Assambleyanyng maqsaty - Qazaqstan Respublikasynda qazaq halqynyng shoghyrlandyrushy róli arqyly qazaqstandyq patriotizm, Qazaqstan halqynyng azamattyq jәne ruhaniy-mәdeny tútastyghy negizinde qazaqstandyq úqsastyqty jәne bәsekege qabiletti últ qalyptastyru ýderisinde etnosaralyq tatulyqty qamtamasyz etu.

Sipattau: 1995 jylghy 1 nauryzda jana institut – Qazaqstan halqy Assambleyasyn qúru turaly Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining Jarlyghyna qol qoyyldy.

Búl tarihy kýn Egemen Qazaqstanda  qazirgi zamanghy memleket qúrudyn, jana týbegeyli әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ózgeristerdin, beybitshilik iydeyasyn iske asyrudyn, Qazaqstan halqynyng birligi men qoghamdyq kelisimin saqtaudyng jana bastauy boldy.

2007 jyly Assambleya konstitusiyalyq organ mәrtebesin iyelendi, kepildi parlamenttik ókildik – QR Parlamenti Mәjilisine 9 deputat saylau qúqyghyn aldy.

2008 jylghy 20 qazandaghy  QR «Qazaqstan halqy Assambleyasy turaly»  Zany Assambleya qyzmeti men qúrylymdaryn, elimizding qoghamdyq-sayasy jýiesindegi onyng orny men rólin  normativtik-qúqyqtyq retteudi, konstitusiyalyq parlamenttik ókildikti jýzege asyrudy qamtamasyz etti.

Assambleyanyng negizgi strategiyalyq qújattary – «Qazaqstannyng el birligi doktrinasy», «Qazaqstan halqy Assambleyasynyng (2020 jylgha deyingi) damu tújyrymdamasy» qabyldandy.

Assambleya 20 jyl ishinde qoghamdyq kelisimning qazaqstandyq ýlgisining sheshushi buynyna ainaldy.

2015 jyly Qazaqstan halqy Assambleyasy ózining 20 jyldyq mereytoyyn atap ótedi. Osy atauly kýnge 2015 jyldyn  barlyq is- sharalary arnalatyn bolady, al 2014 jylghy 18 sәuirde ótken Assambleyanyng HHI sessiyasynda Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydenti, Assambleya Tóraghasy N.Á.Nazarbaev 2015 jyldy Qazaqstan halqy Assambleyasynyng jyly dep jariyalady.

Týiindi mәseleler:

Qazaqstan halqynyng qoghamdyq kelisimi men el birligin qamtamasyz etu;

qoghamdyq birlikti saqtau men bir halyq bolyp tútasu nәtiyjesinde ghana  ekonomikalyq órleu, әleumettik ýderis jәne demokratiyalyq damugha qol jetkizuge bolady;

zayyrly qogham jәne biyik ruhanilyq;

tarihtyn, mәdeniyet pen tilding tútastyghy;

últ qauipsizdigi jәne elimizding býkilәlemdik jәne ónirlik mәselelerdi sheshuge qosatyn qomaqty ýlesi.

Kartaeva Q. «Arheologiya jәne etnologiya» mamandyghynyng 1 kurs magistranty

ÁLEMDIK JÁNE DÁSTÝRLI DINDERDING QAZAQSTANDYQ MODELI

Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng tabysty damuy – Beybitshilik pen kelisimning tiyimdi modelin qalyptastyra bilui. Memleket sayasatynyng manyzdy baghyty retinde kóp últty halyqtyng ózara tatula styghy, birligi men dinaralyq dialogty ataugha bolady. 1995 jyly 1 nauryzda QR Preziydenti Á. Nazarbaevtyng jarlyghymen eldegi qoghamdyq túraqtylyq pen últaralyq kelisimdi nyghaytu maqsatynda Qazaqstan Halyqtary Assambleyasy qúryldy. Qazaqstan halqy Assambleyasy – últaralyq jәne dinaralyq dialogtyng tendessiz instituty. Qazaqstan halyqtaryn qúraytyn jergilikti halyq qazaq halqy men Qazaqstandy meken etken basqa últtar men úlystardyng jalpy sany QR Statistikalyq Agenttigining 2014 jyldyng 1 qazanyndaghy resmy mәlimeti boyynsha búl kýnde 17 353 700 adamgha jetip otyr. 2014 jyldyng qantaryndaghy resmy mәlimet boyynsha elimizdegi qazaqtardyng sany – 11 244 547, basqa últtar sany – 6 109 153. Sonyng ishinde Almaty oblysy boyynsha barlyq halyq sany – 1 984 518; sonyng ishinde qazaqtar – 1 383 345; orystar – 301 713; ózbekter – 4627; ukraindar – 5250 ; úighyrlar – 156 004; tatarlar – 13 829; nemister – 9117; koreyler – 16 651 ; әzirbayjandar – 17 187; belorustar – 732; týrikter – 37 458; dýngender – 1848; polyaktar – 1187; kýrtter – 14 794; sheshender – 5991; tәjikter – 770; bashqúrttar – 352; basqalar – 13 663. Endi Almaty qalasy boyynsha taldasaq, halyq sany – 1 507 509; onyng ishinde qazaqtar – 845 938; orystar – 447 259; ózbekter – 8806; ukraindar – 10 536; úighyrlar – 80 347; tatarlar – 21 823; nemister –6458; koreyler – 28 648; әzirbayjandar – 9438; belorustar – 1643; týrikter – 6523; dýngender – 7507; polyaktar – 842; kýrtter – 2369; sheshender – 2396; tәjikter – 2510; bashqúrttar – 552; basqalar – 23914. Qazirgi Qazaqstan halyqtardyng qúramyn naqtylau, olardyng dini men tilin, Qazaqstan ónirlerinde qonystanuyn naqtylau jәne saralau, etnodemografiyasy men etnomәdeny baylanystaryn anyqtaudyng qogham ýshin manyzy erekshe. Osy tústa Qazaqstan halyqtarynyng qúramyna toqtalyp óteyik, sany jaghynan kóp basqa últ ókilderi: orystar, ukraindar, ózbekter, nemister, tatarlar, úighyrlar, belorustar, koreyler, azerbayjandar, týrikter, polyaktar, dúnghandar, kýrdter, chechender, tәjikter, bashqúrlar, moldavandar, ingushtar, mordvalar, armyandar, grekter, chuvashtar, qyrghyzdar, udmurttar, litovtar, bolgarlar, evreyler, mariylar, gruzinder, sygandar, lezginder, qytaylar, parsylar, týrik-meshetter, balkarlar, osetinder, estondar, latyshtar, týrkmender, qaraqalpaqtar, avarlar, qarashaylar, qyrym tatarlary. Sany jaghynan az últ ókilderi: chehtar, abazinder, abhazdar, avstriilyqtar, agulder, adygeyler, albandar, aleuttar, altaylyqtar, amerikandyqtar, aghylshyndar, arabtar, assirilyqtar, afgandar, beludjder, buryattar, vengrler, vepster, vietter, gagauzdar, gollandyqtar, gruzindik evreyler, darginder, dolghandar, japondar, qyrym evreyleri, ijorlar, ispandyqtar, italiyandar, iytelimender, kabardinder, qalmaqtar, qarayymdar, karelider, ketter, komilar, komy permyaktar, koryaktar, kubinder, laktar, livtar, mansilar, mongholdar, nanaylar, ýndiler men pakistandyqtar, nganastar, negidalidar, nenster, nivhiyler, noghaylar, ortaaziyalyq evreyler, orokter, orochilar, rumyndar, rutulidar, rushandar, saamdar,selikuptar, serbter, slovaktar, tabasaran, talyshtar, tattar, tau evreyleri, tofalar, tuvinder, udinder, udegeyler, ulichtar, finder, fransuzdar, hakastar, hanttar, horvattar, sahurlar, cherkester, chehtar, chuvandar, chukchalar, shvedter, shorstar, shugnandar, evenkiyler, evender, enster, eskimostar, yukagirler, yakuttar. Áriyne, osynday 130 dan astam últ ókilderi toghysqan meken kóp dinning de toghysqan mekeni bolady. 2009 jylghy jalpyúlttyq sanaghynyng nәtiyjesine sәikes elimizde halyqtyng 70,2 %-y ózderin músylmandarmyz, yaghny 11 237 900 adam diny senimi boyynsha ózderin islam dinining ókilderine jatqyzatyndyghyn bildirgen, 4 190 100 adam basqa dindegiler, sonyng ishinde 26 %-y – hristiandarmyz, 5 300 adam; 0,03 %-y – iudeylermiz, 14 600 adam; 0,1 %-y – buddistermiz, 30 100 adam; 0,2 %-y – ózge dinderdi (krishna, t.b.) ústanushylarmyz dep ataghan. Sonyng ishinde eshqanday dindi ústanbaymyz dep – 450 500 adam, 2,8 %-y, jauap berse, 0,5 %-y jauap beruden bas tartqan. Qazaqstan kóp últty halyqtar konsolidasiyasy olardyng diny qúqyqtaryn qorghau jәne damytumen de tyghyz baylanysty. Qazaqstannyng bastamasymen 2010 jyl Mәdeniyetterdi jaqyn¬dastyrudyng halyqaralyq jyly retinde ótti, al 2013-2022 jyldardy YuNESKO Mәdeniyetterdi jaqyndastyrudyng halyqaralyq onjyldyghy dep jariyalady. 2010 jyly Qazaqstan EQYÚ-gha tór¬aghalyq etip, óz qyzmeti barysynda elimiz toleranttylyqty nyghay¬tu mә¬se¬lesin basty baghyt etip ústap, euroatlantikalyq jәne eu¬ra-ziyalyq qauipsizdik ól¬shemderining sanyn keneyte týsudi úsyndy. EQYÚ Astana sammiytining Deklarasiyasynda konfessiyaara¬lyq ýnqatysudy damytu, memleketter arasyndaghy senimdi ny¬ghaytu turaly Sammitke qatysqan 56 memleket basshylarynan qoldau tapty. Odan әri Qazaqstan Elimiz «IYclam konfepensiyacy úiymynyn» tolyq mýsheci retinde 2011 jyly Islam Yntymaqtastyghy Úiymyn basqaryp, islam elderi arasyndaghy diny mәselelerding basym baghyttaryn retteuge ýles qosty. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng 2011 jyly qabyldanghan «Diny qyzmet jәne diny birlestikter turaly» Zanynda: «Ocy Zang Qazaqctan Pecpubliykacynyng ózin demokpatiyalyq, zayyply memle¬ket petinde opnyqtypatynyn, әpkimning ap-ojdan boctandyghy qúqyghyn pactaytynyn, әpkimning diny nanymyna qapamactan teng qúqyly boluyna kepildik bepetinin...negizge alady», – dep atap kópcetildi. «Diny qyzmet jәne diny birlestikter turaly» Zang negizinde 2012 jyly diny birlestikter memlekettik qayta tirkeuden ótti. Nәtiyjesinde, kezinde 4551 dep kórsetilgen diny birlestikter sany, 3088-ge ózgergen. Sonymen qatar, elimizde taraghan konfessiyalardy jikteu jýiesine kónil bólinip, búryn konfessiya qataryna jatqyzylghan diny baghyttardy taldau arqyly, diny konfessiyalardyng naqty sany 46 emes, 17 ekeni anyqtalghan. Sonday aq, osy Zang qabyldanghannan keyin 2229 – islam, orys pravoslav shirkeuining mitropoliyalyq okruginde – 9 eparhiya, 261 prihodtary, Armyan-apostol shirkeui men 8 kóne әdet-ghúryptar shirkeuleri, Riym-katolik shirkeuining 79 birlestigi, iudeylerding 4 qauymy, 2 buddistik birlestikter diny birlestikter retinde memlekettik qayta tirkeuden ótken. Elimizde 9 medreseler, 1 imamdardyng biliktiligin arttyru ortalyghy, 2 qarilar dayyndau ortalyqtary, 1 eparhiyalyq joghary diny seminariyasy, 1 eparhiyalyq ruhany uchiliyshesi jәne 1 islam din mamandaryn dayyndaytyn «Núr-Múbarak» uniyversiyteti, iri meshitter janynan ashylghan kurstar men shirkeu janynan ashylghan jeksenbilik mektepter diny bilim beru mekemeleri retinde qyzmet atqarady. Al, 2003 jylghy resmy derek boyynsha Qazaqstanda músylmandar men hristiandar halyqtyng 97 %-n qúraydy. Respublikada 1648 – islam, 230 – pravoslavtyq, 300 – baptist, 70 – 7 kýn adventisteri, 90 – luterandar, 106 – iyegua kuәgerleri, 40 – elulikter, 77 – Rim katolik shirkeui, 166 – dәstýrli emester, 23 – iudaizm, barlyghy 2750 diny úiymdar bolghan edi. «Diny qyzmet jәne diny birlestikter turaly» Zang boyynsha dәstýrli dinderdi nasihattaytyn missionerlerde resmy týrde tirkeuden ótedi. Qazaqstanda Qazaqstandy óz otanym dep sanaytyn basqa diny senimdegi halyqtardyng qanday dinge jәne etnomәdeniyetke jatatynyna qa¬ramastan barlyq qazaqstan¬dyq¬tardyng jalpyúlttyq birligi men kelisimining erekshe formulasyn qalyptastyryldy. Qazaqstandaghy әrbir din – islam, pravoslaviye, katolisizm, protestanttyq diny ilim, iudaizm, buddizm jәne bas¬qalar uaghyzdaytyn joghary qún¬dylyqtar, әrbir dindi ústanatyn qazaqstandyq – ol teng qúqyly azamat, birtútas azamat¬tyq qoghamnyng ajyramas bóligi dep belgilenip, osyghan oray 2015 jyly Astana qalasynda Álemdik jәne Dәstýrli dinderding V sezdi ótkizilmek. Búl Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng barlyq dinderge degen qúrmetimizding aighaghy bolyp tabylady. Qazaqstanda dinaralyq qatynas ornatudyng negizgi ústanymdary qalyptasqan. Qazaqstanda etnosaralyq jәne dinaralyq kelisimning túraqty modelining qalyptasuy memleket, azamattyq qogham, onyng ishinde diny birlestikter tarapynan ýzdiksiz qoldau kórsetip otyruymen baylanysty desek bolady. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Konstitusiyasy men zandary ar-ojdan bostandyghy men diny senimdi qorghaugha kepil beredi, әri dini, etnikalyq jәne basqa túrghydaghy kemsitushilikterge tyiym salady. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng 2011 j. qabyldanghan «Diny qyzmet jәne diny birlestikter turaly» Zany diny birlestikterding qyzmet atqaru ayasyn qúqyqtyq negizde jýzege asyrugha jәne qorghaugha mýmkindik beredi. Qazaqstan manyzdy halyqaralyq kelisimge jәne adam qúqyghyna qatysty sharttargha, onyng ishinde BÚÚ-nyng negizgi halyqaralyq kelisimderine (pakt) qosylghan. Qazaqstanda konfessiyalardyng óz qyzmetterin jýzege asyruy ýshin teng jәne qolayly jaghday jasalghan. Qazaqstan halqynyng basym kópshiligi ózderin músylman sanaghanymen, basqa diny senim iyelerining tolyqqandy is-әreket jasauyna kedergi keltirmeydi. Qazaqstan Tәuelsizdigin alghannan beri pravoslaviyelik, katoliktik jәne protestanttyq qauymnyng sany artqandyghyn jogharyda keltirilgen mәlimetter aighaqtaydy. Qazaqstandaghy iudeyler men buddisterding úiymdary da óz qúqyqtaryna sәikes qyzmet jasap otyr. Diny kelisim men toleranttylyqtyng qazaqstandyq modeli Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder liyderlerining Qazaqstanda bas qosuynan da kórinedi. Álem tanyghan Astana qalasynda Elbasy N.Á. Nazarbaevtyng bastamasymen Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder liyderlerining Halyqaralyq dengeydegi IV sezi ótkizildi. 2012 jyl 30 mamyrda ótken Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder kóshbasshylarynyng IV sezine әlemning 40 elinen 85 delegasiya qatysty. Eng alghashqy ótkizilgen sezge әlemning 17 elinen 17 diny kóshbasshy qatysqan edi. Álem diny kóshbasshalarynyng Qazaqstannyng elordasynda bas qosyp, әlemding diny kenistiktegi ózekti mәselelerdi talqylauy Qazaqstandyq diny tatulastyqqa negizdelgen «modelidi» moyyndauy edi. Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder liyderlerining Halyqaralyq Kenesi qúrylyp, Kenes qúramyna әlemning je¬tekshi konfessiyalary – Islam¬nyn, Hristiandyqtyn, Iu¬daizm¬¬nin, Bud-dizmnin, IYn¬duizmnin, Siyn¬toizmnin, Zoroas¬trizmning ókil¬deri engen. IV sezde Elbasy N.Nazarbaev jahandyq toleranttylyq pen se¬nimdi qalyptastyru men ny¬ghay¬tu problemalaryna arnal¬ghan Internet-resurs qúrudy úsy¬nyp, ol G-GLOBAL jalpy elektrondy portalynyng bir bó¬ligine ainaldy. Qazaqstan úsynghan G-GLOBAL iydeyasy jahandyq ózara týsinistik pen to¬leranttylyq ýshin de jana mýmkin¬dikter ashty. Elbasy N.Nazarbaev 2009 jyly 1-2 shildede Astana ótken «Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder» kóshbasshylarynyng III sezinde sóilegen sózinde: «sizder, diny liyderler, ruhanilyqtyng – dýniyening ýilesimdi damuynyng basty shartynyng qayta órleuining jýrgizushileri bola alasyzdar», - dep әlem dinderining basshylaryn ýndestikte júmys jasaugha, halyqaralyq ruhani, halyqaralyq dini, halyqaralyq konfessiyalyq baylanysqa shaqyrdy. Islam dini basym damyghan Qazaqstanda Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder liyderlerining ótken basqosulary men qabyldaghan ýndeuleri dýnie jýzinde dinaralyq kelisimning órken jayyp, órkeniyetterding ózara ýndestik tabu isinde aitarlyqtay ról atqarady deuge bolady. Qazaqstan – músylman túr¬ghyndary basymdyqqa ie el. Islam dini osy dindi ústanatyn Qazaqstan halyqtarynyng ruhany tirekterining biri. Býgingi kýni iyclam dini jepshapynyng baplyq qúplyqtapynda tapalghan jәne múcylmandapdyng cany 2 milliyapd adam mólshepinde dep eceptelude. Ácipece, Batyc xalyqtapynan iyclamdy qabyldaushylapdyng cany túpaqty týpde ócude. XX ghacypda múcylmandapdyng cany 7 ece kóbeygen. Dýnie jýzinde halqynyng bacym kópshiligi múcylmandapdan qúpalatyn memlekettepding cany 60 shamacynda. Qoryta aitqanda, Qazaqstannyng bastamasymen ótken Halyqaralyq diny konfessiya iydeyalary býkil әlem ýshin betbúrysty kezeng boldy, búl әlemdik tәrtipting jahandyq transformasiyasy bastamasy boldy deuge bolady. Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder kóshbasshy-lary¬nyng sezi HHI ghasyrda әdiletti әlem qúrudyng negizin iydeyalyq-ruhany qúrylymdaugha naqty baghyttalghan jetekshi ýnqatysu túghyrnamasyna ainaldy deuge bolady.

