Tarihta qoghamnyng damu baghytyn ózgertken manyzdy reformalar aldymen qatal zan, kemel ekonomikalyq sheshimderden emes, adamdardyng oilau jýiesindegi ózgeristen bastalghan kezender az emes. Óitkeni jana tәrtipti eski týsinikpen qabyldau, jana mýmkindikti búrynghy ólshemmen baghalau, al ózgeristi eski әdetpen jýzege asyru mýmkin emes. Sondyqtan memleket janaruy ýshin onyng instituttary ghana emes, sol instituttarmen birge ómir sýretin qoghamnyng kózqarasy da ózgerui, janaruy kerek.

Juyrda ótken Tamyz konferensiyasynda Memleket basshysy Qasym-Jomart Toqaev: «Últymyzdyng keleshegin aiqyndaytyn tarihy ózgerister tabysty boluy ýshin eng aldymen, qoghamdyq sana janghyruy tiyis» dedi. Bir qaraghanda, búl bilim men tәrbiyege qatysty aitylghan kezekti sayasy tújyrym siyaqty kórinui mýmkin. Alayda osy bir sóilemning astarynda Qazaqstannyng aldaghy damu baghytyna qatysty әldeqayda auqymdy mәsele jatyr. Yaghny Preziydent búl arada «qoghamdyq sananyng janghyruyn» eldegi tarihy ózgeristerding tabysty boluynyng alghysharty retinde atady.

Salystyra aitsaq, Q. Toqaevtyng «qoghamdyq sana janghyruy tiyis» degen sózi Qytaydyng reformator kóshbasshysy Den Syaopinning ótken ghasyrdyng sonyndaghy «oydy azat etu, shyndyqty is jýzinen izdeu» qaghidasyn eske týsiredi. Áriyne, damu ýstindegi Qazaqstan men úshqan qústay damyghan Qytaydyng tarihy jaghdayyn, sayasy jýiesin nemese reformalarynyng mazmúnyn bir-birine tenestiru nemese salystyru orynsyz da shyghar. Biraq osy eki kózqarastan «ýlken ózgeris jasau ýshin aldymen ózgeriske bolghan kózqarasty ózgertu qajet» degen ortaq bir zandylyqty bayqaugha bolatyn sekildi.

1949 jyly Qytay Halyq Respublikasy qúrylghannan keyin el sosialistik damu jolyn tandady. Alayda, 1950–1970 jyldary jýrgizilgen birqatar sayasi-ekonomikalyq nauqandar sәtsizdikke úshyrady. Ásirese, «Zor sekirip ilgerileu» úrany auyl sharuashylyghy men óndiriste ýlken daghdarys tughyzyp, halyqty qaraday qinasa, 1966–1976 jyldardaghy aty shuly «Mәdeniyet revolusiyasy» tútas Qytaydyng bilim, ghylym, mәdeniyet pen basqaru jýiesin onan әri әlsiretip, ekonomika damu túralaugha shaq qaldy. Sóitip, 1976 jyly Mao Szedun ólgen tústa Qytay qoghamy aldynda «búrynghy baghytty sol kýiinde jalghastyru kerek pe, әlde eldi tyghyryqtan shygharudyng jana jolyn izdeu kerek pe?» degen eki týrli tandau túrdy. Yaghni, sol kezde Hua Gofen bastaghan top Mao Szedunnyng búrynghy sheshimderi men núsqaularyn búljytpay ústanudy jaqtasa, Den Syaopin bastaghan reformatorlar naqty nәtiyjeni basshylyqqa aludy úsyndy. Sonymen, 1978 jyly jeltoqsan aiyndaghy QKP OK-ning III plenumy elding nazaryn taptyq kýresten sosialistik modernizasiyagha, ekonomikalyq damugha jәne reformalargha búrugha sheshim qabyldady. Den Syaopinning «oydy azat etu» ýndeui mine osylay Qytaydyng sayasy baghdaryna ainaldy.

Degenmen, «oydy azat etu» Qytayda jalpy júrt tarapynan birden qoldau tapqan joq, kerisinshe, ol biylik ishindegi jәne qoghamdaghy eleuli iydeologiyalyq tartystyng nәtiyjesinde ornyqty әri pisip jetildi. «Praktika – aqiqatty tekseruding jalghyz ólshemi» degen qarapayym qaghidanyng ózi ýlken iydeologiyalyq pikirtalas tughyzdy. Sebebi, «oydy azat etu» degen qarapayym ghana «erkin oilandar» degen sóz emes edi. Kerisinshe, onyng astarynda búrynghy sayasy sheshimderdi qayta qarau; Mao dәuirindegi keybir qatelikterdi moyyndau; qalyptasqan dogmalardan bas tartu; ekonomikalyq sayasatty ózgertu; jana tәjiriybeler jasau; tipti partiyanyng búrynghy sayasatynyng dúrystyghyn nәtiyjege qarap baghalau siyaqty óte kýrdeli mәseleler jatty.

1978 jylghy betbúrystan keyin Qytayda auyl sharuashylyghynda, kәsipkerlikte, ekonomikalyq basqaruda tәjiriybe jasaugha kóbirek mýmkindik berildi. Arnayy ekonomikalyq aimaqtar qúrylyp, syrtqy kapital men tehnologiya tartyldy, al auylda otbasy merdigerligi siyaqty tetikter engizildi. Yaghni, «bir ghana dúrys modeli bar» degen týsinikting ornyna «qay tәsil tiyimdi bolsa, sony tәjiriybede synau kerek» degen qaghida basshylyqqa alyndy. «Ózimizdi ózimiz qamtamasyz etemiz» – degen oqshaulanghan jaghdaydyng ornyna әlemdik ekonomikamen baylanys ornatu bastaldy. Sheteldik kapital, tehnologiya, basqaru tәjiriybesi keldi. Búl keyin Qytaydyng óndiristik quatynyng kýrt ósuine әser etti. Osydan bastap Qytay qoghamynda oi-jobanyng dúrystyghy onyng kim aitqanyna emes, ómirde nәtiyje beruine qaray baghalanuy kerek degen ústanym qalyptasty.

