Últtyq biregeylenu: Qandastardyng róli qanday?
1. Kósh qalay bastaldy?
Kósh dep alys-jaqyn shetelderdegi etnikalyq qazaqtardyng tarihy otany – Qazaqstangha qonys audarghan kóshin aityp otyrmyz. Búl kóshi-qonmen Qazaqstanda jalpy Últtyq biregeylenu ýderisi bastaghan edi. Qazir onyng әleumettik, demografiyalyq qomaqty jemisi aiqyn kórinip otyr. Qazaq kóshi kezdeysoq bastalghan joq, ol HH ghasyrdyng 80-jyldarynyng sonyndaghy KSRO kenistigindegi geosayay jaghdaydaghy ózgeristerge tyghyz baylanysty boldy. Sol bir kezende Kenes Odaghyndaghy etnotoptardyng «tórkinge qaytu» nauqany bolghany esimizde. Germaniya, Izraili siyaqty elder osy baghytta keshendi júmystar jasaudy memleketting ishki-syrtqy sayasatyndaghy manyzdy baghytqa ainaldyrdy. Búl halyqaralyq fenomen otandyq ghylymda birshama zertteldi. Diaspora taqyrybyn zertteushillerding qalamynan tughan «Qazaq diasporasy jәne Atamekenge oralu (1992-2012)» atty kólemdi enbekte jan-jaqty qarastyrylghan (Újymdyq enbek. – Almaty: Eltanym baspasy. – 2016). Al professor Nәbijan Múqamethanúlynyng «Halyqaralyq fenomen: qazaq halqynyng bóliniui men tútastanu ýderisi» (Qazaq uniyversiyteti baspa ýii. 2021 j.) atty monografiyasynda halqymyzdyng bólinui men qayta biregeylenu ýderisi tútastay qarastyrylyp, nanymdy ghylymy qortyndy tújyrymdar jasalghan.
Qazaqtyng qara shanyraghy Qazaqstandy әlemde taryday shashyrap ketken qandastarymyzgha tanystyru isi erterekte bastaldy.
1976 jyly qyrkýiek aiynda «Otan» qoghamy qúryldy. Keyin búl qogham «Qazaqstan» qoghamy dep ataldy. Osy qoghamgha qarasty tóte jazudaghy sheteldegi qandastargha qaratylghan «Shalqar» gazeti shyqty. 1980 jyly «Atameken» atty radio habarlary efirge shyghyp, alystaghy aghayyngha qaratyp aqparattyq, tanymdyq habarlar tarata bastady. 1978 jyly Týrkiyada túratyn teolog Halifa Altay bastaghan qandastar qasiyetti qarashanyraq topyraghyna alghash ret qadam basty. Osydan keyin alys-jaqyn shetelderden Atamekenge keletin Qandastardyng qarasy molaya bastady.
«Basqa respublikalardan jәne shetelderden selolyq jerlerde júmys isteuge tilek bildirushi bayyrghy últ adamdaryn Qazaq KSR-inde qonystandyru tәrtibi jәne sharttary turaly» Qazaq KSR Minstrler Kenesining 1991 jyly 18 qarashadaghy № 711 qaulysy shyqty. Búl qauly QR Preziydenti N. Á. Nazarbaevtyng 1991 jyly 28 qyrkýiektegi Týrkiyada qazaq diasporasymen kezdesude, 1991 jyly 31 jeltoqsanda radiodaghy jana jyldyq qúttyqtauynda, 1992 jyly 1 qantarda «Egemen Qazaqstan» gazetinde qayta-qayta pysyqtala kele, 1992 jyly 29 qyrkýiektegi Dýniyejýzi Qazaqtar Qúryltayynda sheteldegi qazaqtargha qaratylyp tarihy otangha oralu turaly ýndeuge úlasyp ketti. Sonymen Qazaq kóshining aqparattyq, zandyq, qúqyqtyq negizderi qalyptastyru júmysy jýieleri bir izge týse bastady. 1993 jyly 26 mausymda «Kóship kelu turaly» QR zany qabyldandy. Osy zang sol jyldyng jeltoqsan aiynda kýshine enip, etnikalyq qazaqtardyng barlyq qalalar men oblystargha kóship keluine arnauly kvota bólindi. 1997 jyly 13 jeltoqsanda ýkimetke deputattar jaghynan balama zang jobasy retinde úsynylyp, jazylu barysynda Qytaydan, Mongholiyadan kelgen qandas ziyalylar kenesshi retinde qatynasqan, birshama kemeldengen «Halyqtyng kóshi-qony turaly» ekinshi zang dýniyege keldi. 2001 jyly 29 qazanda QR ýkimetining 2001-2011jyldargha arnalghan salalyq baghdarmalasy bekitildi. Odan keyin 2007-2015 jyldargha arnalghan ýkimetting kóshi-qon sayasatynyng tújyrymdamasy jaryqqa shyqty. Osydan keyin ýkimette әr bes jyl sayyn qandastargha arnalghan kóshi-qon tújyrymdamasyn jasau dәstýrge ainaldy.
