Jalghasy. Aldynghy bólimderin myna siltemelerden oqy alasyzdar:

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Jas mólsherimen aqyl-oyy erte eseygen danyshpan jalghyz Múhtar emes. Búl sózdi jazghanda ol jiyrma bes jasta. Biraqta týnilip aitsaq ta, asyryp aitsaq ta meyli, tól últymyzdyng boyyndaghy derti jónindegi uәji әli de sol “dert” qalpynda saqtalyp, em qonbay jatqany da shyndyq-au. Ol kezde Múhtar el basqaryp, bir guberniyanyng tóraghasy atanghan, memleketttik apparattyng jauapty qyzmetkeri edi. Sonda da aragha tura on jyl salyp baryp, ózining osy pikirinen bas tartatynyn, әriyne, payghambar emes, sondyqtan boljay alghan joq. 1932 jyly týrmening qúrsauynan qútylu ýshin: “Mening ótkendegi jazushylyq qyzmetimning aiqyn belgileri “Enlik-Kebek” pen “Qarakóz” siyaqtylar edi. Búlar býgingi tónkeris dәuirinen alystaghan qazaq saltyn kórsetumen qatar, ózderining ekshelip alghan taqyryptary boyynsha tónkeris tematikasynan әdeyi aulaqqa jayylyp ketkendikti jәne últshyl jazushylardyng tobyna ketkendikti bildiretin nәrseler”-dep, ózining alghashqy pikirinen ainyp shyqty. Uaqytsha. Búl ózining býkil shygharmashylyq jolyna bergen “jalpy baghasy” da edi. Sonda da 1917 jyldyng kóktem, jaz ailarynda dýniyege kelgen “Enlik-Kebek” tragediyasynan synshylardyng da, ózining de taptyq sypat izdeui tym úshqarylyq. Óitkeni, avtor belgili bir maqsatty aldyna qoya otyryp kórkem shygharma jazatyny anyq qoy. Sol ýshin de tarihy oqighany tandap alghan.

Sebebi...

Tarih talqysy – ýlken syn. Ótkenin úmytqan, bayyrghy oqighalardy sanasynan shygharyp, odan taghylym almaghan halyqtyng keleshegi ýmitsiz. Tarihy jadtyng óshui, ózinen-ózi syn kózben ýnile bilmeytin mardamsu – sol elding qoghamdyq damuyndaghy dәrmensizdikti tudyrady. Qazaq qauymynyng keshiginkirep baryp qozghalysqa týsken ruhany týleui – últ ómirine serpilister әkeldi. Sanany janghyrtatyn yqpaldy kýsh – óner bolatyn. Aristoteli: “Tragediya – adamdardyng is-әreket, qimylyn ashady, tarih – derekterdi anyqtaydy. Tragediyanyng maqsaty – ýrey men janashyrlyq sezimin oyatu, sol arqyly taghdyrdyng oqys iyirimderin kórsetu, al tarih – onday mindetti atqarmaydy”, - dep óner qúdiretin joghary qoyady. Tarihy taqyryptyng kókeykesti zamanauilyghynyng kýshi – qatty qaqtyghystar arqyly adam sanasyn oyatuy. El ómirindegi óksikti oqighalardy algha tarta otyryp, tvorchestvo iyesi ózining kókiregine tolghan ashy zapyrandy syrtqa shygharady. Búl janrda 56 piesa jazghan Shekspirden artyq azap shekken suretker joq. Ol aghylshyn, dat, niyderland, italiyan júrtshylyghynyng әr kezenderindegi súmdyq súrapyldardy tragediya arqyly kórsetip, jan ashuyn jetkizdi. “poeziyanyng shyny – tragediya... Ólenmen jazylghan drama – kórermenderdi iydeyalyq-psihologiyalyq túrghydan tәrbiyeleu ýshin asa qajet” - deydi “Enlik-Kebekti” orys tiline audarghan aqiyq aqyn Iliya Selivinskiy. Jiyrma jasar Múhtardyng tragediyany tandauy da tegin emes. Búl “Jolsyz jaza” onyng sol kezdegi jýrek buyrqanysyn, sanadaghy oy sabylysyn, kózqarasyn jetkizuge tolyq mýmkindik beredi.

Ol “Enlik-Kebek” tragediyasy arqyly býkil feodaldyq qoghamgha, әli de sol tozghan dәuirden etek-jenin jiyp ala almay “feodalizmning quraghan mýiizinen” tas qyp ústap túrghan biylerge shyrgha tastady.

