Mazhap degenimiz arab tilinde «baratyn jol» maghynasyn beredi. Mazhap sózining belgili bir baghytqa jýru maghynasyn beru sebebi, músylmandyq ýkimder aqyrettik mekenge jetu jolyndaghy qatynastardy retteudi qolgha alady. Sonday-aq, mazhap sózi «layyqty kózqaras» degen úghymdy da bildiredi. Terminologiyada mazhap dep Islam dinining ýkimderining jýzege asyryluy men týsindirilu barysynda, yaghni, sayasi, senimdik, qúqyqtyq negizder boyynsha belgili bir ghúlama (mazhaptyng negizin qalaushy) tarapynan berilgen ýkimderding jiyntyghy aitylady.

Islam tarihynda alghash sayasy jәne senimdik mәselelerge baylanysty  payda bolghan mazhaptar «fyrka», «nihla» jәne «maqala» sózderimen belgili boldy. Búl sózder erekshe amaldardy jasaghan top nemese toptar maghynasyn bildiredi. Negizinen músylman qoghamynda alghash ret ózgeshe týsinik pen joramal aitqan toptardy «maqala» dep atady. Sebebi, alghashqyda jazylyp tartys tudyrghan jәne dolbarlanghan mәseleler tek bir ghana mәsele haqynda boldy. Mysaly, múslmandardyng alghashqy pikirtalastary ýlken kýnә jasaghan adam músylman sanala ma, sanalmay ma? mәselesinde payda boldy. Osy taqyrypta bir ghúlama ózining ózgeshe oiyn bildirse,  ol ghalym «sahibul maqala» (ózgeshe oidyng iyesi) dep atalatyn. Imam Ál-Áshariyding «Kitabu maqalatiyl-muslimin uә hilafil musalliyn», Ál-Kýmmiyding «Kitabul-maqalat» atty shygharmalary osy salada jazylghan týrli «maqalalar» jóninde keninen mәlimet beredi.

Mazhap degenimiz arab tilinde «baratyn jol» maghynasyn beredi. Mazhap sózining belgili bir baghytqa jýru maghynasyn beru sebebi, músylmandyq ýkimder aqyrettik mekenge jetu jolyndaghy qatynastardy retteudi qolgha alady. Sonday-aq, mazhap sózi «layyqty kózqaras» degen úghymdy da bildiredi. Terminologiyada mazhap dep Islam dinining ýkimderining jýzege asyryluy men týsindirilu barysynda, yaghni, sayasi, senimdik, qúqyqtyq negizder boyynsha belgili bir ghúlama (mazhaptyng negizin qalaushy) tarapynan berilgen ýkimderding jiyntyghy aitylady.

Islam tarihynda alghash sayasy jәne senimdik mәselelerge baylanysty  payda bolghan mazhaptar «fyrka», «nihla» jәne «maqala» sózderimen belgili boldy. Búl sózder erekshe amaldardy jasaghan top nemese toptar maghynasyn bildiredi. Negizinen músylman qoghamynda alghash ret ózgeshe týsinik pen joramal aitqan toptardy «maqala» dep atady. Sebebi, alghashqyda jazylyp tartys tudyrghan jәne dolbarlanghan mәseleler tek bir ghana mәsele haqynda boldy. Mysaly, múslmandardyng alghashqy pikirtalastary ýlken kýnә jasaghan adam músylman sanala ma, sanalmay ma? mәselesinde payda boldy. Osy taqyrypta bir ghúlama ózining ózgeshe oiyn bildirse,  ol ghalym «sahibul maqala» (ózgeshe oidyng iyesi) dep atalatyn. Imam Ál-Áshariyding «Kitabu maqalatiyl-muslimin uә hilafil musalliyn», Ál-Kýmmiyding «Kitabul-maqalat» atty shygharmalary osy salada jazylghan týrli «maqalalar» jóninde keninen mәlimet beredi.

«Maqalat» sózining ornyna keyin «nihla» sózi qoldanyla bastady. Shahristany «Kitabul-miylel uәn-nihal» (dinder men mazhaptar tarihy) degen tanymal shygharmasynda týrli sayasy jәne senimdik kózqarastaghy toptargha jan-jaqty toqtalghan bolatyn.

Býgingi kýni «mazhappen» birge «fyrka» termiyni de qoldanylady. Bólingen top maghynasyn beretin búl sóz kóbine sayasi, senimdik mazhaptargha baylanysty aitylady. Mәshhýr ghalym Abdulqadyr әl-Baghdadiyding «әl-Farq bәinәl-firaq» (mazhaptar arasyndaghy ózgeshelikter) atty shygharmasy sayasy jәne senimdik mazhaptargha jan-jaqty toqtalyp ótken. Al, osy salanyng bilgiri Ethem Ruhy Fyghlaly «maqala», «nihla», «fyrka» terminderi kóbine sayasi, senimdik aghymdargha baylanysty aitylghandyghyn, al «mazhap» termiyni kóbine qúqyqtyq mektepterge qatysty qoldanylatynyn aitady.