Gulinar KozGhambaeva. TÁUELSIZ QAZAQSTAN DEMOGRAFIYaSYN ARTTYRUDAGhY ETNIKALYQ QAZAQTARDYNG ÝLESI

(Avtor turaly: Qozghambaeva G.B. tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, dosent

 Ál –Faraby atyndaghy Qazaq Últtyq uniyversiyteti Tariyh, arheologiya jәne etnologiya fakuliteti)

Sheteldegi qazaqtardyng kópshiligi óz betimen emes, taghdyrdyng jazuymen, ozbyrlyq әreketterden ózge elderge qonys audarugha mәjbýr bolghan. Órkeniyetti elder qataryna tolyq qúqyqty mýshe retinde enip otyrghan Qazaqstannyng endi olargha qol úshyn berui, kýndelikti ómir-tirshiligine jaghday jasauy, qandastarymyzdyng elge qaytyp keluine sebepker boluy oryndy. Qazaq últynyng ýshten biri jaqyn jәne alys shetelderde ómir sýredi. Qazan tónkerisinen keyin, qazaq halqy arasynda jýrgizilgen әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ózgeristerdi kýsh qoldanu әdisimen qughyn-sýrgin, qudalau saldarynan, ashtyqtan bas saughalap atamekeninen kóshkenderge «opasyzdar», «otanyn satqandar», «mal-mýlki ýshin qashqandar» degen aidarlar taghyldy. Shetmemleketterde, әsirese, kapitalistik elderde tughan-tuysqandarynyng bar ekendigin moyyndaudyng ózi auyr qylmys sanalyp keldi. Alys jәne tayau shetelderdegi 5 millionnan astam qandastarymyzdyng býgingi tandaghy sayasi, әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jaghdayy, olardyng atamekenmen baylanysy, elge oraluy jәne tәuelsiz qazaq elining demografiyalyq ýlesin arttyrudaghy manyzy siyaqty mәseleler býginde Otandyq tarihtyn ózekti mәselelerining biri. Qazaq KSR Jogharghy Kenesi 1991 j. 16 jeltoqsanda Qazaqstan aumaghynda ishki jәne syrtqy sayasatyn derbes belgileytin jәne jýrgizetin demokratiyalyq memleketting tәuelsizdigin jariyalady. Osy kezden bastap qazaq eli manyzdy etnosayasy sharany jýzege asyra bastady, onyng basty aighaghy qazaqtardyng (repotrasiya) elge oralu ýderisi elimizding tәuelsizdikke qol jetken alghashqy kýnderinen bastau aldy. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng egemendik alyp, alghash ret demografiyalyq sayasatyn ózi qalyptastyra bastauynyng túnghysh kepili- 1992 jyly 26 musymda qabyldanghan «Immigrasiya turaly» Zan. Búl Zang boyynsha әrbir jylgha immigrasiya kvotasy belgilenip otyrdy. Onda immigrasiya týri men sandyq mólsheri belgilenip, qay elden keletindikteri, olardy qabyldaugha qajetti materialdyq-qarjylyq resurstar, ornalastyru men ortagha beyimdeu, olar mekendeytin aimaqtar men olardy enbekke ornalastyratyn sharuashylyq tipteri kórsetildi. Kvotada jeke basqa beriletin jәrdem tólemderi men repressiya kezeninde, kýshtep kollektivtendiru men adamgershilikke jat sayasy aksiya, oralyp jatqan bosqyndar men repatrianttargha, olardyng úrpaqtaryna beriletin jenildikter jýiesi aiqyndalyp belgilendi. Últtyq diasporagha jәne ony jana oryngha ornalastyrugha qamqorlyq kórsetu Ýkimet pen kóshi-qon departamenti, jergilikti әkimshilik organdaryna jýkteldi. Al 1993jyly qabyldanghan «Kóship kelu turaly» Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Zany óte ýlken roli atqaryp, kvota jýiesi qalyptasyp, baspanamen qamtamasyz etu, mal, mýlik beru, auyldyq jerlerde sharuashylyqpen ainalysugha jer telimderin ýlestiruge tetikter qalyptasty. Ýshinshi ret 1997 jyly qabyldanghan «Halyqtyng kóshi – qony turaly» Qazaqstan Respublikasy Zany alys jәne tayau shetelderden kelgen qandastarymyzgha qol úshyn berip kómektesude jiberilgen kemshilikterge qaramastan birshama mәselelerde sheshimin tapty. Dýniyejýzinde 3 mynnan astam últtar men úlystar bolghanymen, bir ghana últtan túratyn birde–bir memleket joq. Dýniyejýzi qazaqtary qauymdastyghynyng jinaghan mәlimetteri boyynsha 40 shet memleketterdegi qazaqtardyng sany 5 million 600mynnan astam adam, onyng ishinde jaqyn shetelderde – 3 mln. 137 myng adam, alys shetelderde – 2 mln. 529 myng 800 adam. Qazaqtar kóp shoghyrlanghan memleketter – Qytayda –2.260 myn, Ózbekstanda –1.500 myn, Reseyde –1.100 myn, Mongholiyada –150 myn, Qyrghyzstanda – 95 myn, Týrkimenstan – 150 myn, Aughanystanda – 30 myn, Týrkiyada – 15 myn, AQSh-ta – 14 myn, Tәjikstanda – 10 myn, Iranda – 10 myn, jәne t.b. Tәuelsiz Memleketter Dostyghy elderining ishinde alys jәne tayau shetelden qandastaryn atamekenge oraltumen jýieli ainalysyp, memleket tarapynyn birshama qarjy júmsap otyrghan bir ghana el – Qazaqstan, al dýnie jýzinde – ýsh elding bireui. Býginde Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng eng aldymen memleketting úiytqy últy – qazaq últynyng býgingi men bolashaghyna basa nazar audaryp qarastyru kerek. Tәuelsizdik alghannan keyingi Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng jetistigi men ekonomikalyq damuy TMD elderimen salystyrghanda aldynghy qatarlardan oryn alady. Eng bastysyrespublikamyzdyng songhy jyldardaghy jetistigi, ol qazaq halqynyng ýles salmaghynyng artuy bolyp tabylady. Ayta keterligi, qazaqtardyng ózderining ata-meken jerlerinde azshylyqta boluy tәuelsizdikke qol jetkizgen kýnge deyin oryn alyp kelgen(1926 jyly 58,5% , 1939 j. -37,8% , 1959 j.-30% , 1989j. 39,7% ) [1, 45b.].Mine búl kórsetilgen mәlimetterden respublikamyzda tәuelsizdik alghangha deyingi qazaqtyng payyzgha shaqqandaghy mólsheri tómen bolghandyghyn bayqaymyz.Eger 1989 jyly respublikadaghy qazaqtardyng ýlesi 40 payyzgha jeter-jetpes bolsa, qazir búl kórsetkishting әlde qayda ósken. Ol turaly ghalym M.H. Asylbekov Qazaqstandaghy qazaqtar 1989 jyly 6,5 millionnan 2013 jyly 1 qantaryna 11 milliongha jetti, al ýlesi 39,7% - dan 65,2% -gha jetti...– degen, mәlimetter beredi[2, 42b.]. 1991 jyldan (2005j.) 1 shildege deyin elimizge barlyghy 110 myng 591 oralmandar otbasy qonys audardy. Sonyng ishinde 1991 jyldan 2007 jylgha deyin birghana Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysyna 19 alys jәne jaqyn shetelderden oralmandar qonys audaryp, olardyng sany 39936 otbasy nemese 136787 adamgha jetip otyr. Onyng ishinen 10521otbasy kóship kelu kvotasymen 29415 otbasy kvotadan tys kóship kelgender. Búl Respublikagha kelgen oralmandardyng 28 payyzyn qúraydy [3,96b.]. Tәuelsiz elimizding jyl sayyn nyghayyp, memleketti qúraytyn negizgi últ retinde qandastarymyzdy atamekenge kóshirip әkelude Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Ýkimeti mýmkindiginshe jaghday jasauda. Eger 2000 jylghy kóship kelu kvotasy – 500 oralman otbasyna arnalghan bolsa, 2003 jylghy búl kórsetkish – 5000 otbasyn, 2004 jylghy –10000 otbasyn qabyldaudy qarastyrghan. Elbasynyng 2004 jylghy 27 jeltoqsandaghy №1508 Jarlyghymen bekitilgen 2005 jylghy kóship kelu kvotasyna say 15000 otbasyny qabyldap, jayghastyru kózdelip otyr.Kóship kelu kvotasynyng mólsherining kóbengi –Ýkimetimizding qandastarymyzdy tarihy otanyna oraluyna ýlken mәn beruining aighaghy [4, 96b.]. Sóitip, elimizdegi qazaqtardyng sany 2005 jylgha qaray alty jýz myngha juyq adamgha kóbeydi. Taghy osy tústa qarastyryp ketetin erekshe jayt әlemde basqa últtarmen salystyrghanda әrbir ýshinshi qazaq shet elde túrady. Sondyqtan olardyng bәrin bir mezgilde tughan Otanyna kóshiruge mýmkindik joq ekendigi Elbasynyng sózinde ashyq aityldy, alayda Qazaqstannyng qazaq diasporasy basym memleketterding elbasylarmen kelissózderde olargha qamqorlyq etiluin ótinetinin de atap ótti. Dýniyede qazaq degen últ bireu, demek onyng últtyq bolmysy, salt sanasy, әdet ghúrpy – barsha qazaqqa tәn, onyng ghajap ruhany qazynasyn da bólip jarugha jatpaytyn ortaq baylyq. Kóshi - qon polisiyasy Komiytetining etnikalyq repatriasiya turaly resmy mәlimetteri boyynsha (2011 jyldyng qyrkýiek aiyndaghy jaghdayyna qaray ) elimizge 210225 oralman otbasy nemese 824170 adam qonys audardy. Atamekenge oralghan etnikalyq qazaqtardyng ishinde sany jaghynan birinshi orynda – Ózbekstannan kelgen qazaqtar túr (60,1%), ekinshi orynda – Mongholiyadan kelgender (13,3%), ýshinshi orynda –Qytaydan kelgender (10,3%), tórtinshi orynda – Týrkimenstannan (7,8%) jәne besinshi orynda- Reseyden kelgen qazaqtar – 4,3%[1, 46b.]. Respublikamyzgha alys jәne tayau shet elderden oralghan etnikalyq qazaqtardyng payyzgha shaqqandaghy kórsetkishi boyynsha birinshi orynda Ózbekstannan kelgen qandastarymyz túrghanyn bayqadyq.Ózbekstannan kelgen oralmandar Qazaqstannyng Ontýstik óniri:Jambyl, Almaty, Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblystaryna, Mongholiyadan kelgen oralmandardyng 63%-y Soltýstik ónirde:Aqmola, Pavlodar, Shyghys Qazaqstan oblystaryna qonystanghan. Qytaydan kelgen oralmandardyng 89% Shyghys ónirdegi: Shyghys Qazaqstan oblysyna tandau jasaghan. Al, Ontýstik ónirde – Almaty oblysynda qonystanghandar kóp. Týrikmenstannan kelgen oralmandardyng 80% Batys ónirlerge:Atyrau men Manghystau oblystaryna, al Reseyden kelgen oralmandardyng 76% Soltýstik Qazaqstan men Pavlodar oblystarynda qonystanghan[1, 46b.]. Dýnie jýzi qazaqtarynyng IV Qúryltayynda Elbasy, N.Á. Nazarbaev «Biyl tәuelsizdikpen birge atamekenge atbasyn búrghan Úly kóshke 20 jyl toldy.... « Elge el qosylsa qút» deydi dana halqymyz. Azattyqtyng eleng – alanyndaghy kýrdeli kezenge qaramastan, kóshimiz kólikti boldy.Sodan beri úly bir sәtke tolastaghan emes. At qazyghyn baylar atamekenge 20 jyl ishinde 300 myngha juyq otbasy kóship keldi. Osylaysha el halqynyng sany 1 millionnan astam qandasymyzben tolyqty. Biz dýnie jýzinde óz qandastaryn eline shaqyryp, qarajat bólgen ýsh-aq memleketting bireuimiz» – dep,aytty[5, 41 b.].Elbasy atap kórsetkendey sheteldegi qazaqtardyng atamekenge oraluy qazaqtar sanynyng bir million adamgha kóbeiine yqpal etti. Olardyng ýles salmaghy ósti, yaghny býgingi kýni etnodemografiyalyq, әleumettik, kóshi-qon ýderisin etnogendik negizde anyqtaydy, halyqtyng mәdeny sabaqtastyghyn qalpyna keluine, tughan tildin, dәstýrdin, salttyn, halyqtyq ónerding molangyna, memlekettik tilding әsirese, soltýstik-shyghys ónirlerde taraluyna yqpal etude. 1991-2011 jyldar aralyghynda 221,3 myng otbasy, 860,4 myng qandastarymyz Qazaqstangha kóship kelgen. Olardyng 60,5% Ózbekstannan (520myn), 10,4% Mongholiyadan (86 myn), 12,4% Qytaydan(106 myn) 7,8% Týrkimenstannan (67,5 myn), 5,3% Reseyden (45,5 myn) kelipti. Al qalghan 4 % (34myny) t.b elderden kelgen. Elge oralghan qandastarymyzdyng oblystar boyynsha ornalasuyna kóz jýgirtetin bolsaq 24,3% (206 myn) Almaty oblysyna,13,3% (114 myn) Manghystau oblysyna,7% (60myn)Jambyl oblysyna qonystanghan[6, 277b.]. Qonys audarghandardyng 54 payyzgha juyghy enbek jasyndaghylar, 26,5 payyzy balalar men jasóspirimder, nebәri 4,5 payyzy ghana zeynet jasyndaghylar[7, 14 b.].Kórsetilgen mәlimetten etnikalyq qazaqtardyng respublikamyzdyng demografiyalyq ósui men órkendeuine eselep ýles qosatyndyghynyng dәleli ekendigin bayqaugha bolady. Qazaqstan Respublikasyna shet elderden kóship kelgen qandastarymyzdyng ishinde 70- ten astam ghylym doktorlary, 250 ghylym kandidattary bar eken. Qandastarymyzdyng 40 mynnan astamy – joghary bilimdi, 93600adam – arnauly orta bilimdi, 230 myndayy – orta bilimdi. Qazaqstangha túraqty mekendeuge kelgen qandastarymyzdyng kópshiligi auyl sharuashylyq qyzmetkerleri, olardyng sany – 86031 adam, bilim beru qyzmetkerleri – 16997, dәrigerler – 9407, memlekettik qyzmetkerler – 1034, kәsipkerler –11203, basqa mamandyq ókilderi – 221670adam qúraydy[7, 17 b.].Býginde atajúrtyna kóship kelgen bauyrlarymyzdyng arasynda kóptegen ghalymdar men jogharghy bilimdi mamandar bar ekendigin jogharyda kórsetilgen mәlimetten bayqadyq. Qandastarymyzdyng diasporasynyng atamekenge oraluy respublikanyng demografiyalyq jaghdayyn ghana jaqsartyp qoymay sonymen qatar elding әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jәne ghylym men mәdeniyettin, әdebiyet pen ónerding damuyna da ózindik ýlesterin qosyp keledi. 2009- 2011 jyldargha arnalghan «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasy Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining tapsyrmasymen 2007-2015 jyldargha arnalghan kóshi –qon sayasatynyng tújyrymdamasyna say jasalghan bolatyn. «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasy boyynsha 2009- 2011 jyldary jýzege asyrylyp, memlekettik jәne jergilikti budjetten 197 milliard tenge qarastyrylghan. Ýsh jylda búl baghdarlama boyynsha 60 myng otbasyn, orta eseppen 300 myng adamdy kóshirip alu josparlanghan[8, 54 b.].Biraqta «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasynyng jýzege asyryluyn tekserude óz dәrejesinde jýrgizilmey, tiyimsiz iske asyrylghandyghy turaly mәlimetter bayqaldy. «2009- 2011 jyldary baghdarlama shenberinde 2567 etnikalyq qazaq otbasyna túrghyn ýy berilgen. Baghdarlama shenberinde jalpy qúny 2,6 mlrd. tengeden astam somagha salynghan 3223 pәterding 622 pәterine el qonystanbaghan. Aqmola oblysyndaghy Krasnyy Yar auylynda 138 pәter eki pәterlik túrghyn ýy tómengi sapamen salynghan. Bos túrghan 51,6 mln. tengelik 18 pәter túrugha jaramsyz, jóndeu júmystaryn qajet etedi. Soltýstik Qazaqstan oblysynda qúny 42,0 mln. tengeden astam somany qúraytyn bir pәterlik 10 túrghyn ýiding qúrylysy ayaqtalmaghan» dep, baqylau jasaytyn qúzyrly mekemening derekterine sýiene otyryp D.Baymoldaúly osy mәlimetterdi keltirgen[8,55 b.].Memleket tarapynyn bólingen qarjynyng talan-tarajgha úshyraghandyghyn osy keltirilgen mәlimetterden - aq bayqaugha bolady. Biraq soghan qaramastan alys jәne tayau shet memleketterdegi qandastarymyz atamekenge oraluda. Shetelderdegi qandastarymyzdyng atamekenge oraludaghy niyetterine qozghaushy kýsh bolghan, Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng tәuelsiz damuyn halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtyng moyyndauy, elding qarqyndy damuy, qazaqtyng ata-babasynyng jerinde memlekettikti qalyptastyrugha qatysu, egemendi memleketti saqtau men damytu, birynghay últqa enu bolyp tabylady. Óskeleng úrpaqtyng taghdyryna degen alandaushylyq jaqyn jәne alys shet elderdegi qazaqtardyng kónilin jaqyndastyrady. Álemning 40-qa tarta elinde 5 milliongha juyq qazaq, 5 qúrlyqqa bóline qonystanghan. Tәuelsiz Qazaqstannyng demografiyasyn jaqsartuda etnikalyq qazaqtardyng ýlesin arttyru memleketting eng basty strategiyalyq sayasaty. Elbasy halyqtyng sanyng 2015 jyly 20 milliongha jetkizu tapsyrdy, sondyqtan qazaq halqynyng sanyng arttyruda shetelderdegi otandastarymyzdy atamekenge oralugha niyeti bar qandastarymyzgha memleket tarapynan jaghday jasau, qol úshyn beru basty mindet. Býgingi tanda shetelderde túryp jatqan qandastarymyzdyng tarihy otany – Qazaqstangha oralu mәselesi memlkettik dengeyde qaralyp, zandy negizder jasalynuda. Qazaqstan Respublikasy tәuelsizdik alghan kýnnen bastap sheteldegi qazaqtarmen mәdeniy-ruhany salada baylanys jasaugha, olardyng atajúrtqa oraluyna mýmkindik tughyzugha airaqsha nazar audaryluda jәne ol mәsele әli de óz dәrejesinde jýrgizilu joldary qarastyryluda. Paydalanghan әdebiyetter tizimi: 1.Baltabaeva K.N. Kóshi –qon ýderisi: Qazaqstangha qonys audarushylardyng sandyq ósiminen olardyng sapalyq keleshegine deyin.// Qazaqstan qoghamynyng damuyna qandastarymyzdyng qosqan ýlesi.DQQ qúrylghanyna 20 j. toluyna oray ótkizilgen RGhPK materialdary. – Pavlodar., – 2012.– 45-50better. 2. Asylbekov M-A.H., Asylbekova J. M-A. Shetel qazaqtaryn zertteuding qorytyndylary men mindetteri. // Qazaq diasporasynyng jasampaz әleueti: tarihy jәne zamanauy kelbeti. RGhPK materialdary.Dýniyejýzi qazaqtarynyng qauymdastyghy. – Almaty., – 2013., – 42– 50 better. 3.Mahatova J. Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysyndaghy Kóshi – qon prosesining jaghdaylaryn taldau. // Erlikting bastauy eldikte atty konferensiya materialdar jinaghy. A, 2007 – 96 – 101 better. 4.Qazaqtardyng III Dýniyejýzilik qúryltayy ayasynda L.N.Gumiylev atyndaghy Euraziya Últtyq uniyversiytetinde ótken «Dialog alany» atty dóngelek ýstel mәjilisinde Kóshi-qon komiytetining tóraghasy J. Ábdiyevting bayandamasy.-95-157b.b. 5.Uatqan B.Últtyng úly jiyny. Derekter jinaghy. – Almaty Dýniyejýzi qazaqtarynyng qauymdastyghy «Atajúrt» baspa ortalyghy, 2012. – 408 bet. 6.Baymolda D. Qazaq kóshi. – Almaty,«Núr- Print» baspa ortalyghy, 2013. – 308 bet. 7.Qayrat B. Respublikadaghy kóshi –qon ýrdisi turaly. //Qazaqstan qoghamynyng damuyna qandastarymyzdyng qosqan ýlesi. Dýniyejýzi qazaqtary qauymdastyghynyng qúrylghanyna 20 j. toluyna oray ótkizilgen RGhPK materialdary. – Almaty., – 2012., – 14 – 23 better. 8.Bayoldaúly D. «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasy jәne Mongholiya qazaqtary. //Qazaqstan qoghamynyng damuyna qandastarymyzdyng qosqan ýlesi. Dýniyejýzi qazaqtary qauymdastyghynyng qúrylghanyna 20 j. toluyna oray ótkizilgen RGhPK materialdary. – Almaty., – 2012., – 54 – 57 better.

