Qazaqstan – jer kólemi jóninen әlemde toghyzynshy orynda túrghan el, búl ýlken artyqshylyq. Sóz auyl sharuashylyghyna jaramdy orasan zor aumaqtar men ósimdik sharuashylyghyn jýrgizuge salystyrmaly týrde qolayly jaghdaylar turaly bolyp otyr. Búl elge azyq-týlikting iri óndirushisi әri eksporttaushysy bolugha mýmkindik beredi. Alayda Qazaqstannyng auyl sharuashylyghy eksportynyng qúrylymynda dәstýrli týrde óndelmegen shiykizat basym bolsa, qazir búl modeli ózgerip keledi.

Qazaqstan auyl sharuashylyghy óndirisining kólemin arttyryp, eksport geografiyasyn keneytip, ónimdi óndeuge investisiya salyp, suaru infraqúrylymyn janghyrtuda. Nәtiyjesinde auyl sharuashylyghy bastapqy óndiris pen shiykizat aludan bastap, tereng óndeu jәne qarqyndy damyp kele jatqan naryqtargha shyghugha deyingi býkil qún qalyptastyru tizbegin qamtityn kýrdeli agroazyq-týlik jýiesine birtindep ainalyp keledi.

Búl ózgeris әlemdik azyq-týlik jýiesining auqymdy qayta qúryluymen qatar jýrip jatyr. Sondyqtan Qazaqstannyng jahandyq azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etudegi róli ishki naryq shenberinen asyp, әldeqayda keneni mýmkin.

Azyq-týlik – jahandyq túraqtylyq mәselesi

Býginde әlemdik azyq-týlik jýiesi bir mezette birneshe syn-qatermen betpe-bet kelip otyr. Halyq sany men túrghyndardyng tabys dengeyi ósip keledi, әsirese halyqtyn tabys dengeyi ortasha elderde tútynu qúrylymy ózgerip, etke, sýt ónimderine jәne aquyzdyng basqa da kózderine súranys artyp otyr. Sonymen qatar auyl sharuashylyghy klimattyq tәuekelderdin, su tapshylyghynyn, resurstar qúnynyng ósuining jәne geosayasy shiyelenisten tuyndaghan jetkizu tizbekterindegi irkilisterding saldaryn sezinude.

2025-2034 jyldargha arnalghan auyl sharuashylyghyn damytu jónindegi EYDÚ men FAO boljamyna sәikes, aldaghy onjyldyqta auyl sharuashylyghy jәne balyq ónimderining әlemdik óndirisi shamamen 14%-gha ósedi. Búl ósimning edәuir bóligi, әsirese túrghyndarynyng tabys dengeyi ortasha elderde, ónimdilikting artuy esebinen qamtamasyz etiledi dep kýtilude.

Alayda taghy bir faktordyng manyzy kem týspeydi, ol – halyqaralyq sauda. EYDÚ men FAO-nyn baghalauynsha, 2034 jylgha qaray әlemde tútynylatyn barlyq kaloriyanyng shamamen 22%-y halyqaralyq shekaralar arqyly ótedi. Basqasha aitqanda, jahandyq azyq-týlik qauipsizdigi ónim artyq óndiriletin elder men ónirlerde tapshylyq tuyndaytyn jerlerge azyq-týlikti jetkizu mýmkindigine barghan sayyn tәueldi bola týsude.

Osy túrghyda Ortalyq Aziyadaghy eng iri ekonomika – Qazaqstannyng róli airyqsha. 2025 jyly eldegi auyl sharuashylyghynyng jalpy ónimi 18,2 mlrd dollardan asyp, bir jylda 5,9%-gha ósti. 25,9 mln tonna astyq jinaldy, onyng 19,3 mln tonnasy biday boldy.

Búl rette Qazaqstandaghy ósimdik sharuashylyghynyng qúrylymy birtindep әrtaraptandyrylyp keledi.

Songhy jyldary biday egistigining kólemi shamamen 900 myng gektargha qysqarghan bolsa, mayly daqyldar alqaby 1 mln gektardan astamgha, al dәndi-búrshaqty daqyldar alqaby 275 myng gektargha úlghaydy. Búl tek óndiris kólemi túrghysynan ghana manyzdy emes: auyl sharuashylyghy daqyldarynyng týrlerin keneytu tamaq ónerkәsibi ýshin jana shiykizat bazasyn qalyptastyrady. Múnday qayta baghdarlanu mayly jәne dәndi-búrshaqty daqyldardyng eksporttyq jәne óndeu mýmkindikterining artuymen de baylanysty.