Endi, mazhapqa bólinushilikke yqpal etken faktorlargha toqtalar bolsaq:

Ásire últshyldyq - Músylmandardyng aghymdargha bólinuine әsire últshyldyq týsinigi qatty yqpal etti. Ásili, Islam últshyldyq pen nәsilshildikke qarsy. Alla Elshisi (s.a.u): «Nәsilshildikti qozdyrghan bizden emes... Basqa bir hadiys-sharifte: «Bir arabtyng arab emesten ýstemdigi joq. Ýstemdik tahualyqta» dep búiyrady.

Payghambarymyz (s.a.u)-nyng dәuirinde últ pen nәsilge bólinushilikke jol berilgen joq. Búl jaghday hz. Osman kezenine deyin jalghasyn tapty. Ol ólgennen keyin músylmandar arasynda últ pen nәsilge bólinushilik  payda boldy. Últ pen nәsilshildikke bólinushilikke Hashimitter men Omayattardyng ózara bәsekelestigi jәne Harijidter men basqa toptar arasyndaghy ymyrasyzdyq eleuli yqpal etti. Harijiytik aghym Rabiya taypalary arasynda keng qoldaugha ie boldy. Kerisinshe Mudar taypalary arasynda últshyldyq úghymy bolghan joq. Jahiliyet dәurinde atalmysh eki taypa arasynda ózara baqtalastyq bar bolatyn. Islamdy qabyldaumen baqtalastyq pyshaq kesti tiylghan edi. Ókinishke oray Harijittik aghymnyng payda boluymen eki taypa arasyndaghy baqtalastyq qaytadan bastaldy. Irandaghy Shiittik aghymdardyng payda boluynan da parsy últshyldyghynyng elementterin kóruge bolady. Halifatqa qarsy bas kótergen Babek men Mukanna qozghalystaryna eski zoroastarizm senimi men parsy últshyldyghy әser etti.

Halifalyqqa baylanysty bólinushilik - Músylmandardyng birligine týrli sayasy toptardyng biylikke talas-tartysy da jaryqshaq týsirdi. Alghash ret sayasy biylikke degen músylmandar arasynda pikir qayshylyghy Payghambarymyz (s.a.u) qaytys bolghannan keyin, halif kim bolady? degen mәselede tuyndady. Ansarlar (mәdinalyqtar) «Islam bizding qoldauymyzben úshpaqqa shyqty, sondyqtan, halif bizden saylanuy kerek» degen ústanymda boldy. Al, múhajirler (mekkelikter) bolsa, biz alghash bolyp músylmandyqty qabyldadyq, sondyqtan, «halif bizden saylanady» degen nyq senimde edi. Alla Elshisi (s.a.u) qaytys bolar aldyn syrqattanyp jatqanda músylmandargha imam bolugha hz. Ábu Bәkirdi taghayyndady. Osy túspaldyng negizinde ansarlar men múhajirler mәseleni ushyqtyrmay hz. Ábu Bәkirdi halif etip saylady. Alghashqy halif saylau mәselesi yn-shynsyz bitkenmen, hz. Osman halif qaytys bolghannan keyin, halif bolugha kim layyqty? Kez-kelgen Qúrayyshtyq músylman halif bola ala ma? Halifting Haq Elshisi (s.a.u)-ning nәsilinen (ahliy-bayttan) ghana boluy shart pa? Joq әlde, kez-kelgen tahua bolghan músylman boluy tiyis pe edi? degen mәselede músylmandar arasynda ýlken dau-janjal payda boldy. Osy búlghaqtyng nәtiyjesinde Shiytter, Harijitter sekildi toptar tarih sahnasyna shyqty. Sayasy búl aghymdar ózderin ómirsheng etu ýshin Qúran men Sýnnetti ózderine tirek jәne qorghanysh etip aldy. Yaghni, sayasy maqsattaryna jetu ýshin dindi qúral retinde qoldanyp, dindi sayasatqa aralastyrdy. Osylaysha islam tarihynda dinning sayasatqa ainalu kezeni bastaldy. Búl toptar Qúran ayattary men hadisterdi ózderining sayasy ústanymyna paydalanyp, memleketti basqaru qúqyghy tek ózderine ghana tәn dep payymdady.

