XVIII ghasyrdaghy Qazaq handyghy men patshalyq Resey arasyndaghy sauda turaly

Ghasyrlar boyy Qazaqstan aumaghy arqyly transaziyalyq sauda joldary ótip, shekaralas aimaqtar belsendi halyqaralyq sauda-ekonomikalyq ózara әrekettesu ortalyqtaryna ainaldy. Dәstýr boyynsha kóshpeli qazaqtar basqa halyqtarmen aiyrbas, sauda-sattyqpen ainalysqan jәne búghan mýddeli bolghan. Sonymen qatar, qazaqtar dalalyq aimaqqa irgeles jatqan elder arasyndaghy keruen saudasynda deldal bolyp, týrli qyzmetter kórsetti. XVIII ghasyrda dala ólkesinde qazaqtar, jongharlar, Resey, Orta Aziya halyqtary, Sin imperiyasy jәne basqa memleketterding tauar aiyrbastau bazarlary júmys istedi.

Reseyding otarlau sayasatynyng maqsaty saudany damytyp, qazaqtardy Resey naryghyna tartu, keyinnen qazaq dalasy arqyly Ortalyq Aziyagha, Qytaygha jәne Ýndistangha shyghugha qol jetkizu boldy. Resey naryghy qazaqtar men basqa da kóshpeli halyqtar ýshin tiyimdilik ala keldi. Resey biyligi de, ólkening kóshpeli túrghyndary da sauda qatynasyn keneytuge mýddeli kýide edi. XVIII ghasyrda Reseyde ónerkәsipting damuy kópester arasynda kommersiyalyq belsendilikting artuyna әkelip soqty, memleket merkantilizm sayasatyn jýrgize bastady. Osynday jaghdaylarda jas imperiyanyng ekonomikalyq mýddeleri onyng geosayasy strategiyasymen sәikes keldi. Resey naryghyna qazaq dalasynyng mal ónimderi qajet boldy.

Búl kezende Reseyding Qazaqstan territoriyalaryn saudalyq otarlauy әkimshilik otarlaudan basym týsti. Resey shyghys elderimen – Orta Aziya memleketterimen, Qytay jәne Ýndistanmen úzaq merzimdi belsendi sauda-sattyq ornatugha úmtyldy, olardyng joly qazaq dalasy arqyly ótti. XVIII ghasyrdyng 2-shi jartysynda Resey biyligi Aziya halyqtarymen jәne memleketterimen qarym-qatynasty damytugha kóp kónil bóle bastady. 1762 jylghy 28 nauryzdaghy imperator Petr III jarlyghynda Shyghyspen, atap aitqanda Ýndistanmen saudany damytu qajettigi aityldy. Osylaysha ol Resey ekonomikasyn nyghaytudy kózdedi.

Sauda keruenderining qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu qajettiligi Reseyding aimaqta shoghyrlanuynyng manyzdy faktory boldy. Orys biyligi baghynyshty dala biyleushilerine týrli materialdyq qúndylyqtardy syigha alu ýshin óz jerleri arqyly ótetin keruenderdi tonaudan qorghaudy mindettedi. Tauarlar satylatyn negizgi oryndar Reseyding shekaralas aimaqtarynda salynghan bekinister salyndy: Orynbor, Troisk, Petropavl, Omby, Semey jәne Óskemen. Osy bekinisterden saudagerler men túrghyndar arasynda aiyrbas saudasyn bildiretin «satovka – «satu» qazaq sózinen shyqqan» termiyni tarady.

Dala túrghyndarymen saudagha orys kópesterinen basqa shekaralyq okrugterding sharualary da qatysty. Reseyding saudany yntalandyru sayasatynyng arqasynda qazaqtar arasynda sauda keng taray bastady. 1774 jyly Syrtqy ister alqasynyng qaulysymen qazaqtargha óz ónimderin bajsyz satugha rúqsat etildi. Halyqaralyq sauda qatynastarynyng keneni qazaqtargha da belgili bir artyqshylyqtar berdi. Dala aqsýiekterining ókilderi óz jerleri arqyly ótetin keruenderden alym-salyq jinady, al jýk tasymaldaugha nemese qarauyl qyzmetin atqarugha qarapayym malshylar jaldandy. Áriyne, qazaqtar halyqaralyq shekaralyq saudanyng belsendi qatysushylaryna ainaldy.