Qazaqstannyng eksporttyq әleuetin taghy bir manyzdy artyqshylyq – geografiyalyq ornalasuy arttyrady. El Euraziyadaghy eng iri tútynu naryqtarynyng arasynda ornalasqan. Agroazyq-týlik sektory ýshin búl Ortalyq Aziya, Qytay, Kavkaz, Tayau Shyghys jәne odan tysqary aimaqtardaghy birneshe súranys alandaryna shyghugha mýmkindik beredi.

Osylaysha, Qazaqstannyng geografiyalyq ornalasuy birtindep dәstýrlishekteuden ekonomikalyq artyqshylyqqa ainalyp keledi. El azyq-týlik óndirip qana qoymay, óndirushilerdi kórshiles ónirlerdegi qarqyndy damyp kele jatqan naryqtarmen baylanystyra alady.

Preziydent Qasym-Jomart Toqaev búl әleuetti birneshe ret atap ótken. 2023 jyly BÚÚ Bas Assambleyasynda sóilegen sózinde ol Qazaqstannyng jahandyq azyq-týlik tapshylyghy mәselesin sheshu ýshin ózining auyl sharuashylyghy әleuetin paydalanugha beyildi ekenin aityp, elding astyq pen basqa da әleumettik manyzy bar azyq-týlik ónimderin senimdi jetkizushi sanatynda әreket etuge dayyn ekenin jetkizdi.

Shiykizat eksportynan qosylghan qúny joghary ónim eksportyna deyin

Alayda eng manyzdy ózgeris egis alqaptarynda emes, ónim jinalghannan keyingi kezende jýrip jatyr. EYDÚ-nyng 2025 jylghy Qazaqstannyng agrarlyq sayasatyna jasaghan sholuynda sektordyng qúrylymdyq ereksheligi atap ótiledi: tarihy túrghydan alghanda, elding agroazyq-týlik eksportynyng shamamen 60%-yn bastapqy, yaghny shiykizattyq ónim qúraghan. Osy rette Qazaqstan әlemdegi eng iri biday eksporttaushylardyng biri bolyp qala beredi.

Búl ekonomikany damytu ýshin aitarlyqtay mýmkindikter ashady. Logikasy qarapayym. Eger astyq negizinen shiykizat retinde eksporttalsa, onyng qúnynyng edәuir bóligi elden tys jerde – krahmal, gluten, makaron ónimderi, mal azyghy, biootyn jәne basqa da ónimderdi óndiru barysynda qalyptasady. Al auyl sharuashylyghy shiykizaty el ishinde óndelse, qosylghan qúnnyn, investisiyanyng jәne júmys oryndarynyng kóbirek bóligi últtyq ekonomika enshisinde qalady.

Sondyqtan songhy jyldary azyq-týlik ónimderin óndeu Qazaqstannyng agrarlyq sayasatynyng negizgi basym baghyttarynyng birine ainaldy.

Qazaqstan Ýkimetining mәlimetinshe, 2025 jyly auyl sharuashylyghy ónimderin óndeu salasynda jalpy qúny 230 mln dollar bolatyn 53 investisiyalyq joba iske qosyldy. Azyq-týlik ónimderining óndiris kólemi 7,5 mlrd dollargha jetip, jyldyq mәnde 8,1%-gha ósti.

Dinamika 2026 jylghy qantar-sәuir ailarynda jedeldey týsti. Azyq-týlik ónimderining óndirisi 2,8 mlrd dollardan asyp, ótken jyldyng sәikes kezenimen salystyrghanda 14,4%-gha ósti. Salanyng negizgi kapitalyna salynghan investisiyalar eki eseden astam ósip, 800 mln dollardan asty.

Eksport dinamikasy odan da aiqyn. 2026 jyldyng alghashqy tórt aiynda óndelgen agroazyq-týlik ónimderining eksporty 3,6 mlrd dollargha jetip, auyl sharuashylyghy ónimderi eksportynyng jalpy kólemining 50%-dan astamyn qúrady. Ýkimet búdan da auqymdy maqsat qoydy – óndelgen ónimning ýlesin 70%-gha deyin arttyru.