Eski mәdeniyetterding islamgha yqpaly - Islamdy dýniyening týkpir-týkpirne taratu sayasaty tórt halifa dәuirinde erekshe qarqyn aldy. Irak, Iran, Siriya, Palestina, Soltýstik Afrika, Evropagha  fath joryqtary jasaldy. Fathtardyng maqsaty Islam dinin barlyq adamzatqa jariyalau, qúlaghdar etu, halyqtardy islamgha shaqyru, sýiispenshilik pen beybitshilikke jetkizu bolatyn. Islam dini jyldam taralyp, adamdar jana dinge toptasqan  týrde óz erikterimen kirip jatty. Biraq, jana dinge kirgender búrynghy senimderinen, әdet-ghúryptary men mәdeniyetterining kóptegen elementterin músylmandar arasyna alyp keldi.

Yqpaldasudyng nәtiyjesinde jana ózgerister payda boldy. Al, búl ózgerister jana mazhaptardyng payda  boluyna әkep soqtyrdy. Jabariye, Kadiriye, Mutazaliye, Mushabbiyhe, Shiittik jәne sol sekildi mazhaptar osynday yqpaldastyqtyng nәtiyjesinde tarih sahnasyna shyqty. Ibn Hazm «al-Fasl» atty enbeginde eski mәdeniyetterding yqpalymen payda bolghan aghymdar turaly bylay deydi: «Búl toptardyng kóbining islam dininen shyghuynyng sebebi, parsylar úlan-ghayyr aimaqta ómir sýretin. Ózderin joghary sanyp, ózge últtargha ýstemdik etetin. Ózderin azat sanap, ózgelerdi qúl-qútangha balaytyn. Parsylargha ózderi shekeden qaraytyn arabtardyng Sasanitter patshalyghyn qúlatuy olargha óte auyr tiydi. Osy sebepten olar údayy Islamgha týrli  ayla-sharghymen qarsy shyghuyn toqtatpady. Alayda, barlyq soghystarda Alla-Taghala haq jolyn ústanghandardyng mereyin ýstem etti. Olardyng keybireuleri tek syrtqy pishinmen ghana Islamdy qabyldady. Parsylar Hz. Aliyge jasalghan zúlymdyqtan keyin Shiittik aghymdy qatty qoldady. Biraq, olar Islamnan shyqqan edi...»

Filosofiyanyng yqpaly - Islamnyng atyn jamylghan keybir búzylghan mazhaptardyng payda boluyna kóne Grek, Ýndi, Mesopatamiya filosofiyasynyng yqpaly boldy. Óitkeni, eski filosofiyalyq teoriyalar Islamdyq senimdegi bolmys pen tabighat úghymymen ýilese bermeytin. Músylman ghalymdarynyng keybiri eski filosofiyalyq týsinikterding yghynan shygha almady. Islam tarihynda alghashghy rasathana (observotoriya) Omayattar halifasy Abdulmәlikting kezinde 707 jyly Shamda salyndy. Ibn Kәsir Islam senimderine qayshy keletin Antika filosofiyasynyng Islamnyng alghashqy jýz jylynda músylmandargha tanymal bolghandyghyn aitady. Sadreddin Shirazy (Molla Sadra) Suhraverdiyening enbekterine sýiene otyryp, Omayattar dәuirindegi islam ghalymdarynyng eski Grek filosofiyasynan habardar bolghandyghyn aityp ótedi. Mysaly, Mutazalie aghymynyng ókilderi senimdik mәselelerdegi qoldanghan logikalyq әdis-tәsilderdi filosoftardan aldy. Al, Mutazalie mazhaby Omayattar dәuirinde payda bolyp, Abbasitter dәuirinde ózining sharyqtau shegine jetti. Antika filosofiyasynyng shygharmalaryn jýieli týrde arab tiline audaru Abbasitter halify Mamun, Mutasym kezinde qolgha alyndy. Alghashqy músylman filosofy әl-Kindi, әl-Farabi, Ibn-Sinalardyng dýniyetanymyna kóne grek filosofiyasynyng әseri mol boldy. Búlay islamnan búrynghy dýniyeni tanyp bilu turasyndaghy filosoftardyng kózqarastarynyn  músylmandargha әser etui óz kezeginde oishyldar arasynda talas-tartys tudyrdy. Ál-Farabiyler men Imam Ghazaliylerding arasyndaghy talas-tartystar osyghan dәlel bola alady.

Tylsymdy tanudaghy talas-tartystar  - Islam senimine dәlel keltirudegi rasionalistik týsinik músylman ghalymdaryn әrtýrli oilargha jetelep, sonyng nәtiyjesinde týrli aghymdar payda boldy. Alla-Taghalanyng sypattaryna dәlel keltiru men qúdyretin tanyp-bilu jәne basqa da mәseleler jóninde ghalymdar týrli әdis-tәsilder qoldandy. Búnday músylmandyq senimge qatysty týrli kózqarastardyng boluy, músylmandardyng jikteluinen әkep soqtyrdy.

