Qazaqstan Kaspiy tenizindegi eng iri Qashaghan múnay ken ornyn iygerushi batys kompaniyalarynyng konsorsiumyna qarsy iri halyqaralyq arbitrajdyq is qozghady. Halyqaralyq zertteushi jurnalister konsorsiumy (ICIJ) alghan qújattargha sәikes, Qazaqstannyng shaghymdarynyng somasy 160 milliard dollardan asady.

Memleket atynan berilgen talap-aryzda Núrsúltan Nazarbaevtyng túsynda jasalghan ónimdi bólu turaly kelisim (SRP/sovmestnyy razdel produksii) kiristerdi әdiletsiz bóledi delingen: Múnay óndiruden týsetin paydanyng 98 payyzyn halyqaralyq múnay kompaniyalary alady, al Qazaqstannyng ýlesi mardymsyz kýiinde qalyp otyr.

2025 jyldyng qantarynda Preziydent Qasym-Jomart Toqaev ýkimetke qoldanystaghy kelisimderdi qayta qaraudy tapsyrdy. QR Energetika ministri Almasadam Sәtqaliyev Qazaqstan jobalardaghy óz ýlesin úlghaytugha, konsorsium operatoryn ózgertuge, tipti kelisim-sharttardyng sharttaryn tolyghymen qayta qaraugha niyetti ekenin aitty.

Búghan jauap retinde batys kompaniyalary qatty alandaushylyq bildirdi. Energetika firmasynyng sheneunikteri Reyter agenttigine aty-jónin atamau shartymen qayta kelissózder «resurstardy últtandyrugha» teng bolatynyn aitty. Sotqa berilgen talap-aryz Qazaqstan biyligining niyetining qanshalyqty salmaqty ekenin kórsetedi. Qolda bar mәlimetterge qaraghanda, Qazaqstan tәuelsizdik alghannan keyin kóp úzamay jasalghan 1997 jylghy kelisimde el ýshin asa qolaysyz jaghdaylar qarastyrylghan.

2008 jyly Qazaqstannyng talap qongymen ózgerister engizildi, biraq memleketting ýlesi 1 payyzgha ghana ósti. Sotta jobany 2016-2023 jyldar aralyghynda basqarghan halyqaralyq operator Nord Caspian Operating Company (NCOC) Qazaqstangha 5,5 milliard dollar tólegeni, satylghan múnaydyng jalpy qúny 55 milliard dollardy qúraytyny aitylghan. Sotta talap etilgen shaghyn operasiyalyq shyghyndardy eskere otyryp, konsorsium tiyimdi paydanyng 98 payyzyn saqtap qaldy.

ICIJ mәlimetinshe, Qazaqstan sotqa 2023 jyly shaghym týsirgen, biraq is jabyq kýiinde qaldy. Jaqynda uaqytsha sheshim shygharyldy, negizgi tyndau 2028 jylgha deyin kýtilude. Sonymen qatar Qazaqstan konsorsiumgha qarsy taghy da sotqa shaghym týsirip, ekologiyalyq búzushylyqtar ýshin 5 milliard dollar talap etti.

Búl soma negizgi talaptargha kirmeydi. 2025 jyldyng qantarynda arbitrajdyq sot jeke is boyynsha úigharym shyghardy: NCOC kompaniyasynyng ekologiyalyq aiyppúldy oryndaudy toqtatu turaly ótinishi qaralyp jatyr. NCOC aksionerlerining qatarynda Shell, ExxonMobil, Eni, TotalEnergies, Qytay últtyq múnay korporasiyasy (CNPC), japondyq Inpex jәne qazaqstandyq «QazMúnayGaz» alyp kompaniyalary bar.

Osy uaqytta taraptar talap-aryz almasudy jalghastyruda. Total jәne Eni aksionerleri búl aiyptaulardy ashyq týrde joqqa shygharyp, olardy «negizsiz» dep tanydy jәne arbitrajda «tóbelesuge» niyetin jariyalady. Konsorsiumnyng qalghan mýsheleri әzirge týsinikteme beruden bas tartyp otyr.