2. Qandastar elimizge ne berdi?
Últtyq sana men sýiispenshiliktin, kemeldengen zannyng arqasynda qazaq kóshi nemese últtyng biregeylenu ýderisi bastaldy әri nәtiyjesi de tez kórindi. 1989 jyly býkil Kenes Odaghy boyynsha jýrgizilgen sanaqqa negizdelsek, «Qazaqstanda ómir sýrip jatqan adam sany 16,464464 myng bolsa, etnikalyq qazaqtardyng ýlesi - 39,7%-dy qúraghan.... Al, Soltýstik oblystarda búl kórsetkish tipti de tómen. Soltýstik Qazaqstanda -18,6%, Selinogradta - 22,4%, Qostanayda - 22,9%, Pavlodarda - 28,5%, Kókshetauda-28,9%» [«Qazaq diasporasy jәne Atamekenge oralu». (1991-2012). Újymdyq enbek. Almaty. Eltanym baspasy. 2016 jyl. 252 b.]
Sonymen birge Kenes Odaghy ydyraghan son, ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys kezinde Qazaqstangha zorlyqpen jer audarylghan nemis, grek, kavkaz últtary óz Atamkenderine ýdere kóshti. Zavod-fabrikalar jabylghanda enbek jasyndaghy slavyan últtary da óz elderine qonys audardy. Sonymen Qazaqstannyng enbek naryghynda kәsiby maman, enbek kýsh tapshylyghy anyq angharyldy. Jana ghasyr esigimizdi ashqanda Qazaqstannyng jalpy jan sany 14 miliongha deyin kemidi.
AQSh- tyng eks-preziydentining últtyq qauipsizdik boyynsha kenesshisi Bzejensky elimizding shyghysy men batysyn bolashaq yqtimal «ystyq nýkteler» qataryna qosty. Jeri ken, baylyghy mol, jas Respublikamyzdy qanday qiyndyqtar kýtip túrghanyn osydan-aq anyq angharamyz. Osynday kýrdeli, ótpeli kezende últ kóshbasshysy óz nazarynda ústaghan, halyq pen elitanyng qoldauyna ie bolghan, últtyq biregeylenuding jarqyn sipatyn anghartqan Qazaq kóshining bastaluy osy qiyndyqty jeniuimizge belgili dәrejede mýmkindik berdi. «2011 jyly qazan aiyna deyin 860 myng adam men 221, 3 myng qazaq otbasy oraldy... 2012 jyly bes aida elge kelushiler sany 13720 adamdy qúrady. Bilim dengeyi boyynsha -9,2% joghary bilimdi, - 20,5% arnauly orta bilimdi, - 65% jalpy orta bilimdi. Enbekke qabiletti jastaghylar - 64,1%, 18 jasqa deyingi balalar - 41,2%, zeynetker - 4,7%». [«Qazaq diasporasy jәne Atamekenge oralu» (1991-2012). Újymdyq enbek. Almaty. Eltanym baspasy. 2016 jyl. 248 b].