Qúran-Kәrimning ayattaryna qatysty tartystar - Qúran-Kәrimning keybir ayattar qysqa, keybireuleri úzyn, kóptegen ayattar óte anyq jәne týsinikti, al keybir ayattar kýrdeli jәne kóp maghynaly boly keledi. Bir ghana әrip pen sózden túratyn ayattarmen qatar jarty betten túratyn ayattar da bar. Ayattardyng kóp bóligin onay týsinuge bolady, biraq keybir ayattar týrli maghynalar beredi. Búnday ayattardy týsinu asa qiyn. Búl jaghday músylmandardyng ayattardy týsinip, bilude әrtýrli týsinikke iytermeledi.

Osyghan oray Qúran ayattary qúrylymy men maghynalaryna qaray ekige bólinedi:

1. Mýhkam ayattar; naqty jәne anyq maghynaly, týsindirilgen kezde maghynasy aiqyn bolghan ayattar. Múnday ayattardy oqyp, tyndaghan kezde maghynalaryn onay týsinuge bolady. Búl anyq maghynadan basqa týsinikke baru mýmkin emes. Qúrandaghy iman, ghibadat, ahlaqqa qatysty ayattar mýhkam ayattar bolyp tabylady.

2. Mýtashabih ayattar; maghynalary anyq emes jәne әrtýrli týsinuge bolatyn ayattar. Búl ayattardy «tәuiyl» (gipoteza) arqyly týsinuge bolady. Allahtyng sypattaryna (qol, bet, gharysh) baylanysty ayattar men júmaq, tozaq, mizan, esepke tartylu, mahshar jәne muhatta (bir nemese eki ýsh әripterden túratyn ayattar) әripterinen túratyn ayattar osy týrge jatady. Búl ayattardyng shyn maghynasyn Alla ghana biledi. Ghalymdar boljam jasap, olardy týsinip, anyqtaugha tyrysady.

Alghashqyda, mýtashabih ayattargha boljam jasaushylyq adasqandyq sanaldy. Salafie dep atalghan alghashqy músylmandar men músylmandyq senimnen auytqymaghan keyingi ghalymdar mýtashabih ayattargha boljam jasaugha tyryspaghan. Búl mәselede әlsiz ekendikterin moyyndap, olardyng maghynalaryn Alla ghana biledi dep tújyrymdaghan. Áytsede, keybir músylman ghalymdary ózderining mýtashabih ayattardy týsine alatynyn aityp, olargha tәuil jasap, anyqtau jolyna týsken. Halafie dep atalghan búl top Qúrannyng dindi týsindiru ýshin kelgenin, sondyqtan da onyng barlyq ayattaryn bilu kerek ekenin aityp, mýhkam ayattarmen birge aqyl arqyly mýtashabih ayattardy anyqtaugha tyrysqan. Búnday boljamdar músylman qoghamynda týrli diny týsinikter men mazhaptardyng payda boluyna sebep boldy. Mýjessiyme, Mýshebbiyhe, Muattyla, Hurufie sekildi diny aghymdar mýteshabih ayattargha tәuil jasau nәtiyjesinde payda boldy. Qúran ayattarynyng zahiry jәne batyny maghynalaryn zerttep, osynyng nәtiyjesinde Zahiriylik jәne Batyniylik sekildi aghymdar da ortagha shyqty.

Eski diny qissalardyng tiygizgen әseri  - Músylmandardying ishinde eski diny qissalardy (jóitterge kelgen payghambarlardyng ómiri) aitu hz. Osmannyng dәuirinde payda boldy. Hz. Aly óz dәuirinde eski diny qissa aitushylardy qysymgha alyp, olardy meshitten qudy. Óitkeni, qissa aitushylardyng keybireuleri búzylghan eski dinderden alynghan oqighalardy aitu arqyly músylmandardyng senimine selkeu týsiretin. Búl bólinushilikke týrtki boldy. Alayda, eski diny qissalardy aitushylardyng sany Omayattar dәurinde arta týsti. Búlardyng barlyghy salihaly músylmandar emes bolatyn. Qúran-Kәrimdegi «israylat» týsinigi men eski diny qissalarding keybiri ýndesetin. Sebebi, Qúran-Kәrimde aty atalatyn jiyrma bes Payghambardyng kópshiligi jóitterge kelgen bolatyn. Qúran-Kәrimde olardyng ómirine toqtalghan ayattar bar. Al, eski qissalardy aitushylar kóbine osy Qúran-Kәrimdegi payghambarlar ómirin jyrlaytyn. Áytkenmen, eski diniy-qissalardyng senimi Islammen sabaqtasa bermeytin. Qissa aitushylar belgili bir mazhap ókili nemese biyleushilerge arqa sýiey otyryp, eski diny qissalardy aitatyn. Osylaysha eski diniy-qissalar músylmandardyng ózara talas-tartysqa týsuine sebep boldy.