Ol shaqta qazaqtarda aqsha az ainalymda boldy. Negizgi sauda birligi valuh edi. Orys saudagerleri az uaqyttyng ishinde bayydy. Qazaqtar maldy, et ónimderin, teri men jýndi saudagha shyghardy. Reseylik tauarlardyng negizgi ónimderi nan, jarma, metall jәne toqyma búiymdary, sonday-aq iylengen bylghary edi. Qazaq-orys saudasy negizinen aiyrbasqa qúraldy, óitkeni qazaqtarda aqsha ainalysta is jýzinde bolmaghan. Tauarlardyng qúny jyl mezgiline jәne súranys dengeyine baylanysty anyqtaldy. Mysaly, ónimdi bir jas qozygha baghalaugha bolady.

Patshalyq Resey men qazaqtar arasyndaghy sauda-sattyq otarlau baghytynda bolghany jasyryn emes. Tauarlardy aiyrbastau kóp jaghdayda әdiletsiz ótti. Mysaly, úzyndyghy 18 metr, qúny shamamen 75 tiyn bolatyn kenep ýshin orys saudagerleri dala túrghyndary ýshin jylqynyng nemese ógizding baghasyn belgilep, Reseyde 12-15 rubliden satty. Orys saudagerleri 1 shoyyn qazangha at súraghan. Nan saudagerleri qazaq satyp alushylardy jii aldaghan. Keyinirek Orynbor biyligi qazaqtardyng sauatty ókilderining aryz-shaghymdarynan keyin kóshpelilerding senimine qiyanat jasaghan kópestermen kýresuge tyrysty. Orys ónerkәsibi ýshin qazaq dalasyndaghy mal basy tabys kózine ainaldy.

Orynbor qazaq-orys jәne transaziyalyq saudanyng manyzdy ortalyghyna ainaldy. 1873 jyly Jayyq ózenining sol jaghalauynda bekinis manynda qazaqtarmen jәne ortaaziyalyq kópestermen sauda jasau ýshin sauda alany salyndy. Jergilikti qazaqtar ony «aq bazar» dep ataghan. Búl tórtbúryshty kirpish ghimarat boldy (әr qabyrghagha 430 metr). Ishinde dýkender men saraylar boldy. Erte kóktemnen kesh kýzge deyin belsendi barterlik sauda boldy. Orynbordaghy aiyrbas bazaryndaghy sauda kezinde ofiyser basqarghan soldat rotasynyng qarauyly tәrtipti qamtamasyz etti. Qazaqtar iri qara, qoy, jylqy, týie, eshki, jýn, kiyiz, teri satty.

Orys kópesteri maqta jәne barqyt matalar, shay, qant, samauyrlar, farfor jәne qysh ydystar, temir, shoyyn, mys, shyny, aghashtan jasalghan búiymdar әkeldi. Ortalyq Aziyadan qalalargha maqta jәne jibek matalar, maqta shapandary, kilemder, keptirilgen jemister, janghaqtar, teri, mal terisi, әbzelder jetkizildi. Resey men dala arasyndaghy tauar ainalymynyng keneni jәne býkilreseylik naryqqa birtindep qatysuy qazaq qoghamynda әleumettik-mәdeny ózgeristerdi tudyrmay túra almady.

Birinshiden, shekaralas aimaqtarda túratyn qazaqtar Resey әkimshiligi men kәsipkerler úiymdastyrghan almasu alandaryna, jәrmenkeler men bazarlargha belsendi týrde bardy. Ekinshiden, kóshpeliler nangha ýirene bastady, búl Resey әkimshiligin de qyzyqtyrdy: astyq saudasyn jandandyru ýshin tipti «qazaq handary men súltandaryna qazynadan tegin nan beruge» búiryq berildi.

Orta jýz qazaqtarynyng Orynborgha jetui qiyn boldy. Sondyqtan 1745 jyly olar Orsk bekinisinde sauda jasaugha rúqsat aldy. Reseymen sauda-sattyqty belsendi qoldaushylardyng biri Abylay súltan bolghan. 1745 jyly ol Sibir biyligine Yamyshevskaya bekinisinde bazar ashu turaly ótinishpen jýginedi. 1743 jyly 10 qarashada Abylay súltan komendant Korkinske bekinis túrghyndarymen saudalasqysy keletini turaly hat jazdy.