Tartystyng basty tútqasy etip ghasyrlar boyy halyqtyng birligin iritip, “Alty baqan alauyzdyqqa úryndyrghan” ru arasyndaghy jikshildikti aldy. Búl merez minez – elding eldigin ketirgen eng dertti mәsele bolatyn. Eralydaghy Enlik pen Kebekting qabiri – sol dәuirding qataldyghyn әshkereleytin zaman betindegi qara sýiel siyaqty edi. Qandy oqighanyng negizgi aiypkerlerining ýrim-bútaghy tiri, tipti Múhtardyng ózimen aralas, dos-jar adamdar bolatyn. Kengirbaydyng jylqynyng jal-qúiryghyn aralastyryp soqqan keshenine qalyng júrt tәu etip, әulie tútyp, tabynatyn kez edi ol. Múhtardyng ózi de san ret barghan. Al, sol mazardyng batysynda Nysan Abyzdyng da qabiri múnartyp kórinetin. Shyghysynda qos ghashyq mekeni, qos tómpeshik-qabir, iyesiz bala enirep qalghan Aqshoqy biyigi de kózge kýiik bop basylatyn.

Tarih qúbylysty sanada saralau arqyly kórkemdik shyndyqty shynayy jetkizu jәne onday dәrejege túnghysh shygharmasy arqyly kóterilu – kez-kelgen talanttyng mandayyna jazylmaghan. “Enlik-Kebek” arqyly Múhtar sol shyrqau biyikke kóterildi. On toghyz-jiyrma jastarynda “Ges Fon Berlihingendi”, “Qaraqshylardy” jazghan Gete men Shiller ózining ishki buyrqanysyn kýittep, oqigha men keyipkerlerding is-әreketine tarihy anyqtama izdep әure bolmady. Olar ózderinen búrynghy tarihshylardyng jazbalaryn paydalanyp, sol derekterge kórkemdik shyndyqtyng shapanyn qiygizdi. Mysaly: birde bozbala Gete anasynan: “Keshe men kitaphanadan sonday qyzyq kitapty qolgha týsirdim. Endi sonyng negizinde piesa jazyp shyghamyn. Temir bilekte batyrdy kórgende qorqaulardyng kózi qalay sharasynan shyghar eken. Qylysh ústaghan temir sausaq – qanday ghajap” -depti. Ol kitap – “Nemis zang ghylymdarynyng damu tarihynyng negizderi” atty zertteu eken. “Ges Fon Berlihingenning ómirnamasy” degen basylymgha silteme jasalady. Gete ony da tabady. Búl – Berlihingenning óz memuary bolyp shyghady. Mine, osynday bay qazynany iygere otyryp piesany jazady. Al Shekspir tarihy dramalaryna Uolter Richard Graftonnyng “Aghylshynnyng qysqasha tarihy” (1562 j.), 1565 jyly shyqqan Djon Stoudyng “Tariyh-namasy”, Rafael Holindshedting “Angliya, Shotlandiya hronikalary” (1587 j.), U. Bolduinning “Ámirshilerge arnalghan ainasy (1587 j.), Semtoli Daniyeliding “Alibionnyng angliyasy” ispetti zertteulerde bayandalghan oqighalardy arqau etti. Tek “Richard III” tragediyasyna qatysty Bekonnyng “Genrih VIII tarihy”, Ruzdyng “Aghylshyn korolidarynyng tarihy”, Polidar Vertilinning “tarihy”, Tomas Mordyng kórkem tilmen bayandalghan “Koroli Richard III tarihy” atty enbekteri bar bolatyn. Osy jazbalardaghy derekterdi kórkemdik jinaqtau quatty talant iyesine onsha qiyndyqqa týspegen. Búl materialdar olardyng oiyna qozghau salghan.

Múnday mýmkindik Múhtarda bolghan joq. Ol ózining qiyal-kýshine, ruhany týisigine ghana sendi. Qoghamdyq damudyng aghymy, qazaq elining basynan keshirip otyrghan әleumettik qarym-qatynastar, jýrekte lyqsyghan ashy oy zapyrany qolgha qalam alugha mәjbýr etti. Ol ózining suretkerlik qabiletine, kýshine kýmәn keltirmedi. Shygharma jazu – onyn, sol kezdegi basty ómirlik kәsibine, ruhany maqsatyna ainaldy. Talant óz kýshine ózi sense ghana týlemek. Qolgha qalam alugha iytermelep, kónildegi kóp buyrqanystyng otyn tútatatyn tamyzyq-shaqpaq sol senim, sol ruhany qajettilik. “Men ózimning barlyq ghúmyrymda, dәlirek aitsam, meni sýiindirgen, kýiindirgen, tipti nazarymdy audarghan bolmashy oqighanyng ózin obrazgha, ólenge ainaldyrugha asyqtym, sol arqyly ózimmen-ózim esep aiyrystym, qorshaghan әlem jónindegi óz úghymymdy tekserip-týzetip, ishtey ýlken qanaghat tauyp otyrmyn. Poetikalyq daryn kez-kelgen adamnan góri maghan asa qajet edi, ótkeni mening bolmysym meni birese órge, birege kórge jeteleydi. Sondyqtan da osy uaqytqa deyin mening jariyalaghandarym – azaptan arylugha úmtylghan ýlken qúshtarlyqtyng úshyqtary ghana”- deydi Gete shygharmashylyq qúdiretting qajettiligi turaly. Múnday kónil kýy Múhtardy da baurap alghan edi.