Qytay tәjiriybesi turaly sóz bolghanda, eng әueli bir nәrseni anyqtap alghan jón: Qazaqstangha Qytaydyng sayasy nemese ekonomikalyq modelin sol kýiinde kóshiruding qajeti joq. Óitkeni eki elding tarihy damu joly, sayasy jýiesi, qoghamdyq qúrylymy eki bólek. Biraq Qazaqstan ýshin Qytay tәjiriybesining qúndylyghy – dayyn modelide emes, reformany bastau logikasynda. Yaghni, Qazaqstan ýshin Qytay reformasynan shyghatyn birinshi sabaq – reforma eski týsinikterding shenberinde jýrgizilmeui kerek. Qogham jana kezenge qadam bassa, onyng búrynghy әdetteri men kózqarastaryn da qayta qaraugha tura keledi. «Bizde búrynnan osylay», «búl mýmkin emes», «bәribir ózgermeydi» degen týsinikter reformanyng kórinbeytin tejegishine ainaluy mýmkin. Memleket basshysynyng qoghamdyq sananyng janghyruyn bilimmen jәne múghalimning rólimen baylanystyruy da osy túrghydan manyzdy. Ol tehnologiya әlemdi ózgerte alatynyn, al adamnyng dýniyetanymyn ózgertude ústazdyng orny erekshe ekenin aitty. Sonymen birge zang men tәrtipke, tazalyqqa, mәdeniyettilikke negizdelgen jana etika qalyptastyrudy, jastardyng boyyna otanshyldyq, bilimpazdyq jәne enbekqorlyq qúndylyqtaryn sinirudi mindet retinde atady.

Endeshe, bizding elde qoghamdyq sananyng janghyruyna ne kedergi?

Birinshiden, bizde bәrin syrtqy kýshten kýtetin psihologiya basym. Memleket bәrin jasauy kerek, әkimdik sheshsin, bastyq aitsyn degen týsinik azamattyng óz jauapkershiligin keyinge ysyrady. Múnday qoghamda memleketke talap qoy bar da, qoghamnyng ózine talap qongy az bolady. Al qazirgi kezende azamattyng memleket aldyndaghy, qogham aldyndaghy jauapkershiligi kýsheymey, kóp nәrseni ózgertu qiyn.

Ekinshiden, «búrynnan osylay kele jatyr» degen týsinikten qútyla almaymyz. Kez kelgen әdetting dúrys ekenine onyng búrynnan qalyptasqany dәlel bola almaydy. Uaqyt ózgerse, qoghamnyng da keybir kózqarastary ózgerui tiyis. Jana tehnologiyany paydalanyp otyryp, eski basqaru tәsilimen oilau; jana Konstitusiyamen ómir sýrip otyryp, búrynghy qoghamdyq әdetterden arylmau – janghyrudyng ishki qayshylyghynyng basty kórinisi ekeni beseneden belgili.

Ýshinshiden, «tanys arqyly sheshu» týsinigi әbden ornyqqan. Zang bәrine birdey bolghanymen, ómirde mәseleni zannan búryn tanys-tamyr arqyly sheshuge úmtylu әli de kezdesedi. Múnday týsinik qalyptasqan jerde zang ýstemdigi turaly qansha aitqanmen, onyng qoghamdyq sanagha tolyq ornyghuy qiyn. Sondyqtan qúqyqtyq memleket tek memlekettik instituttardyng ózgeruimen emes, azamattyng «men de zangha baghynugha tiyispin» degen ishki ústanymymen qalyptasady. Mәselening bәrin tanys arqyly sheshu eshqashan qoghamdy algha bastyrmaydy.

Mine, osy ýsh kedergini kókeyge salyp salmaqtasaq, qoghamdyq sananyng janghyruy – bireuding sanasyna jogharydan jana oy engizu emes, kerisinshe, ol adamnyng óz oilau tәsiline qayta qarauy ekeni anyq angharylady. Yaghny әrbir adam «Men memleketten ne alamyn?» degen súraqtyng qasyna «Men memleketke, qoghamgha ne bere alamyn?» degen súraqty qatar qongy; «Jýie ózgersin» degen ústanymnan «ózgeristi ózimnen bastay alamyn ba?» degen ústanymgha kóshui kerek. Mine, osy jerde Den Syaopinning «oydy azat etu» qaghidasymen úqsastyq qayta kórinis beredi. Qytay reformasynyng bastapqy kezeninde mәsele tek jana ekonomikalyq tetikterdi engizude emes, búrynghy týsinikterding shenberinen shyghuda boldy. Al Qazaqstan ýshin býgingi mindet – bireuding dayyn modelin qaytalau emes, ózimizding damuymyzgha kedergi bolyp otyrghan sanadaghy qalyptardy anyqtap, olardy ózgertu. Zang ózgerip, memlekettik instituttar janaruy, óndiristi damytu ýshin jana tehnologiyalar engizilui mýmkin. Biraq adamnyng sol ózgeristerdi qabyldaugha dayyn sanasy bolmasa, reformanyng tolyq nәtiyjege jetui qiyn. Óitkeni eldi ózgertetin reformanyng eng qiyn bóligi – zauyt salu nemese zang jazu emes, adamnyng «osylay boluy kerek» degen qalyptasqan qasang qaghidasyn ózgertu.

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