NCOC óz mәlimdemelerinde aiyppúldy «qolma-qol aqshany әshkerelep alu» dep sipattady, búl daudyng auyrlyghyn ghana kórsetedi, onda dauly tabystyng 98 payyzy kóptegen tarmaqtardyng biri ghana. Sarapshylar arbitraj prosesi Batys múnay alpauyttarymen búryn qalyptasqan qarym-qatynastardy qayta qaraugha úmtylatyn Toqaev әkimshiligining jana baghytyn kórsetetinin atap ótti.

Qazaqstan ýkimeti men sheteldik investorlar arasyndaghy shiyelenis jyldar boyy, әsirese Qashaghandy ​​iygerudegi kóptegen keshigulerge baylanysty kóterilip keledi. Energy Insight & Analytics (EXia) analitikalyq kompaniyasynyng baghalauy boyynsha, Qazaqstan 2016–2023 jyldar aralyghynda Qashaghan jobasynan múnay satudan týsken paydany, salyq týsimderin, royalty men basqa da tólemderdi qosa alghanda, 5,4 mlrd dollar aldy. Osy kezende konsorsium shamamen 55 milliard dollargha múnay satty, jalpy investisiyalyq shyghyndar shamamen 86 milliard dollardy qúrady.

Múnay sektorynyng sarapshysy Paolo Sorbello: «NCOC tólegen tólemderding payyzy bastapqy kelisimsharttyng talaptaryna sәikes keledi», - deydi. – Sonymen qatar, «QazMúnayGaz» kompaniyasynyng ózi konsorsiumnyng aksioneri bolyp tabylady jәne kiristing bir bóligin alady».

Sorbello Qazaqstan auqymdy arbitrajdyq prosesti bastau arqyly negizgi sheteldik seriktestermen qarym-qatynasty qiyndatu qaupi bar ekenin eskertedi. Sorbello: «Osynday kólemdegi sot isi eldegi eng ýlken múnay ken ornyn bitpeytin sot isin jýrgizuding kózine ainaldyrady», - dedi, - Onyng ornyna aksionerler seriktestikti saqtau ýshin kelissózderge kirisui kerek».

Halyqaralyq arbitraj investorlar men memleketter arasyndaghy, әsirese damushy elderdegi kommersiyalyq daulardy sheshu ýshin keninen qoldanylatyn jeke sot tribunaldarynyng mehanizmi ekenin bólek atap ótken jón. Arbitrajdyq talqylau jabyq esik jaghdayynda ótedi jәne taraptardyng kelisiminsiz sheshimder, sonyng ishinde milliardtaghan dollar ótemaqy, jalpy júrtshylyq ýshin qoljetimsiz bolyp qaluy mýmkin.

Qazaqstannyng talap aryzy Gaagadaghy túraqty arbitrajdyq sotta tirkelip, ony Jenevadaghy arbitrajdyq sot qaraydy. Sottyng songhy sheshimi NCOC-tyng kýkirtti kәdege jaratu normalaryn búzghany ýshin 2022 jyly salynghan aiyppúldyng oryndaluyn toqtatu turaly ótinishine qatysty.

Eske salayyq, Qashaghan múnayynyng qúramyndaghy kýkirt saqtau men tasymaldaudyng qatang standarttaryn talap etedi. NCOC búghan deyin qazaqstandyq sottarda aiyppúldy joigha qol jetkizgen bolatyn, biraq búl sheshim memlekettik organdardyng paydasyna qayta qaraldy. Búl mәsele boyynsha týpkilikti sheshimdi biyl Qazaqstan Jogharghy soty shygharady dep kýtilude. Jurnalister Núrsúltan Nazarbaevtyng 2019 jyly otstavkagha ketui memleketting batys investorlarymen qarym-qatynasynda jana dәuir ashqanyn atap ótti.

Búl prosess Qashaghangha ghana emes, Teniz jәne Qarashyghanaq ken oryndaryn paydalanu siyaqty negizgi jobalargha da әser etedi. 2024 jyly Halyqaralyq zertteushi jurnalister konsorsiumy «Kaspiyskaya kabala» atty bayandamasyn jariyalady, onda Batys múnay kompaniyalary men Nazarbaevtyng jaqyn ortasy arasyndaghy yqtimal sybaylas jemqorlyq baylanystary, onyng ishinde kýieu balasy Timur Qúlybaevtyng milliardtaghan tabystary turaly aityldy.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

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