Gulinar Kozghambaeva 20.05.2015 10:23:06

TÁUELSIZ QAZAQSTAN DEMOGRAFIYaSYN ARTTYRUDAGhY ETNIKALYQ QAZAQTARDYNG ÝLESI Qozghambaeva G.B. tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, dosent Ál –Faraby atyndaghy Qazaq Últtyq uniyversiyteti Tariyh, arheologiya jәne etnologiya fakuliteti Sheteldegi qazaqtardyng kópshiligi óz betimen emes, taghdyrdyng jazuymen, ozbyrlyq әreketterden ózge elderge qonys audarugha mәjbýr bolghan. Órkeniyetti elder qataryna tolyq qúqyqty mýshe retinde enip otyrghan Qazaqstannyng endi olargha qol úshyn berui, kýndelikti ómir-tirshiligine jaghday jasauy, qandastarymyzdyng elge qaytyp keluine sebepker boluy oryndy. Qazaq últynyng ýshten biri jaqyn jәne alys shetelderde ómir sýredi. Qazan tónkerisinen keyin, qazaq halqy arasynda jýrgizilgen әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ózgeristerdi kýsh qoldanu әdisimen qughyn-sýrgin, qudalau saldarynan, ashtyqtan bas saughalap atamekeninen kóshkenderge «opasyzdar», «otanyn satqandar», «mal-mýlki ýshin qashqandar» degen aidarlar taghyldy. Shetmemleketterde, әsirese, kapitalistik elderde tughan-tuysqandarynyng bar ekendigin moyyndaudyng ózi auyr qylmys sanalyp keldi. Alys jәne tayau shetelderdegi 5 millionnan astam qandastarymyzdyng býgingi tandaghy sayasi, әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jaghdayy, olardyng atamekenmen baylanysy, elge oraluy jәne tәuelsiz qazaq elining demografiyalyq ýlesin arttyrudaghy manyzy siyaqty mәseleler býginde Otandyq tarihtyn ózekti mәselelerining biri. Qazaq KSR Jogharghy Kenesi 1991 j. 16 jeltoqsanda Qazaqstan aumaghynda ishki jәne syrtqy sayasatyn derbes belgileytin jәne jýrgizetin demokratiyalyq memleketting tәuelsizdigin jariyalady. Osy kezden bastap qazaq eli manyzdy etnosayasy sharany jýzege asyra bastady, onyng basty aighaghy qazaqtardyng (repotrasiya) elge oralu ýderisi elimizding tәuelsizdikke qol jetken alghashqy kýnderinen bastau aldy. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng egemendik alyp, alghash ret demografiyalyq sayasatyn ózi qalyptastyra bastauynyng túnghysh kepili- 1992 jyly 26 musymda qabyldanghan «Immigrasiya turaly» Zan. Búl Zang boyynsha әrbir jylgha immigrasiya kvotasy belgilenip otyrdy. Onda immigrasiya týri men sandyq mólsheri belgilenip, qay elden keletindikteri, olardy qabyldaugha qajetti materialdyq-qarjylyq resurstar, ornalastyru men ortagha beyimdeu, olar mekendeytin aimaqtar men olardy enbekke ornalastyratyn sharuashylyq tipteri kórsetildi. Kvotada jeke basqa beriletin jәrdem tólemderi men repressiya kezeninde, kýshtep kollektivtendiru men adamgershilikke jat sayasy aksiya, oralyp jatqan bosqyndar men repatrianttargha, olardyng úrpaqtaryna beriletin jenildikter jýiesi aiqyndalyp belgilendi. Últtyq diasporagha jәne ony jana oryngha ornalastyrugha qamqorlyq kórsetu Ýkimet pen kóshi-qon departamenti, jergilikti әkimshilik organdaryna jýkteldi. Al 1993jyly qabyldanghan «Kóship kelu turaly» Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Zany óte ýlken roli atqaryp, kvota jýiesi qalyptasyp, baspanamen qamtamasyz etu, mal, mýlik beru, auyldyq jerlerde sharuashylyqpen ainalysugha jer telimderin ýlestiruge tetikter qalyptasty. Ýshinshi ret 1997 jyly qabyldanghan «Halyqtyng kóshi – qony turaly» Qazaqstan Respublikasy Zany alys jәne tayau shetelderden kelgen qandastarymyzgha qol úshyn berip kómektesude jiberilgen kemshilikterge qaramastan birshama mәselelerde sheshimin tapty. Dýniyejýzinde 3 mynnan astam últtar men úlystar bolghanymen, bir ghana últtan túratyn birde–bir memleket joq. Dýniyejýzi qazaqtary qauymdastyghynyng jinaghan mәlimetteri boyynsha 40 shet memleketterdegi qazaqtardyng sany 5 million 600mynnan astam adam, onyng ishinde jaqyn shetelderde – 3 mln. 137 myng adam, alys shetelderde – 2 mln. 529 myng 800 adam. Qazaqtar kóp shoghyrlanghan memleketter – Qytayda –2.260 myn, Ózbekstanda –1.500 myn, Reseyde –1.100 myn, Mongholiyada –150 myn, Qyrghyzstanda – 95 myn, Týrkimenstan – 150 myn, Aughanystanda – 30 myn, Týrkiyada – 15 myn, AQSh-ta – 14 myn, Tәjikstanda – 10 myn, Iranda – 10 myn, jәne t.b. Tәuelsiz Memleketter Dostyghy elderining ishinde alys jәne tayau shetelden qandastaryn atamekenge oraltumen jýieli ainalysyp, memleket tarapynyn birshama qarjy júmsap otyrghan bir ghana el – Qazaqstan, al dýnie jýzinde – ýsh elding bireui. Býginde Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng eng aldymen memleketting úiytqy últy – qazaq últynyng býgingi men bolashaghyna basa nazar audaryp qarastyru kerek. Tәuelsizdik alghannan keyingi Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng jetistigi men ekonomikalyq damuy TMD elderimen salystyrghanda aldynghy qatarlardan oryn alady. Eng bastysyrespublikamyzdyng songhy jyldardaghy jetistigi, ol qazaq halqynyng ýles salmaghynyng artuy bolyp tabylady. Ayta keterligi, qazaqtardyng ózderining ata-meken jerlerinde azshylyqta boluy tәuelsizdikke qol jetkizgen kýnge deyin oryn alyp kelgen(1926 jyly 58,5% , 1939 j. -37,8% , 1959 j.-30% , 1989j. 39,7% ) [1, 45b.].Mine búl kórsetilgen mәlimetterden respublikamyzda tәuelsizdik alghangha deyingi qazaqtyng payyzgha shaqqandaghy mólsheri tómen bolghandyghyn bayqaymyz.Eger 1989 jyly respublikadaghy qazaqtardyng ýlesi 40 payyzgha jeter-jetpes bolsa, qazir búl kórsetkishting әlde qayda ósken. Ol turaly ghalym M.H. Asylbekov Qazaqstandaghy qazaqtar 1989 jyly 6,5 millionnan 2013 jyly 1 qantaryna 11 milliongha jetti, al ýlesi 39,7% - dan 65,2% -gha jetti...– degen, mәlimetter beredi[2, 42b.]. 1991 jyldan (2005j.) 1 shildege deyin elimizge barlyghy 110 myng 591 oralmandar otbasy qonys audardy. Sonyng ishinde 1991 jyldan 2007 jylgha deyin birghana Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysyna 19 alys jәne jaqyn shetelderden oralmandar qonys audaryp, olardyng sany 39936 otbasy nemese 136787 adamgha jetip otyr. Onyng ishinen 10521otbasy kóship kelu kvotasymen 29415 otbasy kvotadan tys kóship kelgender. Búl Respublikagha kelgen oralmandardyng 28 payyzyn qúraydy [3,96b.]. Tәuelsiz elimizding jyl sayyn nyghayyp, memleketti qúraytyn negizgi últ retinde qandastarymyzdy atamekenge kóshirip әkelude Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Ýkimeti mýmkindiginshe jaghday jasauda. Eger 2000 jylghy kóship kelu kvotasy – 500 oralman otbasyna arnalghan bolsa, 2003 jylghy búl kórsetkish – 5000 otbasyn, 2004 jylghy –10000 otbasyn qabyldaudy qarastyrghan. Elbasynyng 2004 jylghy 27 jeltoqsandaghy №1508 Jarlyghymen bekitilgen 2005 jylghy kóship kelu kvotasyna say 15000 otbasyny qabyldap, jayghastyru kózdelip otyr.Kóship kelu kvotasynyng mólsherining kóbengi –Ýkimetimizding qandastarymyzdy tarihy otanyna oraluyna ýlken mәn beruining aighaghy [4, 96b.]. Sóitip, elimizdegi qazaqtardyng sany 2005 jylgha qaray alty jýz myngha juyq adamgha kóbeydi. Taghy osy tústa qarastyryp ketetin erekshe jayt әlemde basqa últtarmen salystyrghanda әrbir ýshinshi qazaq shet elde túrady. Sondyqtan olardyng bәrin bir mezgilde tughan Otanyna kóshiruge mýmkindik joq ekendigi Elbasynyng sózinde ashyq aityldy, alayda Qazaqstannyng qazaq diasporasy basym memleketterding elbasylarmen kelissózderde olargha qamqorlyq etiluin ótinetinin de atap ótti. Dýniyede qazaq degen últ bireu, demek onyng últtyq bolmysy, salt sanasy, әdet ghúrpy – barsha qazaqqa tәn, onyng ghajap ruhany qazynasyn da bólip jarugha jatpaytyn ortaq baylyq. Kóshi - qon polisiyasy Komiytetining etnikalyq repatriasiya turaly resmy mәlimetteri boyynsha (2011 jyldyng qyrkýiek aiyndaghy jaghdayyna qaray ) elimizge 210225 oralman otbasy nemese 824170 adam qonys audardy. Atamekenge oralghan etnikalyq qazaqtardyng ishinde sany jaghynan birinshi orynda – Ózbekstannan kelgen qazaqtar túr (60,1%), ekinshi orynda – Mongholiyadan kelgender (13,3%), ýshinshi orynda –Qytaydan kelgender (10,3%), tórtinshi orynda – Týrkimenstannan (7,8%) jәne besinshi orynda- Reseyden kelgen qazaqtar – 4,3%[1, 46b.]. Respublikamyzgha alys jәne tayau shet elderden oralghan etnikalyq qazaqtardyng payyzgha shaqqandaghy kórsetkishi boyynsha birinshi orynda Ózbekstannan kelgen qandastarymyz túrghanyn bayqadyq.