basylymynan alyndy.

Jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 177 jyly Úly Jýzder Ýisin eline shabuyl jasap, elbasy Nәndu biydi óltirip, elin shauyp, Ýisinderdi endi qaytyp bas kótere almastay halge týsiredi. Sansyraghan júrt endigi jerde Ghúndardy panalaydy. Ákesi óltirilgende jórgeginde qalghan Elsaudy (Eljaudy) әkesining qabyrgha tuysy Bóje degen kisi kókbóri emizip, qústar jem tasyp berip baghyp jýrgen jerinen tauyp alyp, Ghún Tәnirqútyna tapsyryp beredi. Ghún Tәnirqúty balany «kiyeli» dep bilip, at jalyn tartyp mingenge deyin baghyp-qaghyp tәrbiyeleydi.

«Tarihy jazbalar. Ferghana shejiresi», «Hannama. Jang Chiyannyng ómirbayany» jәne Qazaq shejirelerinde aityluynsha, Elsau eseyip-erjetken song talay mәrte sheru tartyp joryqqa attanyp, jenisten jeniske jetip, eresen erlik kórsetip, eleuli enbek siniredi. Ghún Tәnirqúty ony әkesining ornyna Kýnby etip taghayyndap, elin jinap, biyligin beredi. Kýnby on myndap әsker ústap, әke kegin alu ýshin Úly Jýzderge qarsy joryqqa attanady. Úly Jýzder búl kezde Ghúndardyng soqqysyna úshyrap Ile ózeni alabyna kelip, búl jerdegi Saqtardy qualap shyghyp, jerin iyelep alghan bolatyn.

Elsau Kýnby jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 160-161 jyldary shamasynda elin bastap Ýisinderding shyghysqa barghan kósh jolymen qazirgi Qúmyl, Barkól jazirasyna kelip, onan Tәnir tauy silemin boylap batysqa bettep Jyng manyna kelgen son, batys ontýstikti betke alyp Tәnir tauy silemderinen asyp, Ile ózenining bas qaynary Júldyzgha keledi. Onan birte-birte algha ilgerilep, tútas Ile angharyndaghy Úly Jýzderdi soqqylap Baktriyagha qaray yghystyryp jiberip, atamekeni Ile ózeni alaby men Jetisu jerin iyelep, búryn osy jerde qalghan tuystarymen qaytadan qauyshady. Búryn osy ónirdi mekendep, ontýstikke qonys audarghan Saqtar men Úly Jýzderden qalghan elderdi ózderine qosyp alyp, ózderining qataryn molaytady.

Elsau Kýnby el basqarghan elu jyl ishinde Ýisinder salystyrmaly týrde beybit ómir ótkizedi, mal men basy týgel ósip, týtin sany 120 myngha, jan sany 630 myngha, әsker sany 188 myng 800 ge jetip(21), әkimshilik qúrylymy edәuir kemeldengen qúdiretti memleket dәrejesine kóteriledi. Ýisin elining territoriyasy batysta Shu, Talas ózenderine, shyghysta Tәnir tauynyng shyghys silemine, soltýstikte Balqash kólinen bastap ontýstikte Ystyq kólding ontýstik jaghalauyna deyingi úlan baytaq ónirdi qamtidy. Osy aumaqta jasaghan Ýisin eli shyghysta Ghúndarmen, soltýstikte Qanlylarmen, batysta Dauandarmen, ontýstikte Tarym oipatyndaghy qalaly eldermen shekaralas bolady. Chygu (Shyghu nemese Qyzyl anghar) qalasy Ýisin elining sayasi, sharuashylyq jәne mәdeniyet, sauda ortalyghyna ailanady.

Ýisin eli ainalasyndaghy kórshi eldermen tatu-tәtti ótti. Ásirese ishki ólkedegi eldermen sayasi, ekonomika jәne mәdeniyet, әskery ister jaqtaghy qarym-qatynas bara-bara qúda-júrattyq qatynasqa ainalyp, eki ónirding әr jaqtaghy qatynasyn kýsheytti, Han patshalyghy jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 108 jyly Ýisin Kýnbiyine Jandu begining qyzy Shiyjúndy Han ordasynyng hanyshasy sanatymen Ýisin elining Elju Kýnbiyine úzatyp berdi. Jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 101-102 jyldary Han Udy patsha óz úrqynan Chu Uannyng nemere qyzy Jiei hanyshany Ýisinning Jónshi biyine úzatyp berdi. Osy Jieiden tughan Uannan (Onnan) keyin Yarken qala elining hany bolady, Des degen qyzy Kýshar hanyna hanymdyqqa úzatylady.