Basqasha aitqanda, damudyng ózi ózgerip keledi. Endigi mindet – joghary ónimdilik esebinen óndiris kólemin jay ghana arttyru emes, auyl sharuashylyghy shiykizatynyng әr tonnasynan alynatyn ekonomikalyq qúndy úlghaytu.

Búl is jýzinde qalay jýzege asady? Qazaqstanda qazirding ózinde aitarlyqtay óndeu bazasy bar, al memlekettik sayasat óndiristik quattardy odan әri keneytudi kózdeydi. 2028 jylgha deyingi auyl sharuashylyghyn damytu josparlary ayasynda astyqty tereng óndeytin jana kәsiporyndar qúru kózdelip otyr.

Búl eksporttyq modelidi de ózgertedi. Búghan deyingi tizbek salystyrmaly týrde qarapayym boldy: eginnen eksportqa deyin. Endi oghan qosymsha kezender – óndeu, dayyn ónim óndiru, qaptau, marketing jәne logistika qosylady. Sonyng arqasynda el ishinde qosylghan qún edәuir kóbirek qalyptasady.

Ónimdilikting osy modelining qalyptasuyna qaray, búl azyq-týlik óndirisining ósuinen de kórinis tauyp otyr, Qazaqstan ónirding azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etudegi óz ornyn nyghayta týsude.

Ónirlik azyq-týlik qauipsizdigi

Qazaqstannyng astyq naryghyndaghy róli aiqyn kórinedi. Ýkimetting mәlimetinshe, 2025 jylghy qyrkýiekten 2026 jylghy 17 shildege deyin Qazaqstan astyq ekvivalentinde 13,5 mln tonna astyq pen ún eksporttady,búl ótken mausymnyng sәikes kezenimen salystyrghanda 12,5%-gha kóp.

Ósimning negizgi bóligi kórshiles naryqtargha tiyesili boldy. Aughanstangha eksport 59%-gha ósip, 2,2 mln tonnagha jetti. Qyrghyzstangha jetkizilim 504 myng tonnany qúrap, shamamen 40%-gha artty. Týrikmenstangha 210 myng tonna ónim eksporttaldy, búl ótken jylmen salystyrghanda 34%-gha kóp. Al Ózbekstangha eksport 37%-gha ósip, 5,6 mln tonnagha jetti.

Búl kórsetkishter Qazaqstannyng auyl sharuashylyghy sektorynyng býkil ónirdi azyq-týlikpen qamtamasyz etu jýiesine barghan sayyn terenirek kirigip kele jatqanyn kórsetedi. Búl әsirese Aziya ýshin manyzdy, óitkeni múnda halyq sany ósip, urbandalu ýderisi jedeldep keledi, al kóptegen elderding auyl sharuashylyghy jer jәne su resurstaryna baylanysty shekteulerge tap boluda.

Býginde Qazaqstannyng auyl sharuashylyghy ónimderi 72-den astam elge eksporttalady. Negizgi baghyttardyng qatarynda Ortalyq Aziya men Aughanstannan bólek, Europalyq odaq, Euraziyalyq ekonomikalyq odaq, Týrkiya jәne Qytay bar. Resmy mәlimetterge sәikes, songhy bes jylda auyl sharuashylyghy eksporty eki esege juyq ósip, 3,8 mlrd dollardan 7 mlrd dollargha jetti.

Búl halyqaralyq sauda azyq-týlik qauipsizdigining barghan sayyn manyzdy qúramdas bóligine ainalyp kele jatqan auqymdy transformasiyanyng bir bóligi. EYDÚ men FAO ónim artyq ónirlerden tapshylyqqa úshyraghan aumaqtargha azyq-týlik jetkizu naryqtardy túraqtandyrugha jәne jergilikti dengeydegi jetkizilimderding ýzilip qalu qaupin azaytugha yqpal etui mýmkin ekenin atap kórsetedi. Osy túrghydan alghanda, Qazaqstan qazirding ózinde ónirge azyq-týlik jetkizetin manyzdy qaynar kózderding birine ainalyp keledi.

Jana auyl sharuashylyghy sikli jәne jana eksporttyq modeli

Qazirgi azyq-týlik sektory, әsirese ony eksporttyq әleuet túrghysynan qarastyratyn bolsaq kýrdeli jýie. Qazaqstan múnday jýieni qazirding ózinde qalyptastyryp keledi. Onyng maqsaty – auyl sharuashylyghy ónimderin óndeumen ghana shektelmey, jahandyq azyq-týlik tizbekterine terenirek kirigu.