Ózbekstannan kelgen oralmandar Qazaqstannyng Ontýstik óniri:Jambyl, Almaty, Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblystaryna, Mongholiyadan kelgen oralmandardyng 63%-y Soltýstik ónirde:Aqmola, Pavlodar, Shyghys Qazaqstan oblystaryna qonystanghan. Qytaydan kelgen oralmandardyng 89% Shyghys ónirdegi: Shyghys Qazaqstan oblysyna tandau jasaghan. Al, Ontýstik ónirde – Almaty oblysynda qonystanghandar kóp. Týrikmenstannan kelgen oralmandardyng 80% Batys ónirlerge:Atyrau men Manghystau oblystaryna, al Reseyden kelgen oralmandardyng 76% Soltýstik Qazaqstan men Pavlodar oblystarynda qonystanghan[1, 46b.]. Dýnie jýzi qazaqtarynyng IV Qúryltayynda Elbasy, N.Á. Nazarbaev «Biyl tәuelsizdikpen birge atamekenge atbasyn búrghan Úly kóshke 20 jyl toldy.... « Elge el qosylsa qút» deydi dana halqymyz. Azattyqtyng eleng – alanyndaghy kýrdeli kezenge qaramastan, kóshimiz kólikti boldy.Sodan beri úly bir sәtke tolastaghan emes. At qazyghyn baylar atamekenge 20 jyl ishinde 300 myngha juyq otbasy kóship keldi. Osylaysha el halqynyng sany 1 millionnan astam qandasymyzben tolyqty. Biz dýnie jýzinde óz qandastaryn eline shaqyryp, qarajat bólgen ýsh-aq memleketting bireuimiz» – dep,aytty[5, 41 b.].Elbasy atap kórsetkendey sheteldegi qazaqtardyng atamekenge oraluy qazaqtar sanynyng bir million adamgha kóbeiine yqpal etti. Olardyng ýles salmaghy ósti, yaghny býgingi kýni etnodemografiyalyq, әleumettik, kóshi-qon ýderisin etnogendik negizde anyqtaydy, halyqtyng mәdeny sabaqtastyghyn qalpyna keluine, tughan tildin, dәstýrdin, salttyn, halyqtyq ónerding molangyna, memlekettik tilding әsirese, soltýstik-shyghys ónirlerde taraluyna yqpal etude. 1991-2011 jyldar aralyghynda 221,3 myng otbasy, 860,4 myng qandastarymyz Qazaqstangha kóship kelgen. Olardyng 60,5% Ózbekstannan (520myn), 10,4% Mongholiyadan (86 myn), 12,4% Qytaydan(106 myn) 7,8% Týrkimenstannan (67,5 myn), 5,3% Reseyden (45,5 myn) kelipti. Al qalghan 4 % (34myny) t.b elderden kelgen. Elge oralghan qandastarymyzdyng oblystar boyynsha ornalasuyna kóz jýgirtetin bolsaq 24,3% (206 myn) Almaty oblysyna,13,3% (114 myn) Manghystau oblysyna,7% (60myn)Jambyl oblysyna qonystanghan[6, 277b.]. Qonys audarghandardyng 54 payyzgha juyghy enbek jasyndaghylar, 26,5 payyzy balalar men jasóspirimder, nebәri 4,5 payyzy ghana zeynet jasyndaghylar[7, 14 b.].Kórsetilgen mәlimetten etnikalyq qazaqtardyng respublikamyzdyng demografiyalyq ósui men órkendeuine eselep ýles qosatyndyghynyng dәleli ekendigin bayqaugha bolady. Qazaqstan Respublikasyna shet elderden kóship kelgen qandastarymyzdyng ishinde 70- ten astam ghylym doktorlary, 250 ghylym kandidattary bar eken. Qandastarymyzdyng 40 mynnan astamy – joghary bilimdi, 93600adam – arnauly orta bilimdi, 230 myndayy – orta bilimdi. Qazaqstangha túraqty mekendeuge kelgen qandastarymyzdyng kópshiligi auyl sharuashylyq qyzmetkerleri, olardyng sany – 86031 adam, bilim beru qyzmetkerleri – 16997, dәrigerler – 9407, memlekettik qyzmetkerler – 1034, kәsipkerler –11203, basqa mamandyq ókilderi – 221670adam qúraydy[7, 17 b.].Býginde atajúrtyna kóship kelgen bauyrlarymyzdyng arasynda kóptegen ghalymdar men jogharghy bilimdi mamandar bar ekendigin jogharyda kórsetilgen mәlimetten bayqadyq. Qandastarymyzdyng diasporasynyng atamekenge oraluy respublikanyng demografiyalyq jaghdayyn ghana jaqsartyp qoymay sonymen qatar elding әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jәne ghylym men mәdeniyettin, әdebiyet pen ónerding damuyna da ózindik ýlesterin qosyp keledi. 2009- 2011 jyldargha arnalghan «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasy Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining tapsyrmasymen 2007-2015 jyldargha arnalghan kóshi –qon sayasatynyng tújyrymdamasyna say jasalghan bolatyn. «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasy boyynsha 2009- 2011 jyldary jýzege asyrylyp, memlekettik jәne jergilikti budjetten 197 milliard tenge qarastyrylghan. Ýsh jylda búl baghdarlama boyynsha 60 myng otbasyn, orta eseppen 300 myng adamdy kóshirip alu josparlanghan[8, 54 b.].Biraqta «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasynyng jýzege asyryluyn tekserude óz dәrejesinde jýrgizilmey, tiyimsiz iske asyrylghandyghy turaly mәlimetter bayqaldy. «2009- 2011 jyldary baghdarlama shenberinde 2567 etnikalyq qazaq otbasyna túrghyn ýy berilgen. Baghdarlama shenberinde jalpy qúny 2,6 mlrd. tengeden astam somagha salynghan 3223 pәterding 622 pәterine el qonystanbaghan. Aqmola oblysyndaghy Krasnyy Yar auylynda 138 pәter eki pәterlik túrghyn ýy tómengi sapamen salynghan. Bos túrghan 51,6 mln. tengelik 18 pәter túrugha jaramsyz, jóndeu júmystaryn qajet etedi. Soltýstik Qazaqstan oblysynda qúny 42,0 mln. tengeden astam somany qúraytyn bir pәterlik 10 túrghyn ýiding qúrylysy ayaqtalmaghan» dep, baqylau jasaytyn qúzyrly mekemening derekterine sýiene otyryp D.Baymoldaúly osy mәlimetterdi keltirgen[8,55 b.].Memleket tarapynyn bólingen qarjynyng talan-tarajgha úshyraghandyghyn osy keltirilgen mәlimetterden - aq bayqaugha bolady. Biraq soghan qaramastan alys jәne tayau shet memleketterdegi qandastarymyz atamekenge oraluda. Shetelderdegi qandastarymyzdyng atamekenge oraludaghy niyetterine qozghaushy kýsh bolghan, Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng tәuelsiz damuyn halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtyng moyyndauy, elding qarqyndy damuy, qazaqtyng ata-babasynyng jerinde memlekettikti qalyptastyrugha qatysu, egemendi memleketti saqtau men damytu, birynghay últqa enu bolyp tabylady. Óskeleng úrpaqtyng taghdyryna degen alandaushylyq jaqyn jәne alys shet elderdegi qazaqtardyng kónilin jaqyndastyrady. Álemning 40-qa tarta elinde 5 milliongha juyq qazaq, 5 qúrlyqqa bóline qonystanghan. Tәuelsiz Qazaqstannyng demografiyasyn jaqsartuda etnikalyq qazaqtardyng ýlesin arttyru memleketting eng basty strategiyalyq sayasaty. Elbasy halyqtyng sanyng 2015 jyly 20 milliongha jetkizu tapsyrdy, sondyqtan qazaq halqynyng sanyng arttyruda shetelderdegi otandastarymyzdy atamekenge oralugha niyeti bar qandastarymyzgha memleket tarapynan jaghday jasau, qol úshyn beru basty mindet. Býgingi tanda shetelderde túryp jatqan qandastarymyzdyng tarihy otany – Qazaqstangha oralu mәselesi memlkettik dengeyde qaralyp, zandy negizder jasalynuda. Qazaqstan Respublikasy tәuelsizdik alghan kýnnen bastap sheteldegi qazaqtarmen mәdeniy-ruhany salada baylanys jasaugha, olardyng atajúrtqa oraluyna mýmkindik tughyzugha airaqsha nazar audaryluda jәne ol mәsele әli de óz dәrejesinde jýrgizilu joldary qarastyryluda. Paydalanghan әdebiyetter tizimi: 1.Baltabaeva K.N. Kóshi –qon ýderisi: Qazaqstangha qonys audarushylardyng sandyq ósiminen olardyng sapalyq keleshegine deyin.// Qazaqstan qoghamynyng damuyna qandastarymyzdyng qosqan ýlesi.DQQ qúrylghanyna 20 j. toluyna oray ótkizilgen RGhPK materialdary. – Pavlodar., – 2012.– 45-50better. 2. Asylbekov M-A.H., Asylbekova J. M-A. Shetel qazaqtaryn zertteuding qorytyndylary men mindetteri. // Qazaq diasporasynyng jasampaz әleueti: tarihy jәne zamanauy kelbeti. RGhPK materialdary.Dýniyejýzi qazaqtarynyng qauymdastyghy. – Almaty., – 2013., – 42– 50 better. 3.Mahatova J. Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysyndaghy Kóshi – qon prosesining jaghdaylaryn taldau. // Erlikting bastauy eldikte atty konferensiya materialdar jinaghy. A, 2007 – 96 – 101 better. 4.Qazaqtardyng III Dýniyejýzilik qúryltayy ayasynda L.N.Gumiylev atyndaghy Euraziya Últtyq uniyversiytetinde ótken «Dialog alany» atty dóngelek ýstel mәjilisinde Kóshi-qon komiytetining tóraghasy J. Ábdiyevting bayandamasy.-95-157b.b. 5.Uatqan B.Últtyng úly jiyny. Derekter jinaghy. – Almaty Dýniyejýzi qazaqtarynyng qauymdastyghy «Atajúrt» baspa ortalyghy, 2012. – 408 bet. 6.Baymolda D. Qazaq kóshi. – Almaty,«Núr- Print» baspa ortalyghy, 2013. – 308 bet. 7.Qayrat B. Respublikadaghy kóshi –qon ýrdisi turaly. //Qazaqstan qoghamynyng damuyna qandastarymyzdyng qosqan ýlesi. Dýniyejýzi qazaqtary qauymdastyghynyng qúrylghanyna 20 j. toluyna oray ótkizilgen RGhPK materialdary. – Almaty., – 2012., – 14 – 23 better. 8.Bayoldaúly D. «Núrly kósh» baghdarlamasy jәne Mongholiya qazaqtary. //Qazaqstan qoghamynyng damuyna qandastarymyzdyng qosqan ýlesi. Dýniyejýzi qazaqtary qauymdastyghynyng qúrylghanyna 20 j. toluyna oray ótkizilgen RGhPK materialdary. – Almaty., – 2012., – 54 – 57 better.