Tarihy derekterge qaraghanda, Ýisinder jyl sanauymyzdyng IV-V ghasyrlarynda ishki jaqtan bólshektenuding Ciyanpi, Puruan t.b. shetten kelgen taypalardyng yqpalymen әlsirey bastaghan. VI ghasyrdyng 80-jyldary batys Týrikterding VIII ghasyrdyng 40-jyldary Týrkesh handyghynyn, odan H ghasyrdyng 40-jyldarynda Qarlyq handyghynyn, HI-HII ghasyrlarda Qarahany handyghynyn, batys Liyau yaghny Qaraqytay handyghynyn, sonday-aq Qaraqytay handyghy negizinde qúrylyp Kýshlik han basqarghan Nayman handyghynyng qol astynda boldy. 1223-1247 jyldary Shaghatay úlysyna qarasty boldy. Al Shaghatay úlysy әlsirep Moghúlystan handyghy qúrylghan kezde Ýisinder jәne olardan taraghan Dulattar memleket isine belsene aralasyp, biylik jýrgize bastady. XIII ghasyrdyng 40-jyldarynan keyin Altyn Ordagha qarasty boldy da, XV ghasyrdyng 50-jyldary Kerey men Jәnibek súltandar Hantauda qazaq handyghynyng shanyraghyn kótergende, Ýisinder Úly Jýz bolyp úiysyp, handyqtyng irge tasyn qalasyp, shanyraghyn kóteristi.

Búl ýsh suret avtordyng maqalasynan alyndy.
Maqalada jazylghan Saqtardyng kiyim-keshegi turaly aitylghan jer bar. (5) Kiymim-keshek daghynan" degen kishkene taqyrypshanyng arasyna osy ýsh suret qoyylady.

5. Saqtar men Ýisinderdin, Ýisinder men qazaqtardyng qatystylyghy jóninde salystyru

Jogharyda Saqtardyn, Ýisinderding qazirgi zaman qazaq halqynyng tekteri qataryna jatatyndyghyn keybir jazba jәne arheologiyalyq qazba materialdar derekteri arqyly alghashqy adymda dәleldedik. Bizding múnday dәleldeuimiz, ekinshi bir sózben aitqanda tújyrym jasauymyz, әste, ejelgi ru-taypalar attarynyng qazirgi zaman qazaq ishinde saqtalghandyghyna qarap aita saludan; ejelden qazirge deyin qazaqtyng arghy ata-babasy jasap kelgen jaghyrapiyalyq ónirge qaray tuyndaghan jershildik nysaydan shygharylghan qortyndy, kóterilgen boljal, bildirilgen emeurin bolmastan, ghylymy boljalgha tiyanaqtaghan. Endi tómende olardyng ózara qatystylyghyn antropologiyalyq(22) tiyp, ata kәsip, nanym-senim, ghúryp-әdet, salt-sana, baspana, kiyim-keshek, әsemóner stiyli t.b. jaqtardan qarapayym salystyru әdisi arqyly dәleldeymiz.

Jogharydaghylardy qorytyp aitqanda, birinshiden, ‹‹Ýisin antropologiyalyq tiypi Balqash kólinen bastap Tәnir tauynyng tauly aimaqtaryn mekendegen taypalar arasynda jii kezdesedi››; ekinshiden, «Ýisin antropologiyalyq tiypining morfologiyalyq qúrylystary nәsildik jaghynan Saq dәuirinde ómir sýrgen taypalargha óte jaqyn, demek, Ýisinderdi Saq taypalarynyng tikeley úrpaghy dep tújyrymdau óte oryndy»(23); ýshinshiden, osy kýngi qazaq halqynyng antropologiyalyq qúramynyng negizin qalaugha Ýisin antropologiyalyq tiypining ýlken әseri bolghan(24); olargha (Saqtargha) tәn keybir antropologiyalyq erekshelikter osy kýngi qazaqtar arasynda kezdesedi(25); tórtinshi, qazaqtyng antropologiyalyq tiypi negizgi eki nәsildik jýieden qúralghan, onyng biri – europalyq jýie, endi biri – monghúldyq jýie, birinshi jýie qazaq dalasynyng negizgi túrghyndaryna tәn qasiyet, al songhy jýieni Ortalyq Aziyadan auyp kelgen monghúl tektes taypalar ala kelgen (26).