Hurafa men biydghattyng (jana pikirler men erejeler) әseri - Adamzat tarihyna qaraytyn bolsaq, tura senim men kórkem minez jәne qate senimder men ziyandy әreketter qatar ómir sýrip kelgenin kóremiz. Aqiqat dindi úmytyp adasushy adamdar tәuhid senimine qayshy keletin birqatar nanymdardy qabyldaghan. Tipti, jabayylyq pen azghyndyq shyrqau shegine jetken kezde jaratylghan bolmystardy Tәnir etip, keybir kiyesi bar nәrselerdi Tәnirmen arasynda baylanys qúraly dep týsingen. Mazar pen ziyarat oryndaryn jәne kesenelerdi ghibadathanagha ainaldyryp, әuliyeler men sheyhtardan jәne kósem sanaghan adamdarynan jәrdem súraghan. Búnday jeke basqa nemese ólgen adamdardyng әruaghyna siynu әsirese búzylghan diny aghymdarda kóptep kezdesedi. Mysaly, Sabaye aghymy hz. Aliydi illah deuge deyin barsa, Nimatullahshylar hz. Aliydi Payghambarymyz (s.a.u)-men qatar qoyghan.

Keybir tabighat qúbylystaryn, taular men tóbelerdi kiyeli dep sanap, qústardyng shyrylyn, itterding ýrgenin, kýnning kýrkireuin jәne nayzaghay jarqylyna siynyp, týrli senimder payda bolghan. Mine, osynday týsinikter men senimder uaqyt óte kele әleumettik qoldau tauyp, týrli mazhaptardyng payda boluyna óz әserin tiygizdi. Islamgha kirgen qauymdar men últtar últtyq erekshelikterin, әdet-ghúryptaryn týrli joldarmen dinge tanyp baqty. Búrynghy eski mәdeniyeterining sarqynshaqtaryn Islamgha teluge tyrysty. Parsy jәne Vizantiya imperiyasyndaghy qauymdar men Orta Aziya, Orta Shyghys jәne Afrika territoriyalarynda ómir sýrgen halyqtar músylmandyqty qabyldaghan kezde eski senimderin, mәdeniyetterin jәne salt-dәstýrlerin tolyghymen tәrk ete almady. Kerisinshe eskini jana dinmen ymyralastyryp, sonyng nәtiyjesinde týrli dýbәra diny aghymdar payda boldy. Mysaly, keybir diny aghymdardaghy sheyhtyq, mahdi, masiyh, hulul (imamdyqtyng kelesi imamgha berilui) jәne tanasuh (renkornasiya) elementteri osyghan dәlel bola alady. Búnday hurafalargha senetinder men senbeytinder arasynda qayshylyqtar músylman júraghatyn qanshama dýrbelenge dushar etti.

Qúqyqtyq ýkim berudegi ózgeshelikter  - Músylman qúqyghynyng negizgi qaynar-kózi Alla-Taghalanyng kitaby Qúran-Kәrim men Adamzattyng ardaqtysy (s.a.u)-nyng súlu Sýnneti bolyp tabylady. Alayda, Qúran men Sýnnetting qúqyqtyq ýkim berude belgili-bir shekteuligi bar. Al qúqyqtyq mәselelerdi shektey almaysyn. Qoghamnyng damuymen birge qúqyqtyq mәselelerde arta týsedi. Al, Músylman qúqyghy janadan payda bolghan jaghdaygha qúqyqtyq ýkim berui qajet. Músylman qúqyghynyng qaynar-kózderi negizgi qúqyqtyq mәselelerding qaghidalaryn bekitkenmen, kýndelikti ómirde kezdestin úsaq mәselelerge deyin qaghidalar kórsetpegen bolatyn. Múnday mәseleler tuyndaghan shaqta, músylman zangerleri músylman qúqyghynyng negizgi qaynar-kózderine qarap shyghyp, naqty qúqyqtyq ýkim tapppaghan jaghdayda, Qúran men Sýnnetting qúqyqtyq ólshemderine qayshy kelmeytin belgili tәrtip negizinde zangerler óz parasatymymen qúqyqtyq  sheshim shygharady.

Músylman zangerleri qúqyqtyq ýkim berude, әrtýrli әdis-tәsilderdi qoldanghan. Árbir fakih (zanger) ózining shygharghan sheshimining Qúran men Sýnnetke qayshy emestigin dәleldegen. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde músylman júraghatynda týrli qúqyqtyq baghyttar payda boldy. Kóptegen zertteushiler fykhtyq mәseleler baylanysty bólinushilik hijranyng ekinshi ghasyrynyng sonyna taman, yaghni, Sahabalar men Tabiinder (sahabalardan keyingi tolqyn) dәuirinen keyin payda bolghandyghyn aitady. Degenmen, Payghambarymyz (s.a.u) kóz júmghannan keyin sahabalar tuyndaghan mәselege qúqyqtyq ýkim berude eki qúqyqtyq әdisti qalyptastyrdy. Osy әdisterding negizinde «Hadiys» jәne «Ray» qúqyqtyq mektebi payda boldy.  Keyingi fykhtyq mazhaptardyng payda boluyna osy «Hadiys» jәne «Ray» qúqyqtyq mektepteri yqpal etti. «Hadiys» әdisi boyynsha tuyndaghan mәselege qúqyqtyq ýkim bergende negizinen Qúran men Sýnnetke sýiendi. Al, «Ray» әdisinde Qúran men Sýnnetke qayshy emes negizde aqylmen sheshim shyghardy.