Gýlnar Kozghambaeva

ÁÓJ 375(10) G.B.Qozghambaeva, N.K.Alpysbaeva Mongholiyadaghy qazaqtardyng әleumettik-ekonomikalyq qúrylymyndaghy kóshpeliler órkeniyeti teoriyasy (HIH gh. sony - HH gh. basy)

Maqalada, XIX ghasyrdyng ayaghy men XX ghasyrdyng bas kezinde Mongholiya qazaqtarynyng sayasi-ekonomikalyq jәne әleumettik ómirining kýrdeliligi qarastyrylghan. Mongholiya qazaqtary Sin imperiyasy qaramaghyna ótkennen keyin de, olardyng el biyleu jýiesindegi handyq biylikti joydy. Sin әkimshiligi búrynghy han, súltan, bolys, auyl basy, biyler soty degen basqaru jýiesin joyyp, óz ýlgisimen alty satydan túratyn jana әkimshilik biyleu jýiesin engizdi. Manichjur-qytaylyq biyleu jýiesin Sin imperiyasy engizgenimen qazaqtyng el biyleu jýiesi birjola joyylyp ketpegen, ol kóbine qazaqtardyng ishki mәselelerin sheshumen ainalysatyn bolghandyghy qarastyrylghan. Mongholiya qazaqtarynyng әleumettik qúrylymyndaghy kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghyna baylanysty zertteulerdegi kózqarastar talqylanghan. Qazaq elining әleumettik ómiri formasiya teoriyasy túrghysynan zertteuge bolmaytynyn praktikanyng ózi dәleldep berip otyr. Osy sebepterge baylanysty ghalymdar Qazaqstanmen qoghamdyq qúrylysy úqsas elderding ortaghasyrdaghy әleumettik ómirining sipatyn zerttegende «kóshpeliler órkeniyeti» degen teoriyany basshylyqqa aludy úsynyp otyr. Nәtiyjesinde Mongholiya qazaqtarynyng kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghynyng damuy atamekendegi qazaq halqynan tys ereksheligi bolmaghan degen qorytyndy jasalghan. Mongholiya qazaqtarynyng XIX ghasyrdyng ayaghy men XX ghasyrdyng basyndaghy qoghamdyq, әleumettik ómiri turaly taqyrypty zerttegende kóshpeliler órkeniyeti teoriyasy basshylyqqa alynghandyghy qamtylghan. Týiin sózder: diaspora, ekonomika, sayasat,kóshpeli órkeniyet,sosializm G.B.Qozghambaeva, N.K.Alpysbaeva Teoriiya kochevoy sivilizasiy v sosialino –ekonomicheskoy y obshestvennoy jizny kazahov Mongoliy (XIX – XX vv). V statie rassmatrivaitsya trudnosty politicheskoy y sosialino-ekonomicheskoy jizny kazahov Mongoliy v konse XIX – nachale XX vv. Posle vhojdeniya Mongoliy v sostav Sinskoy imperiy byla likvidirovana hanskaya vlasti.Sinskaya administrasiya uprazdnila tradisionnye instituty vlasty kazahov – vlasti hana, sultanov, volostnyh y aulinyh upraviyteley, a takje sud biyev. Vmesto nih byla vvedena shestistupenchataya sistema administrativnogo upravleniya. Odnako, tradisionnaya kazahskaya sistema upravleniya ne ischezla, ee elementy sohranilisi dlya resheniya problem vnutrennego haraktera. V statie analiziruitsya trudy, posvyashennye sosialinoy strukture kochevogo skotovodcheskogo hozyaystva kazahov. Sama praktika dokazyvaet, chto sosialinui strukturu kochevogo kazahskogo obshestva nelizya izuchati s podhodov formasionnoy teorii. V svoe vremya uchenye-obshestvovedy staralisi rassmatrivati obshestvennyy stroy kazahov s pozisiy «kochevogo feodalizma», v svyazy so shojestiu s drugimy srednevekovymy obshestvami. V rezulitate, razvitie kochevogo skotovodstva kazahov Mongoliy rassmatrivalosi odnoboko, ukazyvalosi, chto kazahskoe hozyaystvo ne obladalo spesifichnostiu. V nashem issledovaniy obshestvennoy jizny kazahov Mongoliy konsa XIX nachala XX vv. v rukovodstvo bralsya prinsip teoriiya kochevoy sivilizasii. G.B.Kozgambaeva, N.K.Alpsbaeva The social-economical structure of nomad civilization of Mongol Kazakhs in in the late XIX and early XX centuries The article is considered the difficulties of political and socio-economic life of Mongolia Kazakhs in the late XIX - early XX centuries. After accession of Mongolia to the Empire, the Khan's power was liquidated. Sin administration abolished the traditional institutions of the Kazakh authorities - Khan, sultans, township and village managers, as well as the court of biys. Instead of it, it was done six-speed administrative system. However, we couldn’t say that traditional Kazakh administrative system was disappeared, its elements were preserved to solve internal problems. The article analyzes the researches of social structure of the nomadic Kazakhs. The practice proves that the social structure of the nomadic Kazakh society cannot be studied with the formation of the theory. At past time, social- scientists tried to consider the social life of Kazakhs from the position of "nomadic feudalism", due to the similarity with other medieval societies. As a result, the development of nomadic Kazakhs of Mongolia was considered one-sided, it was shown that the Kazakh economy was lacked specificity. Our research is guided the principle of theory nomadic civilization of the social life of Kazakhs from Mongolia in the late XIX early XX centuries. Key words: diaspore, economic, politica, nomadic civilization, socialism. XIX ghasyrdyng 70 –shi jyldarynyng basynda Qytaydyng Shynjan ólkesining Altay aimaghynda túratyn qazaqtardyng bir bóligi5 Mongholiya territoriyasyna kóship kelip ornalasty. Qonys audarghan qazaqtardyng bir bóligi Shyghys Týrkistan ólkesin mekendep túrghan kezinde de, monghol jerine ótkennen keyin de, olardyng sayasi-ekonomikalyq әleumettik ómiri meylinshe kýrdeli boldy. XX ghasyrdyng basynan bastap Sin imperiyasy qazaqtardyng sayasy ómirine biraz ózgerister jasady. «Sin imperiyasy ózining feodaldyq-handyq memleketining әkimshilik jýiesi gubernatorlyq әskeriy-әkimshilik mekeme qúrdy. Manichjur-Qytay imperiyasy Altay Qobda qazaqtaryna ru basshysy arqyly óz ýstemdigin jýrgizip keldi» [1, -25 b.]. Eng әueli Sin әkimshiligi búrynghy han, súltan, bolys, auyl basy, biyler soty degen basqaru jýiesin joyyp, óz ýlgisimen jana әkimshilik biyleu jýiesin engizdi. Búl jýie gýn, ambyn, ýkirday, zәngi, kýndu, boshyq siyaqty alty satydan túrdy. Sin nmperiyasynyng qazaq arasyndaghy ókili saylanbay ol jogharydan taghayyndalatyn bolghan. Gýn imperatordyng ýkimderin jergilikti jerlerde jýzege asyrugha mindetti bolghan. Gýnning úsynysymen ambyn taghayyndaldy. Ambynnyng jәne ýkirdaylardyng mindeti halyqtan imperiyanyng qajetine salyq jinau, halyqtyng kónil-kýii, hal-jaghdayy turaly, jogharghy oryndargha habarlap otyru bolghan. Al zәngi, kýnde, boshyq siyaqty úsaq sheneunikter ambyn men ýkirdaydyng ýkimderin halyq arasynda oryndap otyru mindetin atqardy[1,-27b.]. Sin imperiyasy óz túsynda manichjur – qytaylyq biyleu jýiesin engizgenimen qazaqtyng biyleu jýiesi birjola joyylyp ketpegen. Abaq kereydi XIX ghasyrdyng basynda tóre úrpaghynan shyqqan handar biyleytin edi. 1826 jyly Abaq kereydi basqaryp kelgen Abylay әuletinen shyqqan Ábilqazy úly Kógeday dýnie salyp, biylik onyng balasy Áji tórege ótedi. 1830 jyly búl jýieni tórt by degen jýiemen almastyrghan kezde de, tórt biyge tóre túqymynyng ókilderi taghayyndalatyn. Qazaqtardyng «tórt oryn» dep atap ketken búl jýiesi manichjur-qytay jýiesimen qatarlasa jýrgizilip, kóbine qazaqtardyng ishki mәselelerin sheshumen ainalysatyn bolghan. Qazaq arasyndaghy sot biyligin biyler jýrgizgeni belgili[2,50b.]. Mongholiyadaghy qazaqtardyng da arasynda biyler soty boldy. Biyler soty býkil qazaq arasynda shariat jәne әdep-ghúryp negizinde daulardy sheship otyrdy. Mongholiyadaghy qazaq diasporasy da atamekendegi qandastary siyaqty kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysty. Býkil qazaq halqy siyaqty monghol elin mekendegen qandastarymyzdyng әleumettik qúrylymy jónindegi mәselege ghylymy túrghydan taldau jasau – tarih ghylymynyng aldynda qoyylyp otyrghan mindetting biri. Mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn kóshpeli halyqtyn, sonyng ishinde qazaqtardyng әleumettik qúrylymy taqyrybyna qalam tartqan ghalymdar az emes. Búl taqyrypta jazylghan enbekter de jeterlik. Osy ghalymdar atalmysh taqyrypty markstik-lenindik teoriya túrghysynan, atap aitqanda, formasiyalyq teoriya túrghysynan zerttedi[3].Biz marksizm-lenenizmdi birden bir shyn ghylymy baghyt deuden de, ony ghylymy baghyt emes deuden de aulaqpyz. Marksizm – leninizmdi adamzat qoghamynyng ótkeni, keleshegi turaly aldynghy qatarly oishyldardyng jasaghan ghylymy baghyttarynyng biri dep esepteymiz. Sondyqtan qoghamdyq jaghdayy turaly ghylymy júmyspen shúghyldanatyndar, zerttep otyrghan taqyrybyna sәikes teoriyany osy baghyttardyng arasynan nemese olardyng qosyndysynan izdep teoriyalyq basshylyqqa alghandyghy tarihy zerttteulerden mәlim.Kóp jyldar boyy tek jalghyz ghylymy baghytta júmys jasap, marksizm-lenenizmdi birden-bir shyn ghylym dep jariyalap,kópshiligimiz osy baghyttyng shyndyghyna sendik. Odan qol ýzip ketu, ony teoriyalyq basshylyqqa alyp, oghan meylinshe daghdylanghan sosializm dәuirining ghalymdary men olardyng úrpaqtary ýshin tipti de qiyn mindet. Eng әueli marksizm-leninizm qaghidalaryn kimning tәjirbiyesine negizdelip, tújyrymdalghanyna kónil bólu qajet. Osy túrghydan qaraghanda búl qaghidalar, olardyng barlyghy derlik Europa elderining tәjirbiyesine sýiengeni belgili. Marksting formasiyalyq teoriyasy barlyq elderge,barlyq jaghdayda sәikes kelmeytini belgili ekeni mәlim. Múny basqa formasiyalardy qoya otyryp, «feodalizm» atty formasiya teoriyasy arqyly dәleldeuge bolady. Formasiya teoriyasy boyynsha feodal jәne basybayly degen eki taptan qúrylatyn óndiristing negizgi qúral jabdyghy – jer feodaldardyng monopoliyalyq menshiginde, basybaylylar jer menshiginsiz bolatyn qoghamdy feodaldyq dep ataghany belgili[4,47b.]. Mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn elderde, sonyng ishinde, qazaq jerinde mal jayylymynyng keng baytaq boluyna baylanysty atalghan jayylymdargha jeke menshik qúqyghynyng qalyptasuy mýmkin emes edi. Jaylaugha ontýstikten, Qaratau ónirinen soltýstikke deyin, key jaghdayda bir myng shaqyrymgha deyin kóship baratyn keng baytaq jerdi qalay jeke menshikke beruge bolady? Qystaudyng jeke menshiktik keybir belgilerine qaray, qystaugha degen jeke menshikting shartty týrde bolghanyn atap ketken jón. Ishki Ordanyng hany Jәngir han HIH ghasyrdyng basqy shiyreginde jerge, sonyng ishinde qystau men shabyndyq jerlerge jeke menshik engizgeni belgili. Jәngir hannyng búl reformasy zor manyzdy shara, sonday-aq kóshpeli elderding tarihyndaghy túnghysh әreket bolghanymen nәtiyjesiz ayaqtalghany da belgili. Búl tәjiribie mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysqan elderde jerdi jeke menshikke beruge bolmaytyndyghyn dәleldeydi. Múnan keyingi uaqytta kóshpeli elderde osynday tәjiriybe qaytalanghany turaly mәlimet joq. Kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysqan elderde jayylymdy qauymdasyp paydalandy. Jayylymdyq jerding mólsheri maldyng sanyna proporsional, bylaysha aitqanda, baylardyng jayylym jer mólsheri ortashalardan, kedeylerden kóp boldy. Ortasha men kedey sharuagha ózining malyna qajetti jayylymnan artyq jerding qajeti de joq edi. Jerge jeke menshik bolmaghan jaghdayda sharualardy jerge qadap, bekitip otyratyn mýmkindikte bolmaydy. Sonyng saldarynan mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn kóshpeli elderde basy baylylar bolghan joq. Ol elderde bay qojalyqtar sharuashylyghy erkin sharualardy jaldau arqyly úiymdastyryldy. Múnday jaghdayda qanaudyng feodaldyqtan góri kapitalistik týri basym boldy. Erkin sharualar baylardyng malyn baghyp basqaday júmysyn istegende ony basy bayly bolghandyqtan emes, ekonomikalyq múqtajdyq negizgi ról atqardy. Baylardyng malyn baqqan sharualar mal týrinde aqy alatyndyghyn әrbir qazaq biledi. Kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn elderde jerge jeke menshik qalyptaspady degen sóz búl elderde eshqanday jeke menshik bolmady degen úghym tughyzbasa kerek. Atalmysh elderde jeke menshikting oektisi mal boldy. Adamnyng bay-kedeyligi onyng jayylym jerining mólsherimen emes, malynyng sanymen ólshenedi[5,-629b.]