Altyn zeynet búiymdar. Monghúl kýre audany Shatydaghy qabirden tabylghan. "Ýisin turaly zetteu" kitabynan alyndy.

(2) Ata kәsibi jaghynan

Arheologiyalyq jәne etnografiyalyq materialdargha qaraghanda, Saq, Ýisin, Ghún sekildi qazaqtyng arghy tegi men olardyng keyingi úrpaqtary – qazaqtyng ru-taypalary ejelden shóp-su qualap mal óristetip, qalay bolsa solay kóship-qonyp jýre bermegen, qayta negizinen mal sharuashylyghynyng kóshpendi, jartylay kóshpendi jәne otyryqshy týrin qoldanghan. Jayylymdy tórt mausymgha bólip basqara bilgen. Mal týrlerinen kóbirek qúiryqty jәne úyang jýndi qoy, tez semiretin jәne qysqy tebinge tózimdi, jýrdek jylqy túqymyn, aiyr órkeshti týie ósirgen. Malshylary endik jәne boylyq baghyttarda mal baqqan. Erleri salt atpen, әielder men balalar jәne qarttar terimen, kiyizben jabylghan kýrkeli eki, tórt jәne alty donghalaqty arbalarmen kóship-qonghan. Eginshileri jerdi qauymdyq-rulyq jәne taypalar ara shekaralar kóleminde iyemdenip paydalanghan. Tary, biday, arpa daqyldaryn ekken. Ken ashqan, metal qorytyp, qúral-sayman jәne әsemóner búiymdaryn jasaghan.

Jýn toqyma búiymdar. Monghúlkýre Shatydaghy qabirden shyqqan. "Yysin turaly zertteu" kitabynan alyndy.

 (3) Diny nanym-senim ghúryptary jaghynan

1) Bәri de ata- ana aruaghyna, semiyalyq, rulyq «әuliyeler» men jebeushilerge siynghan.

2) Saq, Ýisinderding siynatyn qúdayy – kýn bolghan. Saqtar «kóp qúday ishinde eng shapshany kýnge adamzat dýniyesindegi eng jýirik túlpar ghana layyqty›› dep atty qúrbandyqqa shalghan; Ýisinder kósemin Kýnby dep atap, obalaryn kýnge úqsatyp ýigen. Qazaqtar kýnge qarap dәret qylugha tiym salghan.

3) Bәrin tazartatyn ot dep bilip otqa tabynghan. Saq, Ýisinder jerleu salty atqarylghan kezde obalardy ainaldyra on qansha jerge ot jaghatyn. Qazaqtarda kelin týskende otqa may qúy, adam qaytys bolghannan keyin sýiek qoyylghan ýige shyraq jaghu, besikti, qora-qopsyny otpen alastau, t. b. әdetter әli kýnge deyin jalghasyp keledi.

4) Saq, Ýisin jauyngerleri qaytys bolghanda mingen aty molasynyng basynda bauyzdalatyn, búl qazaqtarda mingen atyn iyesi qaytys bolghannan keyin jyldyghyna arnap soyatyn әdet bolyp qazirge deyin jalghasyp keledi.

5) Rudyng nemese taypanyng qaysybir miftik hayuan teginen shyghuy turaly úghym januarlardyng metaldan qúiyp jasalghan mýsinderinde beynelengen nemese týrli fomarlarda saqtalghan. Mysaly, shayqastarda jelep-jebeydi dep onyng beynesi qarulargha nemese qarudyng sabyna týsirilgen, jaugha minip shabatyn atty saqtasyn dep jýgenge shegelegen.

6 ) Eri ólgen әiel shashyn júlu, betin jyrtu әdeti sol zamannan osy zamangha deyin jalghasqan, t.b.