Islamgha jasalghan shabuyldyng әseri - Islamnyng jan-jaqty taraluyna qarsy shyqqan jәne búghan soghysyp qarsy túra almaghan keybir toptar dinde bolmaghan nәrselerdi evrey, hristian, zoroastarizm jәne mәjýsiylerge qatysty kebir senimderdi músylman dinine qosyp, músylmandyqty bólshekteudi kózdedi. Óz jerlerining músylmandardyng qolyna ótuin qalamaytyn osynday toptar músylmandardyng senim jәne ahlaqtaryn ózgertip, ishki qaqtyghys pen býlik shygharyp, músylman qoghamyn jongdy josparlady. Olar әr jerdegi músylmandar arasynda osy maqsattaryn jýzege asyryp, týrli mazhaptardyng payda boluyna yqpalyn tiygizdi. Parsylardyng is-әreketteri osyghan aiqyn mysal bola alady. Sonday-aq, taqau aradaghy Islam әleminde payda bolghan keybir diny aghymdardyng payda boluyna aghylshyn otarshyldarynyng yqpaly boldy. Otarshyldar islam qauymyn ishine iritki salu arqyly «bólip alda biyley ber» sayasatyn jýrgizdi. Islamdy bólshekteuding eng tóte joly, olardyng birtútas senimine selkeu týsiru bolatyn. Olar músylman qauymyn últshyldyqty qozdyrumen bir-birine qarsy qoydy. Otarshyldardyng sayasy oiynyng qúrbanyna ainalghan mazhaptar kýni býginge deyin ómir sýrude.

Batys otarshyldary músylmandardy bir-birine aidap salyp, ishten iritui sayasatyn әli toqtatqan joq. Otarshyldar әlem halyqtaryna jalang «Islam terrorizmi» degen  ýrey tughyzyp, Islamdy qaralauda. Búnyng astarynda islamnyng qanat jangyna qarsy batys alpauyttarynyng jymysqy sayasatynyng jatqandyghy anyq.

Áleumettik jәne ekonomikalyq jaghdaydyng yqpaly - Islam tarihynyng alghashqy eki ghasyrynda músylmandar әlemning ýsh qúrylyghyna tarap, islam halifatyn qalyptastyrdy. Osynshama úlan-ghayyr aimaqta últy, dini men mәdeniyeti әrtýrli qauymdarmen qatar ómir sýrgen músylmandardyng tek senimi men mәdeniyeti ghana ózgeriske úshyrap qoyghan joq, sonymen birge, әleumettik jәne ekonomikalyq jaghdayy da ózgeriske úshyrady. Vizantiya men Sasanitter órkeniyetin tanyp, olardyng mәdeniyetterin qabyldaghan músylman jauyngerlerining din men dýniyge degen kózqarasynda auytqushylyqtar boldy. Vizantiyalyqtar men Parsylar sekildi asta-tók iship-jeuge, alqyzyl әlem-jәlem kiyinuge mәn bere bastady. Sәuletti zәulim ýiler salyp, túrmysqa týrli-týsti matalardy paydalandy. Arab týbeginde júpyny, jadaghay ómir sýrgen bәdәuiyler endi mәdeniyetti ómir sýre bastady. Mine, osy jaghday kóptegen mәselelerdi tudyrdy. Múnday ómir sýrudi dúrys dep qoldaghandar men ysyrapshyldyqqa qarsy toptar payda boldy. Ataqty sahaba Ábu Zar әl-Ghifary jana әleumettik jәne ekonomikalyq ómirge qarsy shyghyp, búlay ómir sýru Islamgha say emes dep bildi.

Músylmandardyng ózge eldege Islamdy taratuy olardyng әleumettik jәne ekonomikalyq jaghdayyn jaqsartyp, memleketting qazynasyn toltyrdy. Qoldaryna kóp aqsha týsken músylmandar molynan jaratyp, ekonomikalyq ómirlerine janalyq engizdi. Sonymen birge, memleket qúrlymy janara bastady; jogharghy kenester qúrylyp, órkeniyet jolynda manyzdy júmystar atqaryldy. Búl oqighalardyng barlyghy músylman qoghamynda tynyshsyzdyq pen ishki qaqtyghystargha, qayta qúrugha jәne sayasy bólinulerge әkep soqty. Hz. Osman halifting kezindegi býlikterding shyghuyna osy jaghdaylar әser etti.