2010 jyly qantarda Respublika halqynyng jan sany 16,196, 8 myng adamgha jetti. Onyng ishinde qazaqtardyng ýlesi - 63,6%-dy qúrady. Tәuelsizdikten beri 2020 jylgha deyingi aralyqta tarihy Otanyna oralghan qandastar arasynan 85 ghylym doktory, 226 ghylym kandidaty shyqqan. Elimizding bilim, ghylym salasynda ataq beru qaghidaty ózgergennen keyin jastar arasynan shyghyp PhD doktorlyghyn qorghaghan nemese «Bolashaq» baghdarlamasymen alys-jaqyn shetelderde oqyp kelgen qandastardyng da qarasy mol.
QR - Premer-Ministrining orynbasary jәne Ádilet Minstri bolghan Naghashybay Shaykenov, akademik S. Joshybaev, tarih ghylymdaryny doktory, memleket jәne qogham qayratkeri Z. Qinayat, diny ghúlama әri jazushy H. Altay, ghylym doktorlary Q. Sartqoja, N. Múqamethanúly, D. Baymolla, I. Jemeney, Ú. Shapaqqyzy, D.Mәsimhan, Z.Qabuldinov, B.Ejenhan, T. Zaken, jas ghalymdar Dórbethan Súraghanúly men Álibek Ydyrys T.B-lardyng otandyq ghylymnyng damuyna qosyp jatqan ýlesi úshan-teniz. Jetinshi shaqyrylymdaghy Parlamentke óz qatarynan ozyp barghan Mongholiyadan kelgen ýsh qandasymyzdyng әzirgi belsendiligi men biligi jaghynan júrt nazaryn audaryp otyr. Ónerde Qabylash Ábikeyúly, Mayra Múhamed, Shúghyla Saparghaliqyzy býkil Respublikagha tanymal bolsa, sazger marhum Ermúrat Zeyipqanúly men aqyn Almas Aqymetbekúlynyng shygharmashylyq dostyghy men Otangha degen sheksiz sýiispenshiliginen tuyndaghan «Kóktudyng jelbiregeni» әni býkil Qazaqstannyng beyresmy gimne ainalyp ketti. Baqyt Sәrsekbaev pen Qanat Islamnyng gýrzi júdyryqtary әlemdik sharshy alandarda qay elde, qay jerde jýrse de dәstýri men teginen ainymaghan jauynger últtyng úrpaqtary bar ekenin әigiledi. Respublika partiyasynyng qúryltayshylarynyng qúramyndaghy Qytaydan, Mongholiyadan kelgen qandas kәsipkerler biznesting әleumettik jauapkershiligi degen úghymdy naqty is-әreketterimen dәleldedi. Qysqasy, Elimizding ruhany ómirine, enbek naryghyna,shaghyn-orta kәsipti negiz etken biznes kenistigine jana qan, jana kýsh, jana lep qosyldy.
2024 jyly 14 aqpanda «Egemen Qazaqstan» gazetinde shyqqan aqparatqa sýiensek, Tәuelsizdikten keyingi 33 jylda 1 milion 129,6 myng adam otangha oralyp, Qandas mәrtebesin alypty. Búl el halqynyng - 5 ,6%-yn qúraydy. Qandastardyng 34% -y Almaty, 15, 3%-y Manghystau, 9, 6%-y Týrkistan, 5,9%-y Jambyl obylystarynda sonday-aq 7%-y Astana, 6,2%-y Shymkent, 5,2%-y Almaty qalalarynda qonystandyrylghan. Songhy bes jylda orta eseppen 200 myng adam elimizge kelgen. Demek, jiyrma miliondyq mejeni baghyndyruymyzgha tabighy ósimmen birge qandastardyng elge qonys audaruy da yqpal etken.
3. Últtyq biregeylenuding týp maqsaty - modernizasiyalyq elge ainalu!