Farfor tegegesh. Monghúlkýre audany Shatydaghy qabirden tabylghan. "Ýisin turaly zertteu " kitabynan alyndy.

 (4) Túrmystyq ghúryp-әdet, salt-sana jaghynan

1) Gerodot Skifter (Saqtar) etti ýlken qazangha, qazan bolmasa maldyng qarnyna salyp pysyratyndyghyn aitqan(29). Soyylghan maldyng etin tazalanghan qarnyna salyp jerge kómip, ýstine ot jaghyp pisiru әdisi qazaq malshylary arasynda azattyq (jana kommunistik biylik ornaghangha deyin) qarsanyna deyin jalghasqan, tipti ishinara jerde qazirde boluy mýmkin.

2) Saqtarda jigit ýilengisi kelse, qyzben kýreske shyghady. Eger qyzdy kýresip jyqsa, qyzdy alugha úqyqty (qúqyghy bar) bolghan. Al búl qazaqtyng ‹‹Qyz bóri›› degen oiynynda saqtalghan(30).

3) ‹‹Agha ólse, jenge inige múra›› әdeti saqtarda bolghandyghyn grek núsqalarda dәleldegen(31). Búl әdet Ýisinderde de, qazaqtarda da bolghan.

4) Mal sharuashylyghymen shúghyldanghan Saqtar túrmystyq qajeti ýshin beline ýnemi saptayaq baylap jýretindikten, grek tarihshylary olardy aziyalyq Skifter dep ataghan. Ol sol qajettilik pen әdet qosyla kelip «kise» degen atpen qazaqtar arqyly qazirge deyin jalghasqan, t.b.

Farfor sham qondyrghy. Monghúlkýre audany Shatydaghy qabirden tabylghan. "Ýisin turaly zertteu" kitabynan alyndy.

(5) Kiyim-keshek jaghynan

Persepoldegi Kserkis sarayynyng bederindegi jәne Pasargadtaghy Dary mazaryndaghy beyneler Saqtardyng kiyim-keshegi turaly aiqyn týsinik beredi. Onda beynelengen Saqtar biyik shoshaq bórik, denemen dene tizesine deyin jetetin peshpent kiygen, belbeu buynghan, tar shalbar jәne ókshesiz ayaq kiyim kiygen, belbeuding ong jaghyna qanjar, al sol jaghyna sadaq ilgen(32). Menshe, myna beyneleulerge týsinik jasaudyng qajeti bolmasa kerek. Múny XVIII-XIX ghasyrlardaghy, tipti, XX ghasyrdaghy qazaqtyng syrtqy formasynyng dәl ózi desek te qate bolmas.

Tómende mynaday ýsh týrli suretti salystyryp kórulerinizge úsyndyq: 1-suret 1983 jyly Qytay Ile qazaq avtonomiyaly oblysynyng Kýnes audany telqara qonysyndaghy moladan tabylghan shoshaq tóbeli ýkili bórik kiygen Saq jauyngerining qoladan qúiylghan mýsini; 2-suret: suretshi Orlovskidyng (HVIII ghasyrdyng sony bolsa kerek) syzghan ‹‹Salt atty qazaq›› degen sureti; 3-suret: suretshi O.A.Lanserening 1876 jyly syzyp, qola mýsin etip qúighan ‹‹Býrkit ústaghan qazaq›› atty sureti. Demek, ýkili shoshaq tóbeli tymaq kiyetin osyzamanghy qazaqty shoshaq tóbeli ýkili bórik kiygen saqtardyng úrpaghy demey túra almaysyz.

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Temir soqa. Monghúlkýre audany Múzattaghy qabirden tabylghan. "Ýisin turaly zertteu" kibanynan alyndy.