Elikteushilik pen әdet-ghúryptyng yqpaly  - Mazhaptardyng payda boluynda elikteushilik pen әdet-ghúryptar faktory da әser etti. Músylmandardyng kóp bóligi elikteushilerden túrady jәne diny týsinikteri әdet-ghúryptyng yqpaly arqyly qalyptasqan. Osyghan baylanysty ghúlamalar elikteushilik pen әdet-ghúryp faktoryna qarsy kýresti. Áytsede, elikteushiler dinge say kelmeytin kóptegen senimderdi din dep qabyldady. Jalpy, elikteushiler men islamgha say emes әdet-ghúrypty diny qaghidagha ainaldyrushylar diny bilimi sayaz adamdar. Islam tarihyna qaraytyn bolsaq, alghashqyda diny aghymdar kóbine elikteushi toptan qoldau tauyp, sodan baryp mazhap retinde qalyptasty. Elikteshiler tez aldanyp, senedi jәne lezde ainyp, bólinuge  qúmbyl túrady.

Ádet-ghúrypqa keletin bolsaq, búl diny týsinikting qalyptasu negizin jәne minez-qúlyqtyng qalyptasuynyng faktory. Qanday bir últ bolmasyn qanday dinge kirse de әdet-ghúrpyn tolyghymen joya almaydy. Kerisinshe dinmen birge әdet-ghúrpyn sabaqtastyryp, qatar ústanady. Álemdegi týrli músylmandyqtyng qalyptasuynyng negizgi sebepterining biri osydan tuyndady. Fykh ghylymy әdet-ghúryp Islam negizderine qayshy kelmese, ony dәlel dep sanady. Biraq, dinge say әdet-ghúryptyng jaghymdy jaqtary bolghany sekildi, dinge say emes әdet-ghúryptyng da keri yqpaly bar. Yaghni, din men әdet-ghúryp bir-birimen tәuelsizdik ýshin kýres jýrgizdi. Ádet-ghúryp dinnen basym bolghan qoghamdarda diny týsinik pen qoghamdyq qúrylym ózgesheleu bolsa, dinning әdet-ghúryptan basym bolghan qoghamnyng ózindik ereksheligi boldy. Osy jaghday týrli mazhaptardyng shyghuyna әser etti.

Ásili, Payghambarymyz (s.a.u) Islamgha qayshy emes әdet-ghúryptardy keri qaghyp, týgelimen joyghan emes. Olardyng ishinde Islamnyng sharttaryna qayshy kelmeytin paydaly jәne qajetti әdet-ghúryptar ózgerissiz qabyldandy. Kerisinshe din qaghidalaryna qayshy ziyandy әdet-ghúryptar men yrymdar joyyldy.

Músylman qúqyghynda belgili-bir qauymnyng qoghamdyq qatynasty Islamgha qayshy emes negizde retteushi әdet-ghúryptary qúqyqtyq ýkim beruding negizi bola alady. Búlay әdet-ghúrypty qúqyqtyq ýkim beruding týpderegi retinde alghash qalyptastyrghan ataqty músylman zangeri Imam Aghzam Ábu Hanifa bolatyn.

Keritartpalyq pen asyra silteushilik - Islam dini kertartpalyq pen asyra silteushilikke qarsy. Fanatizm men nigilizmdi mýlde qoldamaydy. Óitkeni, Islam «orta joldy» (dinu-uasat) ústanudy ýndeydi. Qúran-Kәrim men sýnnette asyra silteushlik pen kertartpalyq qatty synalghan. Allah-Taghala dinde asyra silteushilik pen kertartpalyqqa ashyq tiym saldy. Búrynghy dinderde asyra silteushiler men kertartpalar bolghany sekildi Islamda da búnday toghyshar toptar bolyp otyrdy. Búl adamdar fanatizm men teristeu jolymen músylman qoghamyna janylys pikirler taratyp, bólinushilikti tudyrdy. Ibahie men osy sekildi aghymdardyng kýnәdan arylugha shamamyz jetpeydi degen ústanymdary, әriyne kertartpalyq bolatyn.

