Latyn әlipbiyli qazaq jazuy: R.Syzdyqtyng konseptualdy oilary
2006-2008 jyldary A.Baytúrsynúly atyndaghy Til bilimi instituty Til mәdeniyeti bólimi «Tәuelsiz Qazaqstan jaghdayynda qazaq tilining últtyq jәne memlekettik til retinde negizgi damu ýrdisteri men baghyttary» baghdarlamasy ayasynda f.gh.d. Q.Kýderinovanyng jetekshiligimen «Qazaq jazuynyng qalyptasu kezenderi men damu joldary» atty irgeli zertteu júmysy jýrgizilgen bolatyn. Zertteude qazaq mәdeny ómirinde qoldanylghan jazu týrleri, jazu týrlerining erekshelikteri, damu joldary qarastyryldy. Atalmysh joba boyynsha qazaq jazuynyng teoriyasy kóne týrki, arab, tóte, latyn, orys grafikasy boyynsha tújyrymdaldy. Qazaq qoghamynda qoldanylghan әlipby týrleri men ústanylghan emle erejeleri taldanyp, bolashaq latynәlipbiyli qazaq jazuynyng emlesi qanday bolmaq degen súraqqa da jauap izdestirilgen bolatyn. Osy mәselege baylanysty (2008 jyly) akademik R.Syzdyq ózining qorytyndy esebinde latyn jazuly qazaq emle erejelerining jobasyn jasauda eskeriletin negizgi talaptar men eskertulerdi atap ótken bolatyn.
Ghalym óz sózinde «Songhy 15-20 jyl barysynda ýzdiksiz aitylyp, auyq-auyq belsene kirisip ketip otyrghan is-qareketimiz – býgingi qoldanylyp otyrghan jazu – kirillisany ózge jazu – latyngha auystyru problemasy ekeni ayan. Búl jazugha arnalghan emle erejelerining qazirgiden ózgeshe bolady (bolugha tiyis ekendigi)... Dәl qazir onyng baptaryn tizip tolyq kodeksin úsynu qiyn, óitkeni aldymen grafikanyng qazaq tiline say naqty әlipbii týzilgen joq» degen-di. Shyndyghynda da, ghalym aityp ótkendey, orfografiyany boljau ýshin әlipby qajet. Ghalymnyng búl sózinen әlipby dúrys bolsa, orfografiya da dúrys bolmaq degendi de týsinuge bolady. Jogharydaghy ghalymnyng «emle erejesi qazirgiden ózgeshe bolmaq» degen sózine de erekshe nazar audaru qajet dep bilemiz. Bizdinshe, latyn әlipbiyine kóshu tek әrip auystyru emes, búl týbegeyli tildik reforma.
2018 jyldyng aqpanynda jana әlipby bekip, osy jyldyng qantar aiynda jana emle maqúldandy. Emlening alghashqy jobasy Últtyq komissiyada maqúldanyp, alghashqy jobasy «Egemen Qazaqstan» gazetinde jariyalandy. Emle erejesi jariyalanghan kýnnen bastap, qazaq jazuynyng bolashaghy ghylymy ortada qyzu talqylandy. Qyzu talqygha negiz bolghan tildik problemalar turaly búdan on jyl búryn professor Rabigha Syzdyq ózinin irgeli zertteu qorytyndy esebinde emle erejesin eksheude negizge alynatyn konseptualdy oilaryn jazghan bolatyn. Qazaqtyng mandayaldy grammatologynyng konseptualdy oilary qazirgi kezde orfogrammalardy jana emle boyynsha kodifikasiyalauda asa qúndy bolady dep senemiz (Eskere keterlik jayt, jariyalanymgha berilip otyrghan material R.Syzdyqtyng kelisimimen berildi. Ereje mәtini 2008 jyly jazylghanymen, jariyalanbaghan).
Professor R.Syzdyq birinshiden, «latynәlipbiyli jazuda qazaq tilining ózine tәn erekshe (últtyq) dybystardyng tanbalary (ә, ó, i, ú, ý, q, gh, n) týgel bolugha tiyis. Búl jaghdayda osy әripterding jazyluyna baylanysty emle baptary negizinen saqtalady, tek illustrativtik materialdary (mysaldary) ózgertilip, qysqartylyp, tolyqtyrylyp berilui mýmkin» degen sózindegi «qazaq tilining ózine tәn erekshe dybystardyng tanbalary týgel bolugha tiyis» degen oiy әlipby qúruda eng manyzdy prinsip bolyp tabylady. R.Syzdyq kórsetkendey, jana emlede әripterding emlesine qatysty birshama baptar kiriylәlipbiyli jazudaghy dәstýrdi saqtady.
Ekinshiden, prof. R.Syzdyq «Kirillisa men emle jazuyna birdey keletin taqyryptargha qatysty emle baptary da negizinen saqtalady, yaghny qos sózderding bólek jazylatyn sózderdin, birge jazylatyn sózderdin, shylau sózderdin, bas әripting jazyluyna qatysty ereje baptary kóp ózgermeydi. Tek bógde tildik sózderge qosymshalardyng jazyluyna baylanysty birdi-ekili ózgeshe baptar men eskertuler boluy mýmkin» dep arnayy kórsetedi. Ghalymnyng búl sózine qosyla otyryp, qazirgi jana emle erejelerinde atalmysh taraular jazu praktikasynda qiyndyq tughyzghan mәselege baylanysty ishinara janaryp otyr. Mysaly, sózderdi birge jazudaghy problemalardyng biri sóz ishinde qatar kelgen dauysty dybystardyng jazyluy ne jazylmauy qazaq orfografiyasyndaghy problemalardyng biri bolyp tabylady. Osy mәselege baylanysty R.Syzdyq «Birinshi synary týsti bildiretin syn esimder nemese әr týrli esim sózder, ekinshi synary aghash, shóp, gýl, tiken, japyraq, tamyr, qús, balyq tauyq, qúrt, jiydek, jemis siyaqty jalpy ataular bolyp keletin tirkester qosylyp jazylady: qaratorghay, qaraghash, qaraqúrt, qarajiydek, qarabiday, qyzyljiydek, saryshóp, saraghash, qarakýie, qaraqat, qonyraushóp, sәlemshóp, taraqbalyq, kýrketauyq, týietauyq, qoyanoty, kiyikoty, týimejapyraq, sujapyraq, sýtjapyraq, әrektiken» degen erejening ishinde osy mәselege baylanysty mynaday mysaldardy da keltirip ótken: qaraghash, saraghash. Bayqaghanymyzday, ghalym eki dauysty dybystyng bireuin týsirip jazudy dúrys dep sanaydy.