6) Baspana, túrghyn ýy jaghynan

‹‹Saqtardyng negizgi ýii-kiyiz ýy bolghan. Al qystaytyn jerlerinde saban aralastyryp soqqan balshyq kerpishten ýy salghan››(33). Saqtar, Ýisinder aghash ýilerde, tam ýilerde, sonday-aq kiyiz ýilerde otyrghan. Kiyiz ýy jasaudyng prinsiypi jana eradan búryn 1-mynjyldyqtyng ózinde-aq belgili bolghan(34); ‹‹Kýrke men jer tólening evolusiyasy (birtindep damuy) bir jaghdayda tóbesi shoshaq kiyiz ýiding ekinshi jaghdayda tóbesi dóngelete jabylatyn kiyiz ýiding jasaluyna jetkizdi(35). Jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 105 jyly Han patshalyghynyng hanyshasy Shiyjún Ýisin elining Elsau Kýnbiyine úzatylyp kelgende, alty qanat aq ordanyng ong jaghyna týskendigi barshamyzgha ayan. Qazirgi zaman qazaqtarynyng meyli tam ýii, aghash ýii, toshalasy nemese kiyiz ýii bolsyn, bәri de jogharydaghy Saqtar men Ýisinderding baspana, túrghyn ýy qúrylysynyng jalghasy, damyghan týri demey túra almaymyz.

Altyn jýzik, altyn syrgha. Monghúlkýre audany Shatydaghy qabirden tabylghan. "Ýisin turaly zertteu" kitabynan alyndy.

(7) Ásemóner ýlgisi jaghynan

Saqtar zamanyndaghy әsemónerding alghashqy ýlgisi ang stiyli bolyp, andardy jәne anyzdardaghy januarlargha qatysty ghajaptardy beyneleudi negizgi taqyryp etti. «Mazmúny mifologiyalyq, formasy realistik ang stiyli óneri sәndik sipatta boldy». Beyneleu әdisterining kóbi qazandar men qúrbandyq ydystaryn, semser, qanjar, qoramsaq, aibalta, jýgen, aina sekildi zattardy, kiyimdi, jalaulardyng sabyn әshekeyleu ýshin qoldanylady. olar alghashynda andardy, andardyng әr týrli beynelerin, odan song anshylardyn, malshylardyng óndiristik qimylyn jekeley jәne toptay týrli formada jalama jartastargha syzdy, qashap týsirdi. – Búl óner ýlgisi birte- birte damyp, Ýisin dәuirine jәne odan songhy dәuirlerge jetkende on-órnek ýlgisine ainaldy da, keyingi kezdegi qazaqtyng týskiyiz, syrmaq, tekemet jәne týrli әsemóner búiymdaryna týsiretin qoldanylmaly syzu-órnek óneri tuyndylaryn jaryqqa shyghardy .

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:

(21). Bangu: ‹‹Batyss ónir jәne Ýisin memleketi››, Shynjang halyq

baspasy, Ýrimji. 1987 jyl,44-bet.

(22). Antropologiya – adam men adam nәsilderining shyghu tegin, onyng dene qúrylysynyng ózgeru zandylyqtaryn zertteytin ghylym.

(23), (24), (25): ‹‹Qazaq Sovet entsiklopediyasy›› 6-tom, 401-bet.

(26). ‹‹Qazaq Sovet entsiklopediyasy›› 6-tom, 359-bet.

(27). Arheologiya – kóne zamannan, orta ghasyrdan qalghan jer asty, jer ýsti eskertkishterin zertteytin ghylym.

(28). Etnografiya – belgili bir halyqtyng materialdyq jәne ruhany mәdeniyetin zertteytin ghylym.

(29). Abdyrahmanov Aytym: ‹‹Qazaqstannyng jer-su attary››, Qazaq SSR Ghylym Akedemiyasynyng Baspasy, Almaty, 1959 jyl. 85-bet.

(30). (31): Joghary kitaptyng 86-, 85-beti.

(32). ‹‹Qazaqstan tarihy››, ‹‹Atamúra Baspasy››, Almaty, 1996 jyl. 230-bet.

(33). ‹‹Qazaq SSR tarihy››, Almaty, 1957-jyl.1-tom, 44-bet.

(34). ‹‹Qazaqstan tarihy››, ‹‹Atamúra baspasy››, 1996 jyl. Almaty, 230-bet.

(35). Gerodot: ‹‹Tariyh››, 7-tom, 64-bet.

Jalghasy bar...

Jaqyp Jýnisúly, QHR tarih ghylymynyng agha zertteushisi, professor.

«Shynjang qoghamdyq ghylymdar minbesi» (№3 san, 2007 j.) jurnalynan audaryp dayyndaghan Álimjan Áshimúly.

 Abai.kz