Jonghar handyghynyng әskeri XVIII ghasyrdyng birinshi shiyreginde quatty kýshke ainalghany mәlim. Oghan jauyngerlerding ghasyrlar boyy jinaqtaghan úrys tәsilderining tәjiriybesimen qosa, europasha soghys jýrgizu tәrtibining qalyptasuy, bastysy – әskerding bilte myltyq jәne zenbirekpen qarulanuy sebep boldy. Osynyng arqasynda halqymyzdy qan qaqsatpap pa edi?! Hosh, ol jeke әngime. Býgingi aitpaghymyz sol zamannyng songhy jetistikterining biri bolghan atalghan qaru týrlerining jongharlargha qalay týskendigi jayynda.

Qyzyghy, jongharlar janasha soghys qimyldary men otty qaru ýshin kezdeysoq tútqyngha týsken Iogann Gustav Renat degen shved ofiyserine qaryzdar eken. Ol jayynda kóptegen tarihy derekter bar. Tipti tól tarihymyzdy kórkem shygharma dengeyinde terbegen Iliyas Esenberlin «Kóshpendiler» trilogiyasynyng «Jantalas» atty ekinshi bóliminde, Tәuke han túsyndaghy qazaqty qaumalaghan jaulardyng biri qalmaqtar jayynda aita kele, olardyng qolyndaghy qarudy tilge tiyek etip ketken.

«Jonghardyng Qytaygha kýsh-quaty jetpeydi, jarmasary bayaghy ýirenisken jauy, qazaq eli. Olardyng jýz myng atty әskerine qazir qazaqtyng tótep berer jayy joq. Áriyne, búl kezdegi Jonghar әskeri Qalden kezindegi shoqpar, soyyl ústaghan jabayy, taghy әsker emes. Ásker sapyn Europa tәrtibimen qúrghan, soghys tәsilin europasha jýrgize alar zenbiregi, bilte myltyghy bar. Oghan Jonghar jauyngerlerining ghasyrlar boyghy úrys-soghys tәjiriybesin, tózimdiligin, jankeshtiligin qossanyz qanday kýshke ainalady. Jonghar әskerin múnday myqtylyqqa jetkizgen Syban Raptan, onyng jauynger balasy Qalden Seren men jaldama Qytay әskery mamandary edi. Búghan shved ofiyseri Iogann Gustav Renat ta az ýles qosqan joq», – dep jazghan bolatyn qalamger.

Shved ofiyserining jongharlargha taghdyrdyng jasaghan syiynday ghayyptan payda boluynyng qysqasha tarihy kelesidey.

1709 jyly I Petr patshanyng túsynda orystar Poltavanyng týbindegi shayqasta shvedterdi jenip, olardyng 20 myngha juyq әskerin tútqyngha alady. Solardyng arasynda unter-ofiyser Iogann Gustav Renat ta bar. Ol uaqyt Reseyding Sibirdi belsene iygerip jatqan kezi-túghyn. Qalalar boy kóterip, zauyttar salynyp, ken oshaqtary ashylyp jatty. Sauatty, tәrtipke kóngish, ghylym men qolónerge ebi bar shvedterden minsiz júmys kýshi shyghatynyn orystar jaqsy týsindi. Sondyqtan da tútqyndardyng bir bóligi Sibirge jiberildi. Osylaysha 1711 jyly Renat Tobolisk qalasynan bir-aq shyqqan.

Ol kezde jongharlarda otty qaru bolmaghanymen, qontayshylary Syban Raptan bilte myltyq pen zenbirekti qolgha týsirudi kópten kóksegen. 1716 jyly jonghar jasaghy Ertisting Kerekuge jaqyn saghasynda shabuylgha tap bolghan Tobolisktan shyqqan Buhgolis ekspedisiyasyna kómektesuge barghan orys tobyn ústap, adamdaryn tútqyndaydy. Aralarynda Renat ta bolghan shved tútqyndarynan túratyn top ta jongharlardyng qolyna týsedi.

Júmysqa jegilgen tútqyndardyng ishinde qúrastyrushylyq qabileti men injenerlik bilimining arqasynda Renat kópting ishinen erekshelene bastaydy. Ony bayqaghandar jonghar jasaghynyng qontayshysyna habarlaydy. Syban Raptan qolynan is keletin europalyqty birden oirat ústalaryna qosyp zenbirek jasaugha júmyldyrady. On jylgha juyq uaqyt ishinde olar temir men mys kenin óndirip, metall qorytudy mengeredi. Artynsha zenbirek qún men oghan qajetti oq-dәri, yadro jasau da ózin kóp kýttirmedi. Búl jonghar әskery óndirisindegi tónkeris edi. Alghashqy shoyyn qorytu zauyty 1726 jyly Ystyq-kól jaghalauynda salyndy. Artynsha Qaldan Serenning túsynda Yarkentte mys zauyty, Temirlik ózeni boyynda qúrastyrghysh seh ashyldy. Búl óndiris oshaqtary europalyqtar ýshin shaghyn manufakturaday kórinse, kóshpendilerge tútas quatty óndiris bolghan.

Renat birneshe jyldyng ishinde 40 kәdimgi zenbirek pen 10 qysqa moyyndy zenbirek qúighan. Ol jongharlargha metal óndirisining songhy jetistikterin ýiretumen qatar kartografiya men baspa isin de bilgeninshe tanystyrghan. Tipti noyandargha europalyq әskery isten dәris oqyp, artilleriyalyq atudyng núsqaulyghyn basyp bergen degen de derekter bar. Jonghar kartasyn syzghan da osy shved ofiyseri.

Renattyng payda boluymen búrynnan qalyptasqan ozyq әskery jýie innovasiyalyq sipatqa ie bolyp, tolygha týsti. Renattyng kómegimen jongharlar otty qarudyng birneshe týrin iyelendi. Salt attylar qysqa oqpandy vintovkalarmen, jayau jauyngerler bilteli myltyqtarmen, týieli artilleriya zenbirektermen qarulandy. Olardyng jenil jәne qysqa moyyndy eki týri boldy. Zenbirekterdi tasymaldaugha týieler paydalanyldy.

Jonghar qolynda bolghan jyldary Renat Syban Raptangha, keyinnen Qaldan Serenge ózin bosatu turaly birneshe ret ótinish jasaghan. Alayda zenbirek jasau isi tolyghymen ayaqtalyp, oirat ústalary ony mengerip bolmayynsha Renatty jiberu mýmkin emes edi. Tipti otty qaru qoldaryna týskennen keyin de shvedtik ónertapqyshty bosatugha asa qúlyqty bolmady. Dese de 1733 jyly Renattyng jalyna ótinuimen Qaldan Seren oghan jomarttyq jasap, jaqsylap qúrmettep bosytyp qoya berdi. Artynsha Renat otanyna oralyp, sol jaqta ómirining sonyna deyin ghúmyr keshken.

Melis Seydahmetov

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