. Mal barlyq uaqytta jeke qojalyqtyng jeke menshiginde boldy. Tek kenes ókimeti ghana maldy qauymdyq menshikke ainaldyrdy. Jetpis jyl el biyleude kenes ókimeti malgha jasaghan qauymdyq menshik tәjiribiyesi nәtiyjesiz ayaqtalghany belgili. Mal óndiristing qúral – jabdyghy ghana emes, tútynu zatynyng rólin atqarghandyqtan, ol tek qana jeke menshikte bolugha tiyis, jer tek óndiris qúral-jabdyghynyng rólin atqaratyndyqtan,onyng qauymdyq menshikte boluyna mýmkindik bar. Jer esh uaqytta tútynu zatynyng rólin atqarghan emes. Jogharyda aitylghandargha qaraghanda, ortaghasyrdaghy qazaq qoghamynda klassikalyq týrdegi feodal jәne basybaylylar taby bolghan joq. Qanaushy formasiya dep atalatyn qoghamdyq qúrylymda onyng negizgi belgisi qanaushy, qanalushy tap bolmaghandyqtan ortaghasyrdaghy qazaq qoghamyn feodaldyq formasiya dep ataugha bolmaydy. Markstik-lenindik formasiya teoriyasyna qayshy keletindikten de ómir shyndyghyn búrmalap, odan shyghatyn jol izdeu qajet boldy. Ásirese, baylardy tәrkileu nauqany kezinde múnday qajettikting manyzy arta týsti. Osynday izdenisting nәtiyjesinde patriarhaldyq feodalizm, jartylay feodalizm, jartylay feodaldar, baylar-moldalar, taghy basqa ataular ómirge keldi. 1921 jyly shaqyrylghan RKP(b) –nyng X sezi partiyanyng últ-azattyq ornaghan elderdegi maqsaty turaly mәsele qaray kele, túnghysh ret «patriarhaldyq feodalizm» degen ataudy dýniyege әkeldi. Búl markstik-lenindik teoriya men mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn kóshpeli elderding ómir praktikasynyng aralyghyndaghy alshaqtyqty jong әreketi edi. Osy tújyrymgha sýiene otyryp, ghalymdar әrtýrli ataular oilap tabugha mәjbýr boldy. Qoghamdyq qúrylymy praktikalyq feodalizm bolmaghandyqtan oghan sәikes keluge tiyis ýstem tap ta tolyqqandy feodal bola almaytyny aitpasa da týsinikti. Qazaqstanda jiyrmasynshy jyldyng sonynda jartylay nemese patriarhaldy feodaldardy tәrkileu ýshin olardy ómirden izdep tabu qajet boldy. Qazaq dalasynda jeke menshiginde kóp maly bar, malynyng sanyna sәikes jayylym jerlerin paydalanatyn baylar degender boldy. Baylardyng jaghdayy paydalanyp otyrghan jayylym jerining mólsherimen emes, malynyng sanymen belgilenip otyrghan. Baylar sharualardy qanap otyrghanyn joqqa shyghara almaymyz,olardyng qanauynyng sipaty feodaldyqqa qaraghanda kapitalistik әdiske kóbirek úqsaytynyn jogharyda aitqanbyz. Sóitip, qazaq dalasynda feodal atty qanaushy tap bolghan joq. Ahmet Baytúrsynov 1919 jyly «Jizni nasionalinostey» jurnalynda jariyalanghan maqalasynda sol kezdegi qazaq halqynyng әleumettik ómirine taldau jasay otyryp, «Qazaq dalasynda taptyq jik joq», – degen qorytyndy jasaghan bolatyn [6]. Qanaushy tapty tәrkileu sayasatyn jýzege asyru ýshin, Qazaqstannyng әkimshilik oryndary olardyng feodal ekendigin malynyng sany arqyly anyqtau әdisin tandap aldy. Qazaq AKSR-nyng OA komiytetining 1928 jyly qabyldanghan dekreti boyynsha audandardyng kópshiligine otyryqshylyghyna baylanysty jýz elu-tórt jýz iri qara maly barlar feodal, iri baylar dep eseptelinip, tәrkilenetin boldy [7]. Búl teoriya túrghysynan da, praktika túrghysynan da qate edi, jýz elu-tórt jýz iri qara maly bar adamdardyng barlyghyn feodal tabyna jatqyzugha bolmaydy. Olardyng ishinde óz enbegi arqyly bayyghan auqatty sharualar kóp boldy. 1939 j. býkil Kenes Odaghy boyynsha jýrgizilgen halyq sanaghy boyynsha, Qazaq KSR boyynsha 99,3 payyz sharualar kolhozgha kirip, 100 payyz egistik jerler solardyng qaramaghynda bolghan [8, -26b.]. Sondyqtan, baylardy tәrkileu nauqany qazaq jerinde sayasi-ekonomikalyq salada ýlken qatelikter men búrmalaushylyqtargha әkelip soqqany belgili. Jogharyda aitylghandardan qazaq elinde ortaghasyrlarda da, odan keyin de klassikalyq týrdegi feodaldyq qogham bolghan joq, sondyqtan qazaq elining sayasy әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ómirin formasiyalyq teoriya túrghysynan zertteu qate tújyrymdar jasaugha әkep soghady degen, qorytyndy shyghady. Qazaq elining әleumettik qúrylymy turaly mәselege kóbirek toqtalghanymyzdyng sebebi, Qytay men Monghol elindegi qazaq diasporasynyng әleumettik qúrylymynyng sipaty turaly súraugha jauap izdeu edi. Múnda da jerge jeke menshik bolghan joq, osyghan baylanysty qogham feodaldar, basybaylylar degen qarama-qarsy eki tapqa bólinbedi. Qobda jerin mekendegen qazaqtarda jeke menshiginde kóp maly bar baylar, maly az, ortasha jәne kedey sharualar boldy. Bir sózben aitqanda, qazaqtardyng qoghamdyq әleumettik qúrylymyn formasiyalyq teoriya túrghysynan zertteuge bolmaydy, búl teoriya olardyng qoghamdyq әleumettik kúrylymynyng sipatyn anyqtaugha dәrmensiz degen qorytyndy jasaugha bolady. Formasiyalyq teoriyanyng avtory, K.Marks ózining teoriyasyn Aziya elderinin, sonyng ishinde mal sharuashylyghymen shúghyldanatyn kóshpeli elderding әleumettik ómirining ereksheligin zertteuge sәikes kelmeytinine kónil bólgeni belgili. Ol ómirining songhy jyldarynda bes formasiyadan tys taghy bir formasiyanyng adamzat tarihynda boluy mýmkin degen boljam jasap, oghan «Aziyalyq óndiris әdisi» degen at bergen. Songhy kezde qoghamtanushy ghalymdar adamzat qoghamynyng әleumettik ómirin zertteu teoriyasy retinde formasiyalyq teoriyagha kýmәndana qaraytyn boldy. Búl kýmәn formasiyalyq teoriyany mal sharuashylyghymen shúghyldanatyn kóshpeli elderding әleumettik ómirining sipatyn aiqyndaugha kelgende kýsheye týsip otyr. Formasiyalyq teoriya tarih ghylymynyng teoriyalyq negizi retinde túiyqqa tirelgen, osynday jaghdayda qoghamtanushy ghalymdar «órkeniyet teoriyasy» degen baghytty úsynyp otyr. Qazaq elining ótken ómirine kóz jýgirtsek, búl el bes formasiyanyng bireuin ghana basynan keshirgeni belgili. Qazaqta qúldyq qogham bolghan joq, feodalizm turaly jogharyda aityldy, qazaq eli kapitalizm satysyna ayaq basa bastaghanda búl joldan qazan tónkerisi búryp әketti, sosialistik eksperiyment sәtsiz ayaqtaldy. Sóitip, qazaq elining әleumettik ómiri formasiya teoriyasy túrghysynan zertteuge bolmaytynyn praktikanyng ózi dәleldep berip otyr. Osy sebepterge baylanysty ghalymdar Qazaqstan siyaqty elderding әleumettik ómirining sipatyn zerttegende «kóshpeliler órkeniyeti» degen teoriyany basshylyqqa aludy úsynyp otyr. Búl teoriya jan-jaqty zerttelip, tújyrymdalyp, ýlgere almaghany belgili. Biraq jogharyda aitylghan «Aziyalyq óndiris әdisi» teoriyasymen ýndesedi. Bizding oiymyzsha, kóshpeli elderding qoghamdyq әleumettik ómirin kóshpeliler órkeniyeti túrghysynan zertteu, belgili bir nәtiyjege jetkizetin baghyt. Bizde, Mongholiyany mekendegen qazaqtardyng XIX ghasyrdyng sony men – XX ghasyrdyng basyndaghy әleumettik ómiri turaly taqyrypty zerttegende «Kóshpeliler órkeniyeti teoriyasyn» basshylyqqa aldyq. Ony basshylyqqa alu degende sóz, atalghan kezende qazaqtardyng ekonomikasynyng negizi mal sharuashylyghy bolghanyn, óndiristing negizgi qúral-jabdyghyn qúraushy mal әrbir otbasynyng jeke menshiginde, jayylym jer qauymdyq menshikte bolghanyn eskeruge tiyispiz. Óndiristik qatynastyng osynday erekshelikterine say qoghamda maly kóp baylar, maly az sharualargha bólindi. Europa elderindegidey feodal, basybaylylar taby bolghan joq, baylardyng sharualardy qanauy feodaldyk elderdegidey ekonomikadan tys kýshteu әdisimen jýrgizildi, qoghamnyng sayasi, ruhany jәne t.b. kórinisterining sipaty kóshpelilik órkeniyet belgilerimen aiqyndalyp otyr dep, qorytyndy jasaugha negiz bar. Ádebiyetter: 1.      Saray A. Bayan-Ólgey aimaqtyng qazaq halqy tarihynyng keybir mәseleleri. – Ólgey: MHR-ghylym taratu qoghamynyng Bayan-Ólgeylik bólimi, 1968. – 22-26 - b. 2.        Tóreqúlov N., Qazbekov M. Qazaqtyng biy-sheshenderi. – Almaty: Jalyn, 1993. – 50 - b.; Sozaqbaev S. Tәuke han. Jeti jarghy. – Almaty: Sanat, 1994. – 48 - b.; Kenjaliyev Z. Kóshpeli qazaq qoghamyndaghy dәstýrli qúqyqtyq mәdeniyet. – Almaty: Jeti jarghy, 1997. –260 b. 3.            Zlatkin IY.D. Istoriya Djungarskogo hanstva. 1635-1758. – M.: Nauka, 1983. – 332 s.; Gurevich B.P. Mejdunarodnye otnosheniya v Sentralinoy Aziy v XVII – pervoy poloviyne XIX v. – M.: Nauka, 1983. – 309 s.; Moiyseev V.A. Djungarskoe hanstvo y kazahy (XVII – XVIII vv.). – Alma-Ata: Ghylym, 1991. – S. 238; Suleymenov R.V., Moiyseev V.A. Iz istoriy Kazahstana XVIII veka (o vneshney y vnutrenney politiyke Ablaya). – Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1988. – 144 s.; Abuseitova M.H. Kazahstan y Sentralinaya Aziya B HV-HVII veka: istoriya, politika, diplomatiya. – Almaty: Dayk-Press, 1998. – S.194-207. 4.      Erenov A. K. Ocherky po istoriy feodalinyh zemelinyh otnosheniy u kazahov. – Alma-Ata.,- 1960.– 158s.; Zimanov S.Z. O patriarhalino-feodalinyh otnosheniyah u kochevnikov-skotovodov // Voprosy istorii. – 1955. – №12; Sonyki. Obshestvennyy stroy kazahov pervoy poloviny HIH v. – Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958. – 296 s.; Tolybekov S.E. O patriarhalino-feodalinyh otnosheniyah u kochevyh narodov // Voprosy istorii. – 1955. – №1. – S.75-83. 5.          Tolybekov S.E. Kochevoe obshestvo kazahov v XVII – nachale HIH veka: politiko-ekonomicheskiy analiyz. Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1971. – 633 s. – S. – 628 – 631. 6.          Jizni nasionalinostey. – 1919. – 3 avgusta. 7.            Omarbekov T. Goloshekin Qazaqstanda // Leninshil jas. – 1990. – 5 tamyz. 8.     Istoriya Kazahskoy SSR. 5-t., – Almaty., – 1980. – S.– 695. Peferences: 1. Sarai A. Bayan – Olgei aimaktyn kazak halky tarihynyn keibir maseleleri. –Olkei: MHR-gylym taratu kogamynyn Bayan-Olgeilik bolimi,1968.-22-26b 2. Torekulov N., Kazbekov M. Qazaqtyn bi-sheshenderi. – Almaty: Zhalyn, 1993. – 50 - b.; Sozakbaev S. Tauke khan. Zheti zhargy. – Almaty: Sanat, 1994. – 48 - b.; Kenzhaliev Z. Koshpeli qazaq qogamyndagy dasturli quqyqtyq madeniet. – Almaty: Zheti zhargy,1997. –260 b. 3. Zlatkin I.D. Istoria Djungarskogo khanstva. 1635-1758. – M.: Nauka, 1983. – 332 s.; Gurevich B.P. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya v Centralnoi Azii v XVII – pervoi polovine XIX v. – M.: Nauka, 1983. – 309 s.; Moiseev V.A. Djungarskoe khanstvo (XVII – XVIII vv.). – Alma-Ata: Gylym, 1991. – S. 238; Suleimenov R.V., Moiseev V.A. Iz istoriy Kazakhstana XVIII veka (o vneshney I vnutrenney politike Ablaya). – Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1988. – 144 s.; Abuseitova M.H. Kazakhstan i Centralnaya Azia B HV-HVII veka: istoria, politika, diplomatia. – Almaty: Daik-Press, 1998. – S.194-207. 4. Erenov A. K. Ocherki po istorii feodalnyh zemelnyh otnosheniy u kazahov. – Alma-Ata.,- 1960.– 158 s.; Zimanov S.Z. O patriarhalno-feodalnyh otnosheniah u kochevnikov-skotovodov // Voprosy istoriy. – 1955. – №12; Sonyki. Obshestvennyi stroi kazahov pervoi poloviny HIH v. – Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958. – 296 s.; Tolybekov S.E. O patriarhalno-feodalnyh otnosheniah u kochevyh narodov // Voprosy istoriy. – 1955. – №1. – S.75-83. 5. Tolybekov S.E. Kochevoe obshestvo kazahov v XVII – nachale HIH veka: politiko-ekonomicheskiy analiz. Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1971. – 633 s. – S.628-631. 6. Zhizn nacionalnostei. – 1919. – 3 avgusta. 7. Omarbekov T. Goloshekin Qazaqstanda // Leninshil zhas. – 1990. – 5 tamyz. 8.Histor Kazak CCR. – 5t. – Almaty., – 1980. –B. –695.