Sonymen qatar, Abylay súltan Novoishim jәne Novoliyneynyy әskery shekara bekinisterining aumaghynda osynday kóptegen «satovkalardy» ashugha bastamashy boldy. 1750 jyly qazaqtar Troisktegi saudagha qatysa bastady. Múnda sauda jasau ýshin Mәskeu, Qazan, Tula, Rostov, Yaroslavli, Voronej, Kursk, Týmen jәne basqa qalalardan kópester keldi. 1759 jyly Abylay súltannyng arqasynda Petropavl bekinisinde qysqy sauda úiymdastyryldy. Múnda qazaqtar mal men mal ónimderine qosa as túzyn da belsendi týrde ótkizgen.

Abylay han Resey men Qytay shekarasynda qazaqtar ýshin saudanyng ashyq boluyna kýsh salyp, jәrmenke úiymdastyrugha ýlken ýles qosty. Bir ghasyr boyy dala halqy men kórshiles Aziya elderi arasynda belsendi sauda jalghasty. Óz naryqtaryn keneytuge jәne Ortalyq Aziya aimaghyndaghy yqpalyn kýsheytuge mýddeli Resey shekaralyq saudanyng kenenin de qoldady. Jonghar shapqynshylyghynan keyin jonghar saudagerlerining ornyn qytay kópesteri basyp aldy. Orta jýz qazaq malshylary Qytay qalalaryna satu ýshin jylqy aiday bastady. Qytay biyligi óz әskeri ýshin jylqy satyp alugha mýddeli edi; Qazaqstandaghy búl jylqylardyng baghasy Mongholiya men Shyghys Týrkistangha qaraghanda eki ese tómen boldy.

Sin imperiyasy Resey biyligi siyaqty saudany shekaralyq aimaqta óz yqpalyn kýsheytu qúraly retinde qarastyrdy. Qazaqstan Qytaydan keletin qolóner búiymdary men shaydyng negizgi naryghy boldy. 1758 jyly Abylay súltannyng bastamasymen Ýrimji qalasynda qazaq pen Qytay arasyndaghy sauda-sattyq bastaldy. Osydan keyin qytaylar qazaqtardan 300-ge juyq jylqy satyp alyp, eki el arasyndaghy túraqty saudanyng bastaluyn kórsetti.

Búrynghy jonghar jerinde sauda jýrgizildi. Qytaydan kelgen saudager retinde tek әskery jәne memlekettik qyzmetkerler ghana әreket etti. Saudagha Qytaydan birde-bir qarapayym adam qatyspaghan. Qytay tarapy monopoliyalyq tómen bagha belgiledi. Onyng ýstine qytaylyqtar sapasyz tauarlardy saudagha shygharyp, qazaq saudagerlerining narazylyghyn tudyrdy. Han Abylay aralasqannan keyin ghana sauda sharttary qayta qaraldy.

Jalpy kórshi eldermen, halyqtarmen sauda-sattyq qazaq qoghamy ýshin tiyimdi boldy. HVIII ghasyrda kórshi eldermen sauda-sattyq qazaq qoghamynyng damuyna yqpal etti. Yaghni, qazaqtardyng naryqqa, ekonomikalyq jәne әleumettik-mәdeny ózgeristerge aralasuyna yqpal etti. Kýndelikti ómirde jana túrmystyq zattar payda boldy, reseylik jәne aziyalyq qolónershiler men fabrikalardyng dayyn ónimderi, sonday-aq jartylay fabrikattar: matalar, armatura, metall búiymdary, zergerlik búiymdar jәne t. b.

Dalalyq shekaradaghy qazaqtar nandy kóbirek tútyna bastady. Sauda elder arasyndaghy mәdeny almasugha jol ashty. Sonymen birge, derekter kórsetkendey, sauda otarshyldyq sipatqa ie boldy, óitkeni kóshpeliler ýshin orys jәne qytay kópesterimen aiyrbas  negizinen teng emes edi. XVIII ghasyrda kórshi halyqtarmen sauda qatynasy qazaq qoghamynyng jaghdayyn jәne sol kezendegi geosayasy tendensiyalardy kórsetti. Qazaqtar negizinen transaziyalyq naryqqa tartyldy. Osylaysha XVIII ghasyrda qazaqtar men Resey arasyndaghy negizgi sauda nýkteleri shekaralas Orynbor, Troisk, Petropavl, Omby, Semey jәne Óskemen qalalary boldy.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

Abai.kz