Ýshinshiden, «Kirme sózder men bógde tildik sózderdin, әsirese internasionaldyq qordan kelgen ghylymiy-tanymdyq terminderding jazyluy, kirillisa jazuyndaghy emlesinen ózgeshe bolady, olardyng «oryssha» orfogrammasy mýltiksiz saqtalmaydy. Biraq fonetikalyq-grafikalyq túlghasyn (bitimin) mýlde ózgertip, qazaqtyng sóileu tilindegi aityluynsha «qazaqylandyrylyp» ta jazylmaytyn ereje baptary bolady» dep kórsetken. Ayta keterlik jayt, R.Syzdyqtyng «bógde til» dep otyrghany shettildik sózder. Jana emlede shettildik sózderge qosymsha jalghanuyna baylanysty kóp bolmasa da ózgerister bar. Mysaly, «Sóz sonyndaghy -ng әrip tirkesi ń әrpimen jazylady, qosymshalar ýndestik zanyna sәikes jalghanady: boýlıń (-niń, -ge, -i, -der), brıfıń (-niń, -ge, -i, -der), reıtıń (-niń, -ge, -i, -der)» degen jana ereje kirilden ózgeshe. Kiriylәlipbiyli qazaq jazuynda brifingige bolsa, latynәlipbiyli jazuda brıfıńge.
Prof. R.Syzdyq «kirme sózder men bógde tildik sózderdin, әsirese internasionaldyq qordan kelgen ghylymiy-tanymdyq terminderding jazyluy, kirillisa jazuyndaghy emlesinen ózgeshe bolady, olardyng «oryssha» orfogrammasy mýltiksiz saqtalmaydy. Biraq fonetikalyq-grafikalyq túlghasyn (bitimin) mýlde ózgertip, qazaqtyng sóileu tilindegi aityluynsha «qazaqylandyrylyp» ta jazylmaytyn ereje baptary bolady» dep kórsetedi. Qazirgi kezde emle erejelerin kodifikasiyalau barysynda osy problema eng ýlken әri aitys-tartystargha negiz bolyp otyrghan basty problemalardyng biri. Bir top ghalymdar shettildik sózder aitylym zandylyqtaryna negizdelip jazylu kerek dese, ekinshi bir top ghalymdar kiriylәlipbiyli jazu boyynsha qaludy jón dep sanaydy. R.Syzdyq ózining zertteuinde shettildik sózder dәstýrli normamen jazylu kerek dey otyryp «sóz basynda ne sonynda keletin eki dauyssyz dybystyng ne aldy-artynan y, i әripteri jazylmaydy. Mysaly, prezident (pirezidenit, ne pirezident emes), student (istudent, ystudent istudenit emes), sport (isport emes), kristal (kiristal emes), matros (matiros emes), març (?) (búl sózdegi sh dybysynyn latynsha tanbasy әzirge dәl jazylyp túrghan joq) (mariç emes), traktir (tiraktir emes)» dep kórsetedi. Jana emleni eksheu barysynda shettildik sózderdi qazaq tilining zandylyghyna baghyndyru ne kirildegi bazalyq normany saqtap jazu mәselesi pikirtalastargha negiz bolyp otyrghan eng negizgi mәsele. R.Syzdyq «Bógde tildik (arab, parsy, orys) sózderde qazaq tilining ýndestik zandary saqtalmaydy, yaghny juan-jinishke bolyp keletin aralas buyndy sózderding orfogrammasy oryn alady. Singarmonizm zandylyqtary keybir birikken sóz, qos sóz siyaqty qazaq sózderinde de saqtalmaydy. Mysaly, býgin de kirillisamen kógal, kelsap, besatar, baspasóz, Gýlshat, Erbolat týrinde aralas buyndy jazylyp jýrgen sózder latyn әripterimen osylaysha ýndestik garmoniyasy joq aralas buyndy bolyp jazylatyn bolady» dep kórsetedi. Ghalymnyng búl pikirine tolyq qosyla otyryp, ýndesim tabighaty tól sózdermen baylanysty dep aitqymyz keledi. Al shettildik sózderding barlyghy búl tabighatty (zandylyqty) qabylday almaydy. Búghan dәlel, orys tili arqyly kirgen sózder ghana emes, әbden sinisip ketken arab-parsy tilinen engen kitap, múghalim siyaqty sózderdi de jatqyzugha bolady. Shettildik sózderdegi eki dauyssyz aralyghynda, qatang dauyssyz dybystardyng aldynan ne sonynan estiletin y men i dybystaryn qaldyrmay tanbalau sózding týrli jazylymyna әkeledi. Latynәlipbiyli jazugha kóshken әzerbayjan tilinde shettildik sózderde estiletin dәneker y, i dybystary barlyq pozisiyada tanbalamaydy. Shettildik sózderdegi e, iy dybystaryn әzerbayjan tiline iykemdeude e-ni – i әrpine, iy-di – i-ge almastyrady. Mysaly: ministr – minister, pechenie – ricine. Al estilgen barlyq jerde y men i әrpin jazbaydy. Mysaly: plastik – plastik, shpion – şpion, shplint – şplint, shpon – şpon, shponka – şponka, litr – litr, hlor – xlor, dendrit – dendrit, dendrolik – dendroliq, dendrometr – dendrometr týrinde jazylady.
Emle erejelerin kodifikasiyalau barysynda sózderding songhy buynyndaghy eki dauyssyz dybys arasynda kelgen o dybysynyng jazyluyna baylanysty kózqarastar eki týrli. Biri qazaqsha aitylym boyynsha diyrektor, professor, avtor siyaqty sózderdegi o әrpining ornyna y әrpin jazu kerek dese, ekinshi bir toby búl pikirge kelispey doktorantura siyaqty sózderdi mysalgha keltire otyryp, búl ereje barlyq pozisiyagha sәikes kelmeydi, sondyqtan búrynghy jazu dәstýri boyynsha -tor formasyn saqtau kerek deydi. Al prof. R.Syzdyqtyng birneshe jyl búryn jazylghan zertteui boyynsha ekpin týspeytin sózderde y bolyp jazyluy kerek dep kórsetken eken. Mysaly: redaktir (redaktor emes), avtyr (avtor emes). «Qazaq sózderindegi o dybysy songhy buyndarda kelmeydi, birikken sóz, qos sózderde kelse, ol ózgertilmey o týrinde jazylady: qolma-qol (qolmaqyl emes), ayaqdop (ayaqdyp emes). -qoy, -qor júrnaghymen kelgen sózderde de songhy buyndaghy o dybysy óz qalpynda aitylady: әzilqoy (әzilqyy emes), shayqor (shayqyr emes). Osy zandylyqty biletin, biraq orys tilindegi aityluyn bilmeytin qazaqtar avtor, redaktor dep, songhy tor buynyn ashyq tolyq aituy mýmkin. Búl tәrizdi ereje ereksheligi sózderdi dúrys jazumen qatar, dúrys aitugha da septigin tiygizui ýshin alynuy tiyis» dep kórsetken bolatyn.