Jazu – ol ýshin ruhany qajettilik. Oy soqtylyqtan aryludyng eng senimdi joly edi. Qaghazgha jazylghan tarihy shejire tapshy bolsa da:

                             Ótken adam bolady kózden tasa,

                             Óldi, óshti, ony eshkim oilamasa.

                             Ol ketse de belgisi joghalmaydy,

                             Kerektisin eskerip úmytpasa, –

dep Shәkerim aitqanday, Múhtar atadan balagha auyz eki әngimelengen anyz, dastandargha sýienedi. Mysaly:

Piesadan búryn dýniyege kelgen Maghauiyanyng “Enlik-Kebek”, Shәkerimning “Jolsyz jaza” dastandaryndaghy adamdardyng da, jerding de attary birdey. Ýsheuindegi oqigha da, tartys ta úqsas. Sonday-aq oqighanyng jelisi de “Jolsyz jazanyn” jolymen tartylghan. Dastandaghy peyzajdardyn, túrmystyq sypattardyng barlyghy sahnalyq kóriniske auysqan. Dialogtardaghy sózderding arasyna Shәkerimning ólenderi shumaq-shumaq kýiinshe sol qalpynda alynghan.

Alghashqy shymyldyq ashylghanda Nysan Abyz sahnagha shyghady. Dastanda abyzdyng әieli Tansholpan joq. Piesada ol da sәuegeyding biri bop kórinedi. Oqighanyng úitqysy “Jolsyz jazada” da, “Enlik-Kebekte” de nysannyng Kebek batyrdyng bolashaghy turaly bal ashuynan bastalady. Eki shygharmanyng janrlyq ereksheligine qaray biri – ólenmen, ekinshisi – qara sózben bayandalghany bolmasa maghynalarynda eshqanday aiyrma joq. “Enlik-Kebektin” birinshi núsqasynda (1917 jylghy) Múhtar Shәkerimnin  “Jolsyz jazasynyn” sahnalyq núsqasyn jasaghanyn joramaldaugha bolady. Keyin baspagha dayyndaghanda qayta óndep, tyng oqighalar men keyipkerler qosyp, derbes shygharma dәrejesine kótergen. Sonyng ózinde de 1922 jylghy núsqada Shәkerim dastanynyng izi, úzyn yrghasy saqtalghan. Shyndyqqa kóz jetkizu ýshin shaghyn bir ýzindini salystyrumen shektelemiz. Ózge úqsastyqtardy taldau barysynda ziyaly oqyrmannyng ózi de angharar dep ýmit artamyz. Sonymen:

“Jolsyz jaza”, Abaydyng tolghauy:

                             “Shyraghym bal ashtym dep mal almaymyn,

                             Ol ýshin saghan aqy sala almaymyn.

                             Jaman aitsam jabyghyp qala kórme,

                             Jannyng sózi jasyryp qala almaymyn.

                             ... Múnly qonyr dausy shyqsa zarlap,

                             Yqtiyarsyz ketedi boy shymyrlap.

                             “A” deydi de tyndaydy anda-sanda,

                             Qúlaghyna ketkendey jan sybyrlap...

                             ... Nysan abyz qysylyp batqan terge,

                             Qarady da sóiledi Kebek erge,

                             “Ajalyng biyik qabaq súrlau qyzdan,

                             Batyrym onday qyzgha kónil bólme.”

                             ... Qara jartas týbinde kez keledi,

                             Shyryghym sonday qyzdan saqtanyp jýr.

                             Ádeyi izdep barmassyng kez bolarsyn,

                             Kez bolsang alys emes, tez bolarsyn.

                             “Saqtyq ta qolyq jýrmes – degen bar ghoy,

                             Saqtanbasang artqygha sóz bolarsyn”,

“Enlik-Kebek”, 1922 jylghy núsqa:

“Abyz: Al pirinmin, pirinming – pirinnen tughan erinmin.