Tәuelsizdikting 30 jyldyq mereytoyy qarsanynda elimizding ruhany ómirindegi oljaly oqigha nemese úzaq jyl dәiekti de josparly jýrgizilgen kóshi-qon sayasatynyng jemisi men jetistigin aighaqtaytyn eki kitap oqyrmanmen qauyshty. Onyng biri – shetelde túlgha bolyp qalyptasqan, elge kelgen song ótpeli zamannyng bar qiyndyghyna shydap ghylymmen, shәkirt tәrbiyeleumen ainalysqan, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory Nabijan Múqametqanúlynyng «Halyqaralyq fenomen: qazaq halqynyng bóliniui men tútastanu ýderisi» atty monografiyasy boldy. Ghasyrda bir kezdestin pandemiya әlemdi qúrsaulaghan uaqytta dýniyege kelgen kesek zertteu tarih jәne mәdeny antropologiya kategoriyasy túrghysynan búl kýnde tarihy jәne sayasi, obektivti, subiektivti sebeptermen shekara attaghan últqa ainalghan qazaqtyng qasiretti tarihy men últ tútastyghyn saqtap qalu jolyndaghy jankeshti kýresin el ishi-syrtynda jinaqtalghan tarihy qújattar men derekterge sýiene otyryp sarapqa salady. Saq, Ghún, Ýisin, Týrki zamanynan qalyptasqan el bolu ýderisining manyzy men mәnin ashady. Joshy úlysy, Altyn orda, Aq orda, Qazaq handyghynan beri jalghasqan memlekettik sananyng sipatyna ýniledi. Alashordanyng otarlyq ýstemdik astynda eldikti saqtap qalu jolyndaghy úmtylysyn, aghartu baghytyndaghy jankeshti enbegine joghary bagha beredi. Tәuelsizdikten keyin Elbasy jaghynan ortagha qoyylghan «Mәngilik el» iydeyasynyng qatparyna ýnilip, últtyq tútastanu ýderisining qajettiligi men formasyna taldau jasay kele «Últ tútastanbay memleket kýsheymeydi, búl — aksioma» [«Halyqaralyq fenomen: qazaq halqynyng bóliniui men tútastanu ýderisi». N.Múqamethanúly. Almaty. Qazaq uniyversiyteti baspasy. bet.] degen qorytyndygha keledi.
Aqyn, qogham belsendisi Múrathan Shoqanúlynyng «Qandastar ýlesi» atty qúrastyryp jazghan tanymdyq kitaby da tәuelsizdikting 30 jyldyghyna oray tolyqtyrylyp qaytadan baspadan shyqty. Kitap ýsh bólimnen túrady. Birinshi bólimde ghalymdar men mamandar, ekinshi bólimde ónerpazdar men sportshylar, ýshinshi bólimde kәsipkerler dep bólip, azattyqtan keyin әlemning әr elinen elimizge kelip óz salasynda tabysqa jetken 113 túlghany qysqa da núsqa tanystyryp ótedi. Mazmúny bay, qamtyghan kenistigi keng bolyp tәuelsizdik jylnamasynyng bir tarauyn toltyryp túr. Ghalym men aqynnyng enbegimen dýniyege kelgen eki kitap otyz jyldan beri elimiz ishki-syrtqy sayasatta basty baghyt etip jýrgizip kele jatqan kóshi-qon sayasatynyng teoriyalyq, praktikalyq túrghydan dúrystyghyn tolyqtay dәleldep berdi deuge qaqymyz bar. Tәuelsizdik bizge osylay óz jylnammyzdy ózimiz jazugha, barlyq әlemdik jәne ishki ýderister men qúbylystargha óz kózimizben qaraugha mýmkindik silady.
Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jiyrma jylynda sanamyzdy torlap alghan últtyq nigilizmnen qútylyp, óz «menimizdi» tabu ýshin otarshyldar jaghynan teriske shygharylghan handar men batyrlardyng mereytoylaryn dabyraly ótkizdik. Odan keyin Abaydan A. Jubanovqa deyingi ghúlamalardyng dataly mereytoylaryn BÚÚ-nyng YuNESKO dengeyinde ótkizu mýmkindigine ie boldyq. Múnyng bәri últtyq biregeylenuding sanadaghy sapalyq sekirisi edi. Sol arqyly jútaghan tilimizdi, shektelgen dinimizdi taptyq. Endi mine últtyq dәstýrge qaray basymdyq berip kelemiz. Alda ótetin 5-shi Dýniyejýzik kóshpendiler oiyny bizdi dәstýrmen toghystyryp, ortaq ólshemdi jazudyng bolmauynan tuylghan, ósken, qalyptasqan ortamyzdyng ózgesheliginen tuyndaghan jatsynu psihologiyasyna qarsy dәrumen bolady.