Búl halyqaralyq saudanyng manyzy artyp otyrghan jaghdayda asa ózekti. FAO-nyn baghalauynsha, 2026 jyly әlemdik azyq-týlik importynyng kólemi ótken jylmen salystyrghanda 7,9%-gha ósip, 2,22 trln dollargha jetedi. Osy jýiede Qazaqstannyng alatyn orny óndiriletin shiykizat kólemimen ghana emes, tabighy jәne óndiristik artyqshylyqtardy túraqty qún qalyptastyru tizbekterine ainaldyra alu qabiletimen de aiqyndalady.

Ýkimet agroónerkәsiptik keshendi damytudyng birneshe baghyty boyynsha júmys jýrgizip jatyr. Birinshisi – fermerlerdi zamanauy tehnikamen qamtamasyz etu. Búghan deyin әlemning jetekshi auyl sharuashylyghy tehnikasyn óndirushileri óz ónimderin negizinen importtasa, qazir onyng óndirisi Qazaqstanda lokalizasiyalanyp jatyr. Óndirushiler salagha investisiya sala bastady, búl júmys istep túrghan kәsiporyndardy janghyrtugha jәne jabdyqtardy janartugha, sonday-aq traktorlar men kombayndar shygharatyn jana zauyttardyng qúrylysyn jýrgizugemýmkindik berdi.

2019 jyldan bastap Qazaqstanda donghalaqty traktorlar, astyq jәne jemshóp jinaytyn kombayndar, jatkalar, topyraq óndeu tehnikasy, sepkishter, egis keshenderi jәne basqa da kóptegen tehnika týrlerining óndirisi lokalizasiyalandy. Mysaly, 2025 jylghy sәuirde amerikalyq John Deere tehnikasyn óndiru bastaldy. Kompaniya men Qazaqstan arasyndaghy úzaqmerzimdi ónerkәsiptik yntymaqtastyqty nyghaytatynqúny 2,5 mlrd dollar bolatyn strategiyalyq kelisimge qol qoyyldy. 2025 jyly 430 birlik tehnika óndirildi.

2026 jyly Europa, Kanada jәne Soltýstik Amerikanyng taghy birneshe jetekshi әlemdik tehnologiya óndirushisi óz ónimderin lokalizasiyalaudybastady. Olardyn qatarynda Väderstad, Dewulf, Lindsay Corporation, AmityTechnology, Vervaet, Kuhn Group jәne Brandt Agricultural Products syndy qúrylymdar bar. Nәtiyjesinde býginde Qazaqstanda týrli quattaghytraktorlar, astyq, jemshóp jәne maqta jinaytyn kombayndar shygharatyn10 zauyt júmys isteydi.

Jalpy, Qazaqstanda auyl sharuashylyghy tehnikasyn óndiru kólemi 2025 jyly 22%-gha ósti, al kompaniyalar biyl zamanauiy tehnikanyn 10 mynghajuyq birligin shygharudy josparlap otyr.

Negizgi baghyt: tereng óndeu jәne sudy ýnemdeu

Ekinshi manyzdy baghyty – auyl sharuashylyghy shiykizatyn tereng óndeytin kәsiporyndar qúru. Qazaqstanda jalpy quaty 510 myng tonnadan asatyn astyq óndeytin ýsh kәsiporyn qazirding ózinde júmys isteydi. Olar krahmal, bioetanol jәne gluten óndiredi. 2029 jylgha deyin olardyng qataryna jalpy qúny 4 mlrd dollar bolatyn taghy alty iri investisiyalyq joba kezen-kezenimen qosylady.

Atap aitqanda, Astanada Tiryaki Agro kompaniyasynyng krahmal, gluten jәne glukoza-fruktoza shәrbatyn óndiretin kәsiporyn salu jobasy jýzege asyryluda. Jobanyng qúny 320 mln dollargha baghalanady. Taghy bir mysal,qazirding ózinde júmys istep túrghan Fufeng Group Company Limited kompaniyasynyng zauyty. Ol jylyna 3 mln tonna jýgeri óndeuge qauqarly. Investisiya kólemi 1,5 mlrd dollardy qúraydy.

Elimizde Dalian Hesheng Holdings Group Co., Ltd. jәne Hopefull Grain & Oil Group kompaniyalarynyng da investisiyalyq jobalary jýzege asyryluda. Olardyng qúny tiyisinshe 650 mln jәne 1,5 mlrd dollardy qúraydy. Búl kәsiporyndar bidaydy óndeuge mamandanady.