Nadandyqtyng tiygizgen әseri - Islam tarihynda sayasy jәne senimdik mazhaptardyng payda boluynda nadandyqtyng alatyn orny erekshe. Bilimsiz adamdar ózgelerdi aiyptap, olargha týrli ataular berip, al ózderi basqalardyng tarapynan әserlenip, olardyng qoljaulyghyna ainalyp otyrdy. Dindi birneshe simvoldar men ghibadattardan túrady dep sanaghan diny bilimi tómen osynday adamdar janylys pikirlerge kóp úryndy. Osynday nadan adamdar arqyly kóptegen qate senimder men ghibadattar dinge kirgizildi. Harijiyler men Uahhabiylerding kópshiligi osynday nadan adamdar bolyp tabylady. Sonday-aq, Qúran men Sýnnetti joqqa shygharyp, aqiqatty filosoftardyng kózqarastary men aqyndardyng ólenderinen tabugha bolady deytin Ilhamie sekildi diny aghymdardyng shyghuyna da, sóz joq,  olardyng nadan boluy әser etti.

Dinning úghynyluy jәne týsindirilui mәselesi - Adamzat balasynyng myna synaq әlemde Jaratushysyn tanyp, tura jolda jýrui ýshin din týsirildi. Alla Elishisi (s.a.u) óz dәuirinde músylmandargha dindi eng kórkem týrde týsindirip, dindi jýzege asyruda olargha keremet ýlgi kórsetti. Payghambarymyz (s.a.u) tuyndaghan barlyq súraqtargha qanaghattanarlyq dengeyde jauap berdi. Ol (s.a.u) túrghanda eshkim odan asyp pәtua bere almaytyn. Sondyqtan, Haq Elshisi (s.a.u)-nyng kózi tirisinde músylmandar bir ghana túlghagha moyynsúnyp, olardyng arasynda bólinushilik bolghan joq. Alayda, Payghambarmyzdan (s.a.u) sahabalar men tabinder (sahabalardy kórushi músylmandar) dәuirinen bastap sayasy jәne senimdik mәselelerge qatysty músylmandardyng әrtýrli kózqarasy boldy. Jalpy, adamnyng tabighaty әrtýrli jaratylghan, bir nәrsege beyimdelui, qalaulary, aqyly, erik-jigeri, qabyleti әrqily. Keybir adamdar óz qabyletterin jaqsy nәrselerge júmsasa, keybir adamdar qabyletin jaman jәitterge arnaydy. Jaman jolgha týskender shaytannyng arbauyna erip, nәpsisining qúly bolyp, Alla Elshisinini (s.a.u) emes, osy joldy dúrys dep aqyl bergen adamdardy pir tútyp, tura joldan adasady nemese dindi, shynayy aqyl túrghysynan emes, dindi dúrys tanymaghan dýmshelerdin  aituymen qabyldaydy. Biraq, búnday adamdar ózderi ghana adasyp qoymay, ózderining ústanghan jolyn aqiqat dep tanyp, ózgelerding ústanghan jolyn qate dep uaghyzdap arandatyp baghady. Mine, osynday týsinikter adamdardyng dindi әrqalay týsinuine әkep soghyp, nәtiyjesinde әrtýrli mazhapqa bólinushilik payda boldy.

Týiin

Jalpy, din - mazhap úghymynan joghary túrady. Óitkeni, islam dininde bólinushilikke jol berilmegen. Alla-Taghala Qúran-Kәrimde: ««Týp týgel Allanyng jibine (dinine) jabysyndar da bólinbender...» (Áliy-ghymran, 3/103). Sonday-aq, «Kýdiksiz dinderinde bólinip, toptargha aiyrylghandarmen eshbir baylanysyng joq...» (Ángham, 6/159) dep búiyrghan. Haq Elshisi (s.a.u) óz hadiys-shariyfinde: «Israyl úrpaqtarynyng basyna kelgen jaghday, ýmbetimning basyna da keledi. Israyl úrpaqtary jetpis eki aghymgha bólindi; ýmbetim olardan bir aghym artyq bolyp, jetpis ýsh aghymgha bólinedi jәne bireuinen basqalarynyng bәri tozaqqa barady. Sahabalar súrady: Ua, Allanyng Elshisi! Ottan aman qalatyn aghym qaysysy? degende, Haq maqtaulysy (s.a.u): «Ol mening jәne sahabalarymnyng jolyn ústanghandar» dep jauap bergen.

Dey-túrghanmen, músylman qoghamynda jogharyda atalyp ótken negizderge baylanysty týrli mazhaptargha bólinushilik oryn aldy.  Búlay bytyraushylyq kýni býginge deyin jalghasyn tauyp kele jatyr. Islamnyng alghashqy dәuirlerinde islamnyng ortalyqtaryndaghy emes, adasushylyq kóbine rabat (shekara óniri) aimaqtarynda bolghan edi. Óitkeni, Islamnyng qaynaghan ortasy men әli Haq  shuaghy mol tógile qoymaghan shetki ónirlerde din turaly týsinik әrqily bolatyn. Alayda, býgingi kýni Islam alghash býr jaryp, tu tikken Haq dinning ortalyqtarynan da uahapshyldyq sekildi adasushy toptar shyghyp otyr. Áriyne, ókinish ózekti órteydi...

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