Býginde әlem kýrdeli Jahandanu ýderisin bastan keship otyr. Ónirlik, aumaqtyq últaralyq qaqtyghystar men kiykiljinder әlem nazaryn erekshe audaruda. Kezinde Kenes Odaghynyng «halyqtar laboratoriyasyna» ainalghan Qazaqstan osy 33 jylda naryqtyq, sayasy reformalardy sәtti jýrgize otyryp últtar arasyndaghy bereke men tepe-tendikti saqtauda orasan zor tәjiriybe toptady. Atap aitsaq, 1995 jyly nauryzda qúrylghan Qazaqstan Halyqtar Assambleyasy - memleket basshysy janyndaghy konsulitativti organ bolyp qalyptasty. Qazirge deyin XXXlll sessiyasy ótti. Elimiz Parlamentinde Assambleya atynan saylanghan deputattar otyr. Elimiz iydeologiyalyq bastama jaghynan birtalay sәtti-sәtsiz tәjiriybelerdi synaqtan ótkizdi. Mysaly, bir jyldary «Qazaqstandyq últ» degen joba ainalysqa shyqty. Odan keyin, «Mәngilik el» iydeyasy ziyaly qauym men halyq arasynda biraz talqygha týsip, nasihattapdy. Búl izdenister keyin «Bolashaqqa baghdar: Ruhany janghyru» jәne «Úly dalanyng jeti qyrymen» tolygha týsti. «Tórtinshi qantar oqighasynan» keyin «Jana Qazaqstan» qúru turaly baghdarlama halyqqa úsynyldy. Sonymen el arasyndaghy ózindik pikiri bar, ana-mynanyng jeteginde jýrmeytin, elimizde ornaghan burokratiyalyq kapitalizmning qalybyna simaytyn ziyaly qauym ókilderi men atqarushy jәne baqylaushy biylik ókilderi bas qosyp, kelisip- kenesetin Últtyq qúryltay jobasy sayasi, mәdeni, ekonomikalyq ómirimizding alanyna ainaldy. Últtyq qúryltaydyng birinshi otyrysy Altyn orda qaghandary Er Edige men Toqtamys, әigili hanymyz Abylay taqqa otyrghan Úlytauda ótse, dinimiz ben dilimizding toghysqan jeri, handarymyz ben biylerimizding mәngilik mekenine ainalghan Týrkistanda ekinshi bas qosuy ótti. Ýshinshi jinalys Altyn ordanyng astanasy bolghan, Qazaq handyghynyng qúdiretti armiyasyn qúrghan Qasym hannyng asyl tәni damyl tapqan Sarayshyq qalasynyng eski júrtyna tiyip túrghan, býgingi múnaymyzdyng astanasy atanghan Atyrauda ótuining bәrining de simvoldyq maghynasy bar edi. Preziydent kelesi kezek Kókshetaugha kelgenin aitty. Sonymen tórt qybylanamyz týgendelip, memleketti biregeylendirip damytudyng strategiyalyq baghyty anyqtaldy. Qazaq elining tarihy qysqa, shekarasy bolmaghan, mәdeniyeti tómen degen alyp-qashpa pikirlerge toytarys berildi. Osy últtyq qúryltayda Preziydent auzymen aitylghan «Qaghidamyz - әdildik, tiregimiz - jauapkershilik, maqsatymyz – órleu» onyng alghy sharty «Adal adam, adal enbek, adal tabys» úghymdary jetekshi últtyng elimiz halqy aldynda atqaratyn jauapkershiligi men boryshyn naqtylay týsti. Osynday talaptar men qaghidattardy boyymyzgha darytyp, sanamyzgha sinire otyryp әleumettik әdildik pen adam kapitalynyng mol mýmkindigin paydalan bilsek, Respublikamyzdyng biregeylenui sәtimen jýzege asady.
Omarәli Ádilbekúly
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