Gýlnar Qozghambaeva

MONGhOLIYa QAZAQTARYNYNG MAL ShARUAShYLYGhYMEN QOSALQY KÁSIPTERI

Ál-Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU t.gh.k., dosent Qozghambaeva G.B. Týiindeme:

 MaqaladaAltay ólkesinen monghol jerine qonystanghan qazaqtardyng negizi sharuashylyghy, ekonomikalyq jәne әleumettik tiregi kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghy bolghandyghy qarastyrylghan. Qobda betinemal jayyp, kelip-ketip jýrgen qazaqtar ólkening tabighatynyng qolaylylyghyn, halyqtyng siyrek konystanghanyn bayqap, monghol jerine qonystandy.Mongholiya elin mekendegen qazaqtardyng bir bóligi mal sharuashylyghymen analysyp, tórt týlik maldy ósirude jyl mezgilderinde kóship qonyp jýrip, malgha shóbi shýigin jerlerdi mekendegen. Mal sharuashylyghymen qatar ang aulau kәsibimen de shúghyldanghanymen, olardyng negizgi sharuashylyghynyng qaynar kózi mal sharuashylyghy boldy. Kilt sózder: diaspora, gýn, urianhay, ýkirday, taypiyn, hoshun,arat,hot ail. XIX ghasyrdyng ayaghy – XX ghasyrdyng basynda Altay tauynyng teriskey jaghyn mekendegen qazaqtardyng negizi sharuashylyghy, ekonomikalyq jәne әleumettik tiregi kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghy boldy. Qazaqtardyng bir bóligining búl ónirge kóship kelip,qonystanudyng basty sebebi kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghyna qajet jayylym jerler boldy. Qytaydyng manchjuriyalyq Sin imperiyasy monghol elin XVIII ghasyrdan – XX ghasyrdyng basyna deyin otarshyldyq ezgide ústady. Monghol halqynyng tәuelsizdik ýshin kýresining nәtiyjesinde Mongholiya Sin imperiyasynyng bodandyghynan 1911 jyly bosanyp, elding tәuelsizdigin jariyalady. Mongholiya Sin imperiyasynyng qarauynda bolghandyqtan qytay men monghol eli arasynda resmy shekara bolmaghan. Qazaqtardyng keybir rulary osy jaghdaydy paydalanyp, XIX ghasyrdyng jetpisinshi jyldarynan búryn da monghol jerine mal baghyp, әsirese, jaz ailarynda jaylau retinde paydalanghan. Kerey taypasynyng Sherushi, Jәntekey rulary monghol jerining kendigi men malgha jayylym retinde qyzyghyp, HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda kóship kelip, mekendey bastaydy. Qazaqtyng Abaq – Kerey rularynyng mal jayylymynyng jaghdayy turaly G.F. Astafiev «Osynau eldi mekenning keybir jerlerine kóship qonyp mal jayyluyna qolayly. Kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghynymen ainalysuda negizinen jyl mezgilining qysy men jazyna sәikes mal jayylymy boluy qajet. Mysaly, Alakól oipaty mal qystaugha óte qolayly bolghanymen, jaylaugha jәisiz bolatyn» dep, atap kórsetken[1, 41b.]. Mongholiyanyng tabighatynyng ereksheligine baylanysty qazaqtar mal sharuashylyghyn jartylay kóshpeli týrde úiymdastyrdy. Árbir qazaq auylynyng belgili qystau qorasy qalyptasty. Qystaudy kóp jyl paydalanyp iyemdengen otbasy kele-kele, sol jerge ózining menshigi retinde qarady. Ondaghy jer sol otbasynyng atymen ataldy, oghan basqa bireuding kelip qonuyna, shóbin malyna jegizuge rúqsat bolmady. Ondaghy qora, onyng shóbi qatal týrde qorghaldy. Ádettegi qúqyq-erejeleri jeke otbasynyng qystaugha degen qúqyghyn qorghaytyn bolghan.Sóitip, qystau-qora әrbir otbasynyng jeke menshigi retinde qalyptasty. Qystau-qoranyng iyesi qystauyn óz balalaryna múragerlikpen beruge, óz qystauyn basqa otbasyna beruine kúqyly boldy. Mongholiyany mekendegen qazaqtar arasynda qystaudy satu nemese satqany turaly mәlimet kezdespeydi. Qystau jeke otbasynyng menshigine berilgendigin dәleldeytin resmy mәlimette joq. Búl aitylghandar, sol eldi mekendegen qazaqtardyng biri bóligi Kereylerding arasynda qystaugha jartylay jeke menshik boldy degen qorytyndy jasaugha mýmkindik beredi. Qazaqtardyng arasynda malgha jem shóp dayyndau keng óris jayghan joq. Óitkeni Qobda ónirining tabighaty mal jayylymyna qolaylylyghy jәne onyng erekshelikterine baylanysty boldy. Ónirding jayylymynyng kópshiligi tau-tasty jerlerde bolghandyqtan, jappay alatyn jerler az boldy, jayylym negizinen maldyng óz ayaghymen jayyluyna beyimdelgendigin anghartady. Qystaudyng jayylymyn qoryp, odan azghantay shóp shauyp alghanymen, ol qys boyy barlyq maldy jemdeuge jetpedi. Tek, jazghytúrym aryq maldardy jemdeytin bolghan. Jyldyng tórt mezgilinde kóship –qonu, qystaudan basqa ýsh kezeninde qazaqtar ýnemi kóshetin bolghan. Qobda betine asqan qazaqtardyng bir bóligi, qazaqtyng basqa da ru úlystary siyaqty tórt týlik mal ústady. Ekonomikanyng naturaldy sipatta boluy, halyqtyng basqa dýniyeden tomagha-túiyq boluyna әkep soqty da, tauar – aqsha qatynasynyng damuyna kedergi boldy. Ekonomikanyng naturaldy sipatta boluy aqsha ainalymynyng damuyna, saudanyng óris aluyndaghy kedergige qaramastan, XX ghasyrdyng basynda qazaqtardyng arasynda ishki sauda men naryqtyng damuy edәuir oryn aldy. Jeke qojalyqtardyng arasyndaghy sauda- sattyq aiyrbas saudamen shekteldi de, ol qazaqtardyng mal sharuashylyghy men qolónerining ónimderin sinire almady. Búl qazaqtardy kórshiles orys, qytay elderimen sauda qatynasyn damytugha iytermeledi. HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan Reseyde, HH ghasyrdyng basynan Qytayda kapitalistik qatynastardyng damuy, búl eki elge ónerkәsip ónimderin ótkizetin rynok, auylsharuashylyq shiykizatynyng qoryn izdeuge mәjbýr etti. Ekonomika salasynda múnday jana kórinis orbitasyna monghol elin mekendegen qazaqtar da tartyla bastady. Tarihy derekterge qaraghanda HH ghasyrdyng basynda Reseyding monghol elin mekendegen qazaqtarmen shekaralas jerinde jyl sayyn ashylatyn Sarymsaqty jәrmenkesi olardyng ekonomikalyq jaghynan damuyna ýlken ýles qosty. Kónekóz qarttardyng esteligine qaraghanda, jәrmenke jyl sayyn jeltoqsanda ashylyp, on kýn boyy sauda jasaytyn bolghan.Jәrmenkege qazaqtar jyl sayyn soghym soyyp, osy aparyp sauda jasaghan. Olar teri, jýn, kiyiz, ang terisi siyaqty shiykizattardy orys aqshasyna satyp, oghan ózderine qajetti búiymdar alghan. Qazaqtardyng alatyn basty tauarlary: astyq, shay, әrtýrli mata, temir-tersek siyaqty kýndelikti tútynys búiymdary boldy[2, 87-88b.]. Mongholiyadaghy qazaqtar Qytaymen de, ondaghy qazaq tuystarymen de sauda-sattyq qatynastardy damytyp otyrdy. G.N. Potaninning aituyna qaraghanda, Altay betin mekendegen kereyler XIX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan eginshilik kәsibimen ainalysa bastaghan. Qara Ertisting boyynda arpa,biday ekken, búl ólkede on shaqty ýy diyirmenderi bolghan, múnda tartylghan ún, Qobda betine asqan qazaqtargha da jetkizilgen[3, 38 b.]. G.N. Potanin 1876 jyly әrqaysysy eki atqa kiyiz, shay, mata artqan, ony Qyrangha aparyp satyp, astyq alghaly bara jatqan jiyrma shaqty qazaqqa kezdeskeni turaly jazady[1, 39b.].Múnymen qatar qazaqtar mekendegen monghol elining batys ólkesine orys, qytay saudagerleri kelip sauda jasaghan. G.N. Potaninning aituyna qaraghanda, kereylerding arasynda orys saudagerlerining birneshe tasymal sauda oryndary júmys istep túrghan[3, 75 b.].Qobda betin mekendegen qazaqtar eki týrli alym-salyq tólep otyrdy. Onyn biri Sin imperiyasynyng jergilikti oryndaryna, ekinshisi qazaqtardyng óz ishindegi lauazym iyelerine tóleytin salyq edi. 1911 jyly Mongholiyada jengen últ-azattyq qozghalysqa deyin Sin imperiyasynyng eng auyr salyghynyng biri lau salyghy edi. Monghol elinde sóz bolyp otyrghan kezende qatynas kóligining rólin atqaratyn jolaushy tasu mindeti mongholsha orten, qazaqsha lau dep ataldy. Árbir otbasy jyl sayyn belgili bir merzimde óz at kóligi, ýii, azyq-týligimen belgilengen orten jerge kelip, bir ay boyy lau salyghyn ótedi. Eki ortenning arasy otyz-qyryq shaqyrym boldy da, laushy qazaq osy eki aragha jolaushy tasugha mindetti boldy. Memleket arasyndaghylar, lau atyn minetin kuәlik alghan sheneunikter at mingeni, tamaq ishkeni, orten ýiine qonghany ýshin aqy tólemeytin edi. Qobda qalasynan Oighyr basyna deyin segiz orten boldy. Osy ortenderde qazaqtar lau mindetin atqardy[2, 89 b.].Sin imperiyasynyng mýddesi ýshin qazaqtar jyl sayyn imperiya әskerlerining at kóligine arnap myng jylqy tóledi, múny qazaqtar «sary noqta salyghy» dep atady. Qytaylar jylqyny sary qayys noqtamen baylaytyn bolghandyqtan osylay atalady. Qazaqtar ókimetke jәne jergilikti biyleushilerge alym-salyqtar tólep túrdy, qazaqtar «qazan alman», «soyys» dep mal óniminen, al «ghúshyr», «pitir» dep egin óniminen salyq tólep túratyn. Altay qazaqtarynan jyl sayyn on myng qoy, bes myng iri qara, bir myng týie, eki myng kesek kiyiz (úzyndyghy 10 m, eni 5 m keletin) alman alyp otyrghan[4, 19 b.]. Kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn elderde sharuashylyqty úiymdastyrudyng basty formasy mongholdarda «hot ail», qazaqtarda «auyl» bolyp tabyldy. Auyl jayylymgha baghynyp, kóshi –qonyn retteytindikten, bir jerde úzaq otyrmaydy, jayylymdy qystau, kýzeu, jaylau, jazghytúrymghy qonys dep bólispen paydalanady[5, 37 b.]. Maldyng ósui jayylymgha baylanysty bolghandyqtan ony bóliske salghandyqtan mal jan óse kele jana jayylymdar ýshin ýnemi qaqtyghysyp otyrghan. Ýstem tap ókilderi arasynda jerge baylanysty kóbine dau-damaylar bolyp, ýnemi qaqtyghystar da bolyp túrghan. Qazaqtyng ýstem tap ókilderi alghash urianhaylardan jalgha alghan jerlerin bóliske salyp, Altay tauynyng qoynau, silemderin úzaq jyldar boyy ýrim – bútaghymen paydalanyp kelgendikten birqatar jerler kýni býginge deyin solardyng keybireulerining atymen atalyp kelgendigi aiqyn. Mәselen Bayan– Ólgey aimaghynyng Altay súmyn ólkesinde alghash qonystanghan Kóbeshting atymen atalghan «Batyr ashasy», Samyrhan, Jәngirler mekendegen «Tóre jaylauy», Ýkirday, Múryndyq mekendegen «Ýkirday sayy», Rysbay baydyng ýlken balasy Qorabay mekendegen «Qorabay ashasy» sonday –aq «Mamyrbay darasy», «Óserbay darasy», Sengeel, Sagsay súmyny ólkesinde Boztay baydyng atymen atalghan «Boshekeng jaylauy», Últaraq bay qonystanghan «Últaraq jaryghy», «Dәkilbay darasy», «Qúlybay araly» sekildi túnyq suly, orman – toghayly, qúnarly jayylymdy ólkelerdi kóptep ataugha bolady. Osy ólkeler jogharydaghy adamdardyng iyelenip kelgen jerleri retinde iz qaldyrghan[5, 38 b.]. Qobda betin mekendengen qazaqtar jazda Dayan, Syrghaly, Sýngiti, Altay siyaqty malgha jayly, shóbi shýigin jerlerdi jaylasa, qystyng suyghynda qar az týsetin Qaratau, Shýiashy, Tolbo, Dәlýin qatarly kóptegen jayly jerlerdi tandap qystady. Búl jerlerge qar az týsetindikten, maldy qoldan jemdemey, tabighy jayylymda ústaugha qolayly jerler bolyp keldi. Biraq qysta qardyng az týsuine qaramastan key jyldary qys úzaq boluy saldarynan mal jútqa úshyrap halyqtyng jaghdayyn auyrlatyp jiberetin jaghdaylar da kezdesedi. Búl ólkege qazaqtardyng bir bóligi qarasha aiynyng basynda kelip qonyp sәuirge deyin bolatyn. Kókteude mal sharuashylyghynyng negizgi manyzdy kezeni bolyp sanalady. Óitkeni maldyng tóldeui jauapty kezeng bolyp eseptelgen. Maldyng tólin aman –esen aluy, sol otbasynyng mal sanynyng artyp, ekonomikasynyng jaqsaruyna әkeletin bolghan. Al jaylaugha shyghu uaqyty sol mekenning klimattyq jaghdayyna baylanysty bolghanymen de, negizinen jazdyng – mausym, shilde, tamyz ailarynda boldy. Altay tauynyng teriskey betindegi qazaqtyng Abaq – Kerey rularynyng jylqysynyng dene bitimi kelisti, basy әsem,keudesi juan, qarny tatynqy, terisi júqa, jýni qysqa, jyltyr negizinen aqshyl, qara, qaralau óndi bolghanyn G.E. Grumm – Grjimaylonyng enbekterinde aitylghan. Al qoydan et beretin tegene qúiryqty qoy ósirgen. Monghol elin mekendegen qazaqtardyng ósirgen qoylarynyng dene bitimi shaghyn,sary, qyzghylttau óndi basynyng mandayy ýlken, múrny dónes, astynghy erni ilgeri, qúlaghy úzyn, bel arqasy tegis, keudesi juan, túyaghy tik, jazda denesine maydy mol jinaityn túqymnan bolghan, eshki malyn az ósirgen. Tarihshy – ghalym Z.Qinayatúly 1860 jyldary qazaqtyng azghantay auyly alghash múnda 30 mynnan asa qoy, 10 mynnan asa jylqy, 6 mynnan asa siyr, 2 myng týiemen, kelse, 1989 jyldyng mәlimeti boyynsha jalpy Bayan-Ólgey aimaghy 1284,0 myng bas mal sanatqan. Onyng 0,8 payyzy týie, 6,5 payyzy jylqy, 8,7 payyzy siyr, 60 payyzy qoy, 24 payyzy eshki týligi týgelimen bayyrghy qazaq qoyynyng túqymy, – dep kórsetken[6, 128 b.]. Mongholiyadaghy qazaqtar mal sharuashylyghymen qatar ang aulaumen de shúghyldanyp kelgen. Ang aulau kәsibi kóshpeli qazaq sharuashylyghynyng ejelgi kәsipterining biri bolyp sanalady. Anshylar qasqyr, týlki, qoyan, suyr, borsyq, qarsaq, arqar, sarshúnaq, kýzen jәne t.b. andardy aulaghan.Sonymen qatar andy býrkit, qarshygha, súnqar salu arqyly da aulaghan. «Qazaqtar ózara býrkit saudasyn jasaytyn. Olardyng bir –birine býrkitti 200 qoygha deyin satqanyn kózimmen kórgenim bar. Basqasha aitqanda sol kezdegi baghamen 500 rubli. Óitkeni býrkitti baptaugha asa mol enbek júmsalady» -dep, jazady Grumm –Grjimaylo[7, 38 b.]. Andy býrkit, qaqpan, azdaghan shitti myltyqpen aulap keldi.Olar býrkit, súnqar, qarshyghamen týlki, qarsaq sekildi úsaq andar aulady. Sonymen qatar ang terisin orys, qytay kópesterine aiyrbas jәne aqsha –tauar arqyly ótkizip otyrdy, al keybirin uranhaylargha jer tólemining aqysyna beredi. Auqatty adamdar ang aulaudy seruen kórip, qatarynan birneshe býrkit te ústady, keyde anshylyqqa shyqqanda ózderimen qosa kóp adamdardy erte jýrgen. HH ghasyrdyng basynda qazaqtar suyrdy kóptep aulay bastady. A.N. Kaznakov: «Songhy jyldary orys saudagerleri suyr terisin kóp alatyn boldy. Osydan bolar halyq arasynda suyr aulau óris aldy» -dep, jazdy. [8, 6 b.]. Altay tauynyng teriskey betindegi qazaqtardyng sharuashylyghynda anshylyqtyng manyzy tómen bolmady. Olar ang aulap, etin jep, terisinen kiyim jasaumen qatar baghaly ang terilerin satyp otyrdy. Jogharyda keltirilgen mәlimetterge qaraghanda monghol elin mekendegen qazaqtar kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghymen qatar anshylyqpen de ainalysyp, kóptegen andardyng týrlerin aulaghan. Mongholiyadaghy qazaqtardyng ekonomikasynyng qaynar kózi ejelden kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghy ekendigin A.Saray, Á.Minis, Z.Qinayatúly, IY.Qabyshúly taghy basqa da ghalymdardyng enbekterinde aitylyp, býgingi kýnge deyin sharuashylyqtyng osy týrimen ainalysatyndyghy jazylghan. 1940 jyly Mongholiyada mekendegen qazaqtar óz aldyna jeke shanyraq kóterip, әkimshilik-territoriyalyq Bayan-Ólgey aimaghynyng ornauy búl ónirdegi qazaqtardyng qoghamdyq-ekonomikalyq ómirine ýlken ózgerister әkeldi.1941 jyldan bastap mal sharuashylyghy men óndiris ónimderin arttyru jolgha qoyyldy. Sonymen qatar búl ónirdegi qazaqtardyng qoghamdyq-ekonomikalyq ómirinde damudyng jana kezeni boldy. 1941 jyldan mal sharuashylyghy, óndiris ónimderin arttyru, eksport mólsherin ósiru, jýn dayyndau, sarymay, ún, nan óndiruge nazar audaryldy. Sóitip, 1941 jyldan bastap Bayan-Ólgey aimaghy qazaqtarynyng ekonomikalyq ómiri memleketting birikken ekonomikalyq sayasat, jospar aumaghynda órbidi. 1947-1952 jyldar aralyghynda halyq sharuashylyghy men mәdeniyetin damytudyng alghashqy bes jyldyq josparlarynda Bayan-Ólgey aimaghy qazaqtarynyng ekonomikasyna baylanysty keybir maqsattar belgilenip, iske asyrylyp keldi. Qazaqtar dәstýrli mal sharuashylyghymen ainalasumen qatar óndiris, baylanys, kólikbaylanysy jәne t.b. kәsiporyndar salasyndaghy júmystardy da atqardy. El ekonomikasynyng negizi kýshi mal sharuashylyghy 2 qayta ósti. Mal ósirip, sanyng arttyru mýmkindikteri tudy. Mashina men shóp shabatyn stansiya, mal dәriger úiymdary men maman dәrigerlerding sany artty. Auyl sharualyghynda újymdasqan birlestikterding sany jýzden asyp, óndiris, et kombinattary, baspa isi, azyq-týlik óndirisi jәne t.b. kóptegen iri óndiris oryndarynyng sany jyldan jylgha ósip, halyqty kýndelikti tútynatyn zattarmen qamtamasyz etip otyrdy. Qorytyndylay kele, Mongholiya elin mekendegen qazaqtardyng bir bóligi mal sharuashylyghymen analysyp, tórttýlik maldy ósirude jyl mezgilderinde kóship qonyp jýrip, malgha shóbi shýigin jerlerdi mekendegen. Mal sharuashylyghymen qatar ang aulau kәsibimen de shúghyldanghanymen, olardyng negizgi sharuashylyghynyng qaynar kózi mal sharuashylyghy boldy. Paydalanghan әdebiyetter: 1.Astafiev G.F. Nasionalinyy sostav v Kitae. – M.: Politizdat, 1971. –S. – 399 2.Ardagerler eskertkishi atty jinaq // Bayan-Ólgey aimaghynyng partiya komiytetining arhiyvi. – 87-89 bet. 3.Potanin G.N. Ocherky Severo-Zapadnoy Mongolii. – Vyp II. – S.38-39. 4.Tortaeva Á. Shyghys Týrkistan qazaqtary. // Qazaq tarihy. – 1998. – № 1. – – 17 – 21 b. 5.Saray A. Revolusiyadan búrynghy qazaq halqy. – Ólgey – 1991., – 146 bet. 6.Qiyanatúly Z. Mongholiyadaghy qazaqtar. – Almaty: Dýniyejýzi qazaqtarynyng qauymdastyghy, – 2001.– 215 b. 7.Grumm-Grjimaylo G.E. Zapadnaya Mongoliya y Uryanhayskiy kray. – T. 2. – Istoricheskiy ocherk v svyazy s istoriey Sredney Azii. – L.: Uchenyy Komiytet MNR, 1926. – 840 s.; T.3. – Antropologicheskiy y etnograficheskiy ocherk etih stran. Torgovaya y kolonizatorskaya v nih deyatelinosti kitaysev y russkiyh. Dopolneniya y popravki. – L.: Uchenyy Komiytet MNR, 1930. 8.Kaznakov A.N. Mongoliya y Kiym. - Spb.: Rus. Geogr. Ob-vo, 1907. – 320 s.

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