Búl mysaldar iri kompaniyalardyng Qazaqstangha qomaqty qarjy salyp, elding ónirdegi agrarlyq habqa ainaluyna yqpal etip otyrghanyn kórsetedi.

Qazaqstandyq fermerlerdi tynaytqyshpen qamtamasyz etu de manyzdy mәselelerding biri. Elimizde qúny birneshe mlrd dollar bolatyn zamanauiykәsiporyndar salynuda. 2027 jylgha qaray Qazaq Kalium Ltd. quaty 1 mln tonna kaliy tynaytqyshtaryn óndiruding birinshi kezenin iske qosady, al 2035 jylgha qaray óndiris kólemin 12 mln tonnagha deyin arttyrudy josparlap otyr. Qazaqstannyng tynaytqyshtyng búl týrine ishki súranysy shamamen 100 myng tonnany qúraytyndyqtan, el iri әlemdik eksporttaushygha ainala alady.

Sonymen qatar karbamidke degen qajettilik 2029-2030 jyldary ýsh iri keshen iske qosylghannan keyin qamtamasyz etiledi. Olardyng qatarynda quaty 800 myng tonna bolatyn KMG PetroChem, quaty 700 myng tonnagha jeteni Qazesta Fertilizers Ltd., sonday-aq 577 myng tonna karbamid jәne 500 myng tonna ammiak selitrasyn óndiretin KazAzot PRIME bar. Sonymen qatar Kazphosphate SINOPEC jәne CNCEC kompaniyalarymen birlesip, fosfor tynaytqyshtaryn óndiru quatyn 5 mln tonnagha deyin arttyrudy josparlap otyr. Quaty 1 mln tonna ammofos óndiretin birinshi kezendi 2029 jyly iske qosu josparlanghan.

Osylaysha, 2030 jylgha qaray Qazaqstan tynaytqyshtardyng negizgi týrlerine degen ishki súranysty tolyq qamtamasyz etip qana qoymay, eksporttyq naryqtargha da shyghady.

Sonymen qatar klimattyng ózgeruine beyimdelu manyzdy baghyttardyng biri bolyp qala beredi. Elimizdegi su resurstaryn tútynudyng shamamen 60%-y auyl sharuashylyghyna tiyesili, sondyqtan dәl osy salada sudy ýnemdeytin zamanauy tehnologiyalar belsendi týrde engizilude. Búl salanyng klimattyq ózgeristerge tótep beru baghytyndaghy әleuetin edәuir arttyrady.

Qazaqstan fermerlerdi sudy ýnemdeuge jәne sonymen qatar ónimdilikti arttyrugha mýmkindik beretin zamanauy suaru әdisterin paydalanugha yntalandyratyn keshendi sharalardy jýzege asyruda. Atap aitqanda, memleket fermerlerding qajetti infraqúrylymdy salugha, janbyrlatyp suaru mashinalaryn, tamshylatyp suaru jýielerin jәne basqa da zamanauy jabdyqtardy satyp alugha әri ornatugha júmsaytyn shyghyndaryn óteydi.

Búl sharalar qazirding ózinde ong nәtiyje berip otyr. 2025 jyldyng sonyna qaray sudy ýnemdeytin tehnologiyalar qamtyghan jer kólemi 543 myng gektargha jetti. 2026 jyly múnday tehnologiyalar taghy 163 myng gektar jerge engiziledi. Sudy ýnemdeytin tehnologiyalardy kezen-kezenimen engizu jyl sayyn 2,2 mlrd tekshe metrge deyin sudy ýnemdeuge mýmkindik beredi dep kýtilude. Jer resurstaryn tiyimdi paydalanu sudy ýnemdeuge jәne ónimdilikti arttyrugha jol ashady.

Osylaysha, Qazaqstan auyl sharuashylyghy salasynda ónim óndiru tiyimdiligin jýieli týrde arttyryp, jana tehnologiyalardy engizip jәne óndiris kólemin úlghayta otyryp, әlemdik azyq-týlik jýiesindegi rólin nyghayta beredi. El Euraziyanyng iri agroazyq-týlik haby retinde qalyptasyp keledi, al múnday modeli Qazaqstan auyl sharuashylyghy damuynyng alghyshartyna aynaluda.