Sonymen qatar ghalym qazaq әlipbiyinen alynghan әripterge (ya, yu, s, sh, i, ...) arnalghan jeke baptar emle erejesinde kórsetilui tiyis, búl ózge tildik sózderding dúrys jazyluy ýshin asa manyzdy bolmaq dep sanaydy. Qazirgi kezde jana emle erejelerin әzirleu barysynda әlipbiyden alynghan shettildik kirme elementterdin jana erejede arnayy baptar arqyly berilmeu kerek degen pikirlerge R.Syzdyqtyng búl konseptualdy tújyrymy jauap bola alady dep oilaymyz. Ázirlenip jatqan Ereje baptary «ótpeli kezendegi» ereje bolghandyqtan ya, yu, sh, s siyaqty әripterding janasha jazylymy jeke-jeke ereje baptary arqyly berilui tiyis dep bilemiz.
Ghalym ózining emle jobasynda «II Dauyssyz dybys әripterining qoldanyluy» atty taraushada b, v, g, d әripteri sózding basynda, ortasynda jәne orys tilinen engen sózderding sonynda jazylady dep kórsetedi. Qazirgi kezde osy mәselege baylanysty pikirler bar. Keybir ghalymdar shettildik sózderding jazylymy tolyq «qazaqilyq» sipat aluy kerek, qazaq tilining zandylyghy tolyq saqtaluy kerek dep shettildik sózderding sonynda keletin b, g әripterin jazbay, onyng ornyna qazaq tilining aitylym zandylyghyna sәikes p, k dybystaryna almastyru kerek deydi. Mysaly: klub sózin kylup, pedagog sózin pedagok t.b. R.Syzdyqtyng pikirinshe, shettildik sózderding týbir túlghasy saqtaluy kerek. Sebebi shettildik sózge qosymsha jalghanghanda negizgi fonemanyng týrin jazbay ainalyp ketpeytinimiz haq. Mysaly, pedagok bolghanymen, pedagokika bolmaydy, klup bolghanymen klupyna bolmaydy. Búl ereje qazirgi qabyldanu aldynda túrghan jana emledegi erejemen ýndesedi. Sonymen qatar ghalym ss, mm, ll, tt, ff, nn, bb, rr, pp, gg, dd, kk, uu dybystaryn bildiretin әripterding biri týsirilip jazu kerektigi turaly erejesi qazirgi jana emledegi erejemen sәikesetinin kórsetkimiz keledi. Ghalym «§18. Orys tilinen engen atau sózderding túlghasy negizinen orys orfografiyasy boyynsha, al qazaq әlipbiyinen shygharylghan әriptermen kelgen sózder ol dybystardyng tanbasyn almastyratyn әriptermen jazylady. Mysaly: vagon, gidrologiya, biologiya, komiytet, agronom, agrotehnika, pedagog, meditsina, sport, hirurg, konstitusia, klub, kino, radio, advokat, raketa, molekula, budjet, krediyt, bank, transh» dey otyryp, osy erejenin eskertuin bylay beredi: «ss, ll, kk, tt siyaqty birkelki eki әrippen kelgen kirme sózderding sonyndaghy qos әripting bireui týbir týrinde de, qosymsha jalghanghanda da týsirilip jazylady. Mysaly: progres – progreske, metal – metaldar, gram – gramy, bal (bagha) – bes baldyq jýie, Donbas – Donbastan».
Tórtinshiden, til biliminde auyzsha jәne jazbasha tilding óz normasy men jýiesi bolatynyn, sondyqtan olardy bir-birine ainaldyryp alyp qoldanu kerektigin ózining jazugha qatysty enbekterinde dәleldegen R.Syzdyq jazba til mәtinin sol qalpy qaytalamay, auyzsha til tezine salyp oqu kerek deydi. Ghalym osy konsepsiyasy negizinde «-yy, -yi dybystar tirkesi men y, i dybystaryna bitetin etistikterge kósemshening -iy júrnaghy jalghanghanda, songhy yi, iy әripterining ornyna bir ghana y әrpi jazylady. Mysaly: bayy+y+dy – bayidy (bayyidy, baidy emes), keyi+y+di – keyiydi (keyiydi, keiydi emes), oqy+y+dy - oqidy (oqyidy emes), iri+y+di – iriydi (iriydi emes), suy+y+dy – suidy (suyidy emes), moyy+y+dy – moyidy (moyyidy, moidy emes), shiri+y+di – shiriydi (shiriydi emes), qúry+y+dy – qúridy (qúryidy emes)dep kórsetedi. Jana emle erejelerin saralau barysynda keybir ghalymdar y, i dybystaryna bitetin etistikterge kósemshening -y júrnaghy jalghanghanda, negizgi týbir saqtalyp jazylu kerek degen pikir aita otyryp, oqyidy, iriydi dep jazudy úsynady. Bizdinshe, «týbirdi saqtau» jazylym jýiesi qabyldanar bolsa, -y dybysyna bitetin etistikterge jalghanatyn túiyq raydyng -u júrnaghy men kósemshening -a júrnaghyn qabyldaytyn buynnyng da týbiri saqtaluy kerek. Sonda qiy emes – qyiu, jiy emes jyiu bolmaq. Al yy nemese iy arqyly jazu ne jazbau mәselesi 1920-jyldan bastap qazirgi kezge deyin talqylanyp keledi. Búl qazaq grammatologiyasynyng eng ózekti әri birbaylamgha kelmegen problemalarynyng biri. Tariyhqa kóz jýgirter bolsaq, kiril әlipbiyine kóshkennen keyin orys grafikasy negizindegi qazaqtyng jana әlipbii men orfografiyasy jobasy SSSR Ghylym akademiyasynyng Qazaqstandaghy filialynyng qazaq tili sektory S.A.Amanjolovtyng basshylyghymen jasalyp, emle erejesining taqylaugha úsynylghan resmy núsqasy 1953 jyly gazet betine jariyalandy. 1956 jyly «Qazaqstan múghalimi» gazetinde E.Quanov ózining «Qazaq alfaviyti men orfografiyasyn jetildire týseyik» atty maqalasynda qiyn/qyiyn, jiyn/jyiyn, qúridy/qúryidy siyaqty jazylymynyng normalanuyna tikeley yqpal etken oqu-pedagogika baspasynyng redaktory R.Syzdyq dep kórsetedi.