Az úl oljay ishinde – tandap bir qonghan jerinmin. (Baqsynyng sarynynan bir talay sózdi ólendetip aityp kelip, anda-sanda manqyldap, baldyrlap) múnday shirkin ne deydi?!... Altyn berseng almaymyn, aitqanyna nanbaymyn. (Silkinip basyndaghy taqiyasyn úshyryp jiberedi, azdan song qyzulanyp taghy sóileydi, ýiding ishi shyldyrlaydy, azdan song shanq etip) Qyz?! Qyz ba? Ne deydi? Súrlau?... Ei... Oi, shirkin... Jartas deydi (Ýiding ishi taghy shyldyrlaydy, toqtap terin sýrtip alyp, basyn shayqap) batyrym! Súnghaq boyly, biyik qabaq, súrlau qyzdan ajalyng bar. Ol qyz qaqpaq jartas týbinde kóz bolady, kóz bolsa, keshikpeydi, tez bolady, saqtyqta qorlyq joq, osy sózdi esine al!”

Biri – ústaz, biri – shәkirt esepti eki adamnyng jazghan shygharmalarynyng ózara úqsap túruynyng pәlendey aiyp-shamy joq. Múhtargha “Jolsyz jazany” Aqyshtyng úzatylu toyyna qoyyluyna rúqsatyn bergen shәkerimning ózi. Oghan deldaldyq jýrgizgen – Túraghúl. Sondyqtan, búl arada tandanatyn eshtene de joq. Jәne dәl sol Jiydebayda, piesadaghy keyipkerlerding úrpaghynyng ishinde túryp poemagha qanday da bir ózgeris engizuding ózi mýmkin emes-tin. Ekinshiden, Múhtardyng óz janalyghy da bar. Ol – oqighanyng ózegin biyler aitysyna qúrdy. Búl feodaldyq qoghamnyng iri qayratkerlerining obrazy arqyly әleumettik jaghdaydyng syran ashugha jeli tartty. Tragediyanyng týp tamyryn sheshendik ónerimen, biyler kenesi arqyly ashqan eng ýzdik tuyndynyng biri osy “Enlik-Kebek”. Ýshinshiden, sol tústa Europa men Resey sahnalary simvolizmning sharpuynda bolatyn. Múhtardyng ózi meterlinkting abstraktili piesalaryn sýiip oqyp, qatty eliktep “Qyr suretteri” atty simvolikalyq әngimeler jazghany da mәlim. Nysan abyz siyaqty kóripkel-balgerlerding ol ýshin erekshe júmbaq qúbylystyn, ishki túspaldyng sәtti toghysynday kórinui zandy da. Kózsiz bolashaqtaghy taghdyr zaualy aldyn ala anyqtalyp koyylghanyna qaramastan Kebek pen Enlikting (Meterlinikte – soqyrlar) sol dýley kýshke qarsy jýrui de adamzattyng әldebir tyghyryqqa kep tireletinin megzeydi.

Yaghni, adam jaqsylyqqa qansha úmtylghanmen de jazmyshtyng peshenene jazghanyna kónesing odan asa almaysyng degen túspal.

On jetinshi – jiyrma jetinshi jyldardyng arasynda Múhtar osy bir týniluge toly tolghanysty, emosiyalyq ekzotikany “shygharmashyldyghyndaghy saryny bólek kónil kýii etip alyp edi”. Piesadaghy iydeyalyq nysana, óndeuler men tolyqtyrular, sahnalyq sheshimder qaqynda Rymghaly Núrghaliyev pen Baghybek Qúndaqbaev óz monografiyalarynda egjey-tegjeyli qarastyrghandyqtan da, biz tek tarihy túlghalardyng ómirlik derekterine toqtalamyz. Enlik-Kebek oqighasy qay zamanda ótti, oghan sebepker bolghan kimder? Búl da jauabyn tabugha tiyisti týitkildi tolghaudyng biri. Shygharmanyng ómirlik shyndyghyna kóz jetkizu de qyzyqty jayt. Alayda, odan góri ghasyrlar boyy eki elding arasyna synaday qaghylghan ómirdi bilu ýshin de qajet-au. Qajet. Múhtar aitqanday, “sol bir dert” – dert kýiinde qalyp otyrghan qazirgi kýnde de “kókeykestiligin” joyghan joq-au, joyghan joq. Sonymen:

                                     Kelgeni tobyqtynyng osy mangha,

                                     Myng jeti jýz seksenge taqalghanda.

                                     Eldi bastap әkelgen Mamay batyr,

                                     Orda, Kóken, Ashysu, Doghalangha -

degen Shәkerimning sózine jýginsek, búl oqigha XVIII ghasyrdyng jetpisinshi-sekseninshi jyldary aralyghynda Shynghys tauynyng alqabyndaghy kishi Ordanyng balaq sileminde ótti.

Irgeles qonystanghan eki eldi yghyr etken ereges, kókirek qynjyly – jer dauynan tútanady. Onyng týp tórkini bylay.

(jalghasy bar)

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