Sonymen qoryta aitqanda, jogharydaghy sanamalap kórsetilgen mәselelerdi professor R.Syzdyq jana latyn jazuly emlening eng negizgi kónil audarylatyn sәtteri dep sanaydy. Orfografiyalyq qaghidalardyng tolyq kodeksin týzgen kezde orfografiya salasynyng damuy men qalyptanuyna birneshe jyldaryn júmsaghan, qazaq grammatologiyasynyng negizin qalaushy, qazaq tilining dúrys jazu qaghidattarynyng qyr-syryn, onyng qat-qabattaryn saralap, emle zandylyqtaryn ghylymy túrghyda jýielegen ghalym apayymyzdyng jogharydaghy konseptualdy oilaryn emle erejesin bekitu barysynda esten shygharmauymyz kerek dep oilaymyz.
A.Baytúrsynúly atyndaghy Til bilimi instituty
Til mәdeniyeti bólimining mengerushisi
Ámirjanova Nazira Serikqyzy
Latyn jazuly qazaq emle erejelerining jobasyn jasauda eskeriletin negizgi-negizgi talaptar men eskertuler
Songhy 15-20 jyl barysynda ýzdiksiz aitylyp, auyq-auyq belsene kirisip ketip otyrghan is-qareketimiz – býgingi qoldanylyp otyrghan jazu – kirillisany ózge jazu – latyngha auystyru problemasy ekeni ayan. Búl jazugha arnalghan emle erejelerining qazirgiden ózgeshe bolatyny (bolugha tiyis ekendigi) jogharyda aityldy. Dәl qazir onyng baptaryn tizip tolyq kodeksin úsynu qiyn, óitkeni aldymen grafikanyng qazaq tiline say naqty әlipbii týzilgen joq. Ár aluan teoriyalyq negizderge sýienip jasalghan (úsynylghan) núsqalar barshylyq. Solardyng en dúrysy tandalyp, týpkilikti qabyldannan keyin ghana onyng emle erejeleri týziledi. Sondyqtan әzirge latyn jazuynyng orfografiyalyq tәrtibin týzude eng basty nazar audarylugha tiyis tústardy (úsynystardy) ataumen shekteluge tura keledi.
1. Búl grafikada qazaq tilining ózine tәn erekshe (últtyq) dybystardyng tanbalary (ә, ó, i, ú, ý, q, gh, n) týgel bolugha tiyis. Búl jaghdayda osy әripterding jazyluyna baylanysty emle baptary negizinen saqtalady, tek illustrativtik materialdary (mysaldary) sәl ózgertilip, qysqartylyp, tolyqtyrylyp berilui mýmkin.
2. Kirillisa men emle jazuyna birdey keletin taqyryptargha qatysty emle baptary da negizinen saqtalady, yaghny qos sózderding bólek jazylatyn sózderdin, birge jazylatyn sózderdin, shylau sózderdin, bas әripting jazyluyna qatysty ereje baptary kóp ózgermeydi. Tek bógde tildik sózderge qosymshalardyng jazyluyna baylanysty birdi-ekili ózgeshe baptar men eskertuler boluy mýmkin.
3. Kirme sózder men bógde tildik sózderdin, әsirese internasionaldyq qordan kelgen ghylymiy-tanymdyq terminderding jazyluy, kirillisa jazuyndaghy emlesinen ózgeshe bolady, olardyng «oryssha» orfogrammasy mýltiksiz saqtalmaydy. Biraq fonetikalyq-grafikalyq túlghasyn (bitimin) mýlde ózgertip, qazaqtyng sóileu tilindegi aityluynsha «qazaqylandyrylyp» ta jazylmaytyn ereje baptary bolady.
a) sóz basynda ne sonynda keletin eki dauyssyz dybystyng ne aldy-artynan y, i әripteri jazylmaydy. Mysaly, prezident (pirezidenit, ne pirezident emes ), student (istudent, ystudent istudenit emes), sport (isport emes), kristal (kiristal emes), matros (matiros emes), març (?) (búl sózdegi sh dybysynyn latynsha tanbasy әzirge dәl jazylyp túrghan joq) (mariç emes), traktir (tiraktir emes).
ә) bógde sózderding songhy buynyndaghy eki dauyssyzdyng arasynda kelgen o dybysy ekpin týspeytin sózderde y bolyp jazylady. Mysaly: redaktir (redaktor emes), avtyr (avtor emes). Qazaq sózderindegi o dybysy songhy buyndarda kelmeydi, birikken sóz, qos sózderde kelse, ol ózgertilmey o týrinde jazylady: qolma-qol (qolmaqyl emes), ayaqdop (ayaqdyp emes). -qoy, -qor júrnaghymen kelgen sózderde de songhy buyndaghy o dybysy óz qalpynda aitylady: әzilqoy (әzilqyy emes), shayqor (shayqyr emes). Osy zandylyqty biletin, biraq orys tilindegi aityluyn bilmeytin qazaqtar avtor, redaktor dep, songhy tor buynyn ashyq tolyq aituy mýmkin. Búl tәrizdi ereje ereksheligi sózderdi dúrys jazumen qatar, dúrys aitugha da septigin tiygizui ýshin alynuy tiyis.
b) kirme sózder men bógde tildik sózderge qazaq tili qosymshalary jalghanuy salasynda da azdy-kópti ózgeshelik bolady. Mysaly, bógde tilding sonyndaghy k, g dybystary men bli,bri, kli siyaqty jinishkelik belgisimen keletin sózderge qazaq tilining qosymshalary jinishke dauysty dybyspen jalghanady degen ereje naqtylana týsui mýmkin;
v) qazaq әlipbiyinen alynyp tastalghan әripter keletin ózge tildik sózderding jazyluynda osy әripterding ornyna jýretin tabaldyryq jazyluyna arnalghan jeke-jeke baptar bolady.
4. Jana latyn әlipbiyimen jazu emlesinde de sózding ekinshi, ýshinshi buyndarynda erin ýndestigi saqtalmaydy, búrynghysha ezulik dauystylary jazylady: qulin (qulun emes), qudiq (quduq emes) kýmis (kumus emes). Biraq búl jerde dәstýrli prinsippen jazylatynyna baylanysty eskertuler oryn alady.
5. Bógde tildik (arab, parsy, orys) sózderde qazaq tilining ýndestik zandary saqtalmaydy, yaghny juan-jinishke bolyp keletin aralas buyndy sózderding orfogrammasy oryn alady. Singarmonizm zandylyqtary keybir birikken sóz, qos sóz siyaqty qazaq sózderinde de saqtalmaydy. Mysaly, býgin de kirillisamen kógal, kelsap, besatar, baspasóz, Gýlshat, Erbolat týrinde aralas buyndy jazylyp jýrgen sózder latyn әripterimen osylaysha ýndestik garmoniyasy joq aralas buyndy bolyp jazylatyn bolady.
Búl kórsetilgender – jana latyn jazuly emlening eng negizgi kónil audarylatyn sәtteri. Orfografiyalyq qaghidalardyng tolyq kodeksin týzgen kezde, sóz joq, jeke ózgeshelikter, tolyqtyrular, eskertpeler boluy әbden mýmkin. Biz jana emlening jobasyna siltegen pikirlerimizdi, naqty erejelerdi ret-retimen, oghan keltiriletin illustrativtik materialdy jazyp kórsetuge bara almay otyrmyz, ótkeni әri әlipby týzilip qanday bolatyny belgisiz. Mysaly, qazirgi ú, ý, ә, ó, o, n, gh, j, q әripterining qazaqtyng әlipbiyine jana latynsha naqty qalay berileri belgisiz (birneshe núsqanyng qaysysynan qanday tanba alynatynyn әzirge bilmeymiz). Sondyqtan mysaldardy shamamen 1929-1940 jyldary qazaq jazbasynda qoldanylghan latyn tanbalarymen kórsetip jazdyq. Sol sebepten bizding jana latyn emlesin týzude eskeriletin jalpy shartty núsqaularymyz dep qabyldau qajet bolar.
Qazaq әlipbiyi
(qysqartylghan núsqasy)
Baspa týri | Kishi әrip | Áripterding aty |
Bas әrip | ||
A | a | a |
Á | ә | ә |
B | b | by |
V | v | vy |
G | g | gi |
Gh | gh | ghy |
D | d | dy |
E | e | e |
J | j | jy |
Z | z | zy |
IY | iy | iy |
Y | y | sholaq iy |
K | k | ki |
Q | q | qy |
L | l | ly |
M | m | my |
N | n | ny |
N | n | yn |
O | o | o |
Ó | ó | ó |
P | p | py |
R | r | yr |
S | s | sy |
T | t | ty |
U | u | u |
Ú | ú | ú |
Ý | ý | ý |
F | f | fy |
H | h | hy |
Ch | ch | che |
Sh | sh | shy |
Y | y | y |
I | i | i |
Qazaq tilining emle erejeleri
I. Áripterding emlesi
I Dauysty dybys әripterining qoldanyluy
1. a, ә, o, ó, ý, ú, y, i әripteri jalang dauystylardyn, al u, iy әripteri yi, iy úu, ýu degen qosyndy dauystylardyng tanbasy bolyp júmsalady. Mysaly: kiy (aytyluy – kiy), kiyim (aytyluy – kiyim), qiy (aytyluy – qyi), qiyn (aytyluy – qyiyn), jiyi (aytyluy – jiyi), jinaq (aytyluy – jyinaq), suret (aytyluy – sýuret), shumaq (aytyluy – shúumaq).
2. a, e, y, i әripteri sózding barlyq buyndarynda jazylady. Mysaly: al, qala, shaghala; er, eresek; ys, baqytty, aiyr, qatysty, qorytu, qúmyrsqa, japyraq; is, bilimdi, kókirek, ýkimet, әsirese, mәjilis.
Eskertu. a) Sóz basyndaghy j, sh dybystary men iy dybysynyng ortasynda kelgen a dybysy kóbinese jinishke ә bolyp aitylady, biraq a әrpi jazylady. Mysaly: barlyq maghynadaghy jay sózi jәne onyng tuyndy túlghalary (jay sóilem, jayyna jýr, jay týsti, dastarqan jaydy, jayghyzu, jaybaraqat, jaydan-jay, jay-japsar, jay-kýi, jayly oryn, jaysyz tiu, jaylap aitu), shay (shay ish, shaygha kel), shayy (shayy oramal).
ә) Sózding alghashqy buynyndaghy ne aldynghy buyndaryndaghy jinishke aitylatyn (estiletin) ә dybysynyng ornyna a әrpi jazylady: lәzzat (aytyluy – lәzzәt), rәsua (aytyluy – rәsuә), Jәmila (aytyluy – Jәmiylә), Fәrida (aytyluy – Fәriydә), tәkappar (aytyluy – tәkәppar).
Eki buynnyng ortasyndaghy dauyssyz dybystardyng týiisken jerinde y, i dybystary aitylsa, aralarynda y, i әripteri jazylyp, sóz ýsh buyndy bolyp tanylady. Mysaly: topyraq, japyraq, ýkimet maghyna, mәjilis, qatynas, qaghilez, qúdiret, kókirek, әsirese.
Qazaq orfografiasy ústanatyn prinsipterding biri – dәstýrli prinsip boyynsha emle, memleket, sahna, sinli, qanly, múnly siyaqty 5-10 sóz arab, latyn jazuly kezderden bergi kele jatqan daghdymen aralaryna y, i әripterin salmay jazylady.
3. ә, o, ó, ú, ý әripteri jalang sózderding birinshi buyndarynda jazylady. Mysaly: әn, әnshi, sәn, dәlel, dәriger; oryn, jolaushy; ólen, kólem, kóbelek, tórteu; úly, qúlyn; ýndeu.
Búl әripter birikken sózder men qos sózderding ekinshi synarlarynyng basqy buyndarynda da jәne bógde tildik sózderde jazylady. Mysaly: Esenәli, dәri-dәrmek, tәlim-tәrbiye; Qyzylorda, Taldyqorghan, jón-josyq, óte-móte; basqúr, qalamúsh, jazghytúry, keshqúrym, tars-túrs; býrsigýni, enbekkýn, sәigýlik; kino, trikotaj, trilogia.
Eskertu. ә, ú, ý әripteri keybir arab, parsy sózderining jәne jalqy esimderding ekinshi buyndarynda jazylady. Mysaly: sirә, kinә, kýnә, kuә, inkәr, kýmәn, shýbә, zәmzәm, mýsәpir, dýdәmal, Kýlәsh, Kýlәnda, Mýtәn, Kýlәi; maghlúm, búlbúl, maqúl, bayghús; mәjbýr, әngýdik, dýldýl.
4. y әrpi mynaday oryndarda jazylady:
a) týbir sózde de, tuyndy sózde de jinishke estiletin jalang iy dybysynyng jәne juan estiletin qosarly yi, iy dybystarynyng tanbasy retinde iy әrpi qoldanylady. Mysaly: iyis, iyin, iyne, iymek, iyleu, tiyn, tiyin, qiyn, kiyin, siyrek, siraq, ti, tiyimdi, tiyis, jinalys, tarihi, sayasi, yaghni, ylghi, qaghida, aqiqat, Isa, Imanbay, Áli, Saghira, Qalima, Kәlima, kino, krediyt, komissia, iydeya, iyerogliyf;
ә) búrynghy ya, yu әripterining ornyna ya, yu әripteri jazylady. Mysaly: taqia, daria, dýria, sia, qia, mia, Ásia, Ghalia; qiu, jiu, tiu.
Eskertu. Qosarly yi әripteri tek syi, tyi, myi sózderinde (olargha qosymsha jalghanghanda da) jazylady. Mysaly: syilyq, syilau, syiymdy, syiu, syiady, tyiym, tyiylu, tyiu, tyiady, myighúla, myisyz.
b) yy, yi dybystar tirkesi men y, i dybystaryna bitetin etistikterge kósemshening -iy júrnaghy jalghanghanda, songhy yi, iy әripterining ornyna bir ghana y әrpi jazylady. Mysaly: bayy+y+dy – bayidy (bayyidy, baidy emes), keyi+y+di – keyiydi (keyiydi, keiydi emes), oqy+y+dy - oqidy (oqyidy emes), iri+y+di – iriydi (iriydi emes), suy+y+dy – suidy (suyidy emes), moyy+y+dy – moyidy (moyyidy, moidy emes), shiri+y+di – shiriydi (shiriydi emes), qúry+y+dy – qúridy (qúryidy emes);
v) y dybysyna bitetin etistikterge jalghanatyn túiyq raydyng -u júrnaghy men kósemshening -a júrnaghy tikeley jalghanady. Mysaly: y – iu, ky – kiu, jy – jiu; qy –qiady, jy – jiady.
5. u әrpi mynaday oryndarda jazylady:
a) týbir sózde de, tuyndy sózde de birde juan, birde jinishke estiletin dauysty u dybysynyn, sonday-aq dauysty dybystan búryn jәne keyin keletin ýndi u dybysynyng tanbasy retinde qoldanylady. Mysaly: su, guil, u, jua, quat, uyz, qalauly, seleu, tireu, týireuish, uәde, dәulet, dәuir, shu-shuledi, shulady, gu-guledi, tulady;
ә) y, i dybystaryna bitetin etistikterge túiyq raydyng -u júrnaghy jalghanghanda y, i dybystary týsirilip jazylady. Mysaly: oqy – oqu, toqy – toqu, jibi – jibu, iri – iru, suy – suu;
b) u dybysyna bitetin etistikterge túiyq raydyng -u júrnaghy jalghanghanda onyng týbiri ózgertilmey jazylady. Mysaly: sau – sauu, bu – buu, tu – tuu, qu – quu, au – auu, ju – juu;
6. Orys tilinen jәne orys tili arqyly ózge tilderden engen sózderde ghana jazylatyn e, ë әripterining ornyna e, yo әripteri jazylady: ekonomika, etika, estetika, duet, evolutsia, eksport, elektr, pulemyot, Piotr.
7. Búrynghy i әrpining ornyna yu qosar tanbasy jazylady. Mysaly: ayu, oiu, keyu, kórkeyu, aiuan, aiuanat, hayuan, hayuanat, keyuana, miua, diuana, qiua, qiuaz. Orys tilinen engen sózderde yu dauyssyz dybystan keyin kelgende dara u әrpi jazylady. Mysaly: budjet, polus, luks.
8. Búryn ya әrpi jazylghan sózderde ya, yә әripteri jazylady: a) sóz basynda jәne dauysty dybystardan keyin qosyndy y+a dybystarynyng ornyna qoldanylady. Mysaly: iyәki, yaghni, qoyan, tayaq, aia, maya, saya, qia, sia, túiaq, sayaq;
ә) Orys tilinen engen keybir sózderde dauyssyz dybystardan keyin kelgen ya әrpining oryna ә әrpi, dauysty dybystan keyin jәne sóz basynda kelgen sózderde ya qosar әrippen jazylady. Mysaly: otrәd, snarәd, akkumulәtr; yadro, yahta, yarus.
II Dauyssyz dybys әripterining qoldanyluy
9. b, v, g, d әripteri, negizinde, sózding basynda, ortasynda jәne orys tilinen engen sózderding sonynda da jazylady. Mysaly: bayqa, habar, gýl, әdet, vagon, aviasia, klub, shtab, aktiyv, passiyv, (finans terminderi), pedagog, okrug.
10. j, z, k, q, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, ch, f, h, sh әripteri sózding basynda da, ortasynda da, sonynda da jazylady. Mysaly: jaz, jaqsy, qajet, qúj, laj, zan, sazan, saz, kól, kónil, qosh, shash, namys, nan, samal, fabrika, shkaf, әlmanah, hat, himia, ras, ru, ret, las, lau, lek, kóp, jazdym keldim.
11. n әrpi sózding ortasynda jәne sonynda ghana, al gh әrpi sózding basynda jәne ortasynda ghana jazylady. Mysaly: jana, an, tan, ghalym, agha, aghartushy.
12. f, ch әripteri orys tilinen engen sózderde jazylady. Mysaly: fizika, kafe, kofe, lift, sifr, shrift, chek, ocherk.
Eskertu. Qazaqtyng bayyrghy sózderinde jәne bógde tilderden kelgen sózderde sh әrpi kelgen jerde eki shsh jәne jalang sh әripterimen jazylady: ashshy, túshshy, Shors. F әrpi arab, parsy tilderinen engen keybir jalqy esimder men biren saran jalpy esimderde de jazylady. Mysaly: Fazyl, Fәrida, Fәtima, saf (altyn), fәniy (dýniye).
13. y әrpi qysang y, i dybystarynan basqa dauysty dybystardan keyin jazylady. Mysaly: ay, oi, key, qúi, kýi, әi, ói, magniy, kaliy, sanatoriy, ssenariy, komentariy, Maiakovskiy.
14. Qazaq sózderinde y, y dybysynan keyin syi, tyi, myi degen sózderde ghana jazylady.
15. H әrpi mynaday oryndarda qoldanylady:
a) orys tilinen engen sózderde jazylady. Mysaly: himia, hlor, arheologia, buhgalter, tseh, hirurg, zootehniyk;
ә) arab, parsy tilderinen engen keybir jalpy, jalqy esimderde jazylady. Mysaly: hal, hat, halyq, tariyh, kitaphana, ashana (onday sózderding jazyluy emle sózdikterinde beriledi), Hamiyt, Ahmet, Halel.
b) s әrpi ts, sóz basynda s әrpimen jazylady. Mysaly: sink (sink), aksia (aksiya), evolutsia (evolusiya), ratsia (rasiya).
15. h dybysy estilgen oryndarda h jazylady. Mysaly: qaharman, qaharly, ehe, gauhar, uh, ahlady, uhledi.
16. Orys tilinen engen sózderde aiyru jәne jinishkelik belgisi retinde i, tanbalary kelgen jerde estiluinshe i, ә, ý әripteri jazylady. Mysaly: siyezd, obiyekt, subiyekt, әlbom, asfәlt, rýl.
III Týbir sózderding jazyluy
17. Sóz tirkesindegi jeke sózder estiluinshe (aytyluynsha) jazylmay, negizgi túlghalary saqtalyp jazylady. Mysaly: ala at (alat emes), bara almaymyn (baralmaymyn emes) qara kólenke (qara gólónke emes), kók oramal (kóg oramal emes), aq laq ( agh laq emes), barsa iygi edi (barsiygedi emes), kelse iygi edi (kelsiygedi emes), baryp pa eken (baryppeken emes).
18. Orys tilinen engen atau sózderding túlghasy negizinen orys orfografiasy boyynsha, al qazaq әlipbiyinen shygharylghan әriptermen kelgen sózder ol dybystardyng tanbasyn almastyratyn әriptermen jazylady. Mysaly: vagon, gidrologia, biologia, komiytet, agronom, agrotehnika, pedagog, meditsina, sport, hirurg, konstitusia, klub, kino, radio, advokat, raketa, molekula, budjet, krediyt, bank, transh.
Eskertu. ss, ll, kk, tt siyaqty birkelki eki әrippen kelgen kirme sózderding sonyndaghy qos әripting bireui týbir týrinde de, qosymsha jalghanghanda da týsirilip jazylady. Mysaly: progres – progreske, metal – metaldar, gram – gramy, bal (bagha) – bes baldyq jýie, Donbas – Donbastan.
Orys tilinen kelgen birqatar kirme sózder, әsirese túrmys-saltqa qatysty zat, búiym ataulary dybystaluy qazaqsha qalyptasqan týrinde jazylady. Mysaly: jәshik, bәtenke, sirenke, bojy, bókebay, bóshke, qalash, shógen, kir (gira), keli (kilo), sot, bolys, oblys, zauyt, tauar. Songhy dauysty dybysyn týsirip qalyptasqan gazet, minut, granat, sifr, koordinat siyaqty on shaqty sózden basqa kirme sózderde songhy a dybysy týsirilmey qoldanylady jәne solay jazylady: optika, kasseta, kantata, kapsula, tirada.
19. Arab, parsy tilderinen engen sózder negizinen qazaqsha dybystalyp ózgergen kýiinde jazylady. Mysaly: әdil, amal, peyil, aqpar, әlem, mektep, pәn, kitap, búqara.
Kirme arab sózderining ishinde eki-ýsh týrli maghynany bildiru ýshin túlghasyn sәl ózgertip qalyptastyrylghandary sol eki-ýsh variantta jazylady. Mysaly: ýkimet jәne ókimet, habar – aqpar, әreket – hareket, peyil – pighyl, aqiyret – aqyret (kebin), mәlimet – maghlúmat, qazyna – qaziyne (qaziyneli qara nar), qazir – әzir, qaqy – aqy – qúq, haq – aq, ghashyq – asyq, ghylym – ilim.
Arab, parsy tilderinen engen birqatar kisi attary әrkimning әr týrli hat qongyna baylanysty sol qalyptasqan kýiinde jazylady. Mysaly: Hasan, Hasen; Zәure, Zura, Zuhra; Bәtima, Fәtima, Pәtima; Qali, Ghali, Áli, Áli; Jýsip, Týsip, Nýsip; Omar, Ghúmar;
IV. Bólek jazylatyn sózder
20. Kýrdeli ataulardyng (memleket, respublika, mekeme, úiym attarynyn) әrbir sózi bólek jazylady. Mysaly: Qazaqstan Respublikasy, Mәdeniyet ministrligi, Qazaqstan Respublikasy Ishki ister ministrligi, Jazushylar odaghy, Aktsionerlik qogham.
21. Eki zat esim qatar aitylyp, bir ghana zatty, qúbylysty, úghymdy atap, aldynghysy songhysynyng tegin (neden jasalghanyn), nege, kimge arnalghanyn, nemen júmys isteytinin jәne ózge zattardan ajyratylatyn belgilerin bildirse, olar bir-birinen bólek jazylady, múnday kýrdeli tirkesterding aldynghy sózi anyqtaushy, songhysy anyqtalushy bolyp keledi. Mysaly: jol azyq, aghash kýrek, temir kýrek, tas jol, su diyirmen, jel diyirmen, san et, qol et, súrpe et, úl bala, qyz bala, mysyq múrt (jigit), ala búlt.
22. Kýrdeli san esimderdin, kýrdeli syn esimderding әrbir sózi bólek jazylady. Mysaly: on bir, on segiz, jiyrma bir, jiyrma segiz, jýz on jeti, eki jýz jetpis tórt, bir myng toghyz jýz elu ýsh, tórt jarym, otyz eki jarym; qara ala, kók ala, qara kók, aq súr, qúla qasqa, qúla jiyren, tory tóbel, aq shabdar.
23. Kýrdeli etistikterding әrbir sózi bólek jazylady: Mysaly: jaza ber, jazyp otyra ber, jýgire jóneldi, jýgirip ala jóneldi, bara almady, bara almay qalyp edi, jyghylyp qala jazdady.
24. Esim, elikteuish sózder men etistikterden qúralghan kýrdeli sózderding әrbir sózi bólek jazylady. Mysaly: qyzmet etu, júmys qylu, jәrdem etu, shap etti, lap qoydy, tap berdi, qol shapalaqtau, du ete týsu, baj etti.
25. Idiomalyq, frazalyq tirkesterdegi әrbir sóz bólek jazylady. Mysaly: tayaq jedi, boy úrdy, bas tartty, bas búrdy, qol jalghap (jiber), qol úshyn (berdi).
Birge jazylatyn sózder
26. Túlghasy ózgertilip baryp birikken sózder qosylyp jazylady. Mysaly: býgin, biyl, qystygýni, kýzigýni, jazdygýni, alanghasar ashudas, belbeu, apar, әper, týregeldi, erghashti, jarghanat, qaraghash, altatar, kógónis, kógala (myljyn), kógala (qoyday sabau).
27. O basta idiomalyq, frazalyq tirkester bolghanymen, termindik, atauyshtyq mәnge ie bolyp birigip ketken túlghalar qosylyp jazylady. Mysaly: aqsaqal, atqaminer, kózqaras, aqsýiek, oitolghaq, oitýrtki (búlar emle sózdikterinde kórsetiledi).
28. Esh, әr, key, bir, qay, әlde sózderimen birikken esimdik, ýsteu sózder týbir túlghalary ózgertilmey, birge jazylady. Mysaly: әrkim, әrbir, әrdayym, әrqashan, eshbir, eshkim, eshqanday, eshtene, keybir, qaybir, qaysybir, birdene, birneshe, birtalay, biraz, birsypyra, birjolata, birynghay, birkelki, birqydyru, әldeqalay, әldeqayda, әldeqanday, әldeqashan.
Eskertu. Esh, әr, key, bir, qay, әlde sózderi zat esimdermen tirkeskende, bólek jazylady. Mysaly: esh adam, әr bala, qay ýi, key adam, bir júmys, әlde jylqy, әlde siyr.
29. Eki týbirden qúralyp, ghylymnyng әr aluan ( sayasiy-әleumetik, lingvistikalyq, filologialyq, biologialyq, astronomialyq, fizika-matematikalyq, himialyq t.b.) salasynda termindik mәnge ie bolghan ataular bastapqy túlghalaryn saqtap, birge jazylady. Mysaly: baspasóz, ónerkәsip, kәsipodaq, arasalmaq, araqatynas, kelissóz, kózqaras, enbekkýn, qonaqasy, kempirqosaq, shoqjúldyz, ottegi/ottek, sutegi/sutek, qostotyq, ýshbúrysh, kópmýshe, tozanqap, gýltaban, tamyrjemis, sýtqorektiler, sózjasam.
30. Ataulyq mәn alghan jәne әr týrli júrnaqtar jalghanu arqyly bir úghymdy bildiretin sózge ainalghan túraqty tirkester birge jazylady: aqkónil, aqkónildi, basbúzar, basbúzarlyq, jatjerlik, basqatyrushylyq.
31. Adamnyng әr aluan jaghymdy, jaghymsyz qasiyetterin, minez-qúlqyn, týr-túrpatyn surettep (beynelep) ataytyn aqkónil, aqpaqúlaq, aqpeyil, erjýrek, bezbýirek siyaqty túraqty tirkester qosylyp jazylady. Olar -dy/-di, -ty/-ti, -lyq/-lik degen júrnaqtarmen de keledi: aqkónildi, aqpaqúlaqtyq, aqpeyildi, aqjýrekti, bezbýirektik. Búlar sózdikte bir sóztizbe týrinde әlipby retimen beriledi.
32. -lyq/-lik, -dyq/-dik, -tyq/-tik, -shylyq/-shilik, -ly/-li júrnaqtary arqyly jasalyp, bir úghymdy bildiretin sózge ainalghan tirkesterding synarlary da qosylyp jazylady. Mysaly: kóztartarlyq, jatjerlik, bógdetildik, adamsýigishtik, malsharuashylyq, jantýrshigerlik, sýtqorekti, ashatúiaqty, kópshilikqoldy.
33. Aldynghy synary bir sózimen, keyde songhy synaryna -ym/-im júrnaghy jalghanyp jasalghan ólshem ataulary birge jazylady. Mysaly: birkósh (jer), biruys (topyraq), biruys (bolyp qalu), sýtpisirim (uaqyt), kózkórim (jer).
34. Birinshi synary zat esim, keyde etistik, ekinshisi -ty/-ti, -dy/-di júrnaqty ótken shaqtaghy etistik nemese -pa/-pe, -ba/-be júrnaqty sóz bolsa, múnday beyneli tirkester qosylyp jazylady. Mysaly: alypqashpa (sóz), jýrekjardy (quanyshty habar), jolsoqty (bolu), pyshaqkesti (tyiylu), qaghazbasty (bolu), baukespe (úry).
35. Eki, keyde ýsh týbirden qúralghan an-qús, jan-januar, qúrt-qúmyrsqa, ósimdik ataulary týbir túlghalary saqtalyp, birigip jazylady. Mysaly: qosaiaq, qaraqúiryq, aqbóken, tasbaqa, qúrbaqa, birqazan, aqqútan, kókqútan, aqqu, qaraqús, esekmia, ógizshaghala, jaujúmyr, týieqaryn, shegirgýl, aidarshóp, qyryqaiaq, qarakýie.
Botanika, zoologia terminderining ishinde mynaday jolmen jasalghan kýrdeli ataular birikken sóz bolyp, synarlary qosylyp jazylady:
1) Birinshi synary aq, qara, sary, kók, qyzyl, ala, boz degen týs ataularymen kelgen an-qús, ósimdik attary jәne qoy, siyr, týie, bota, qozy, at, qoyan, aiu, bóri nemese iyt, qúm, su, bal, u, sor degen jalpy ataular men jeke túrghandaghy leksikalyq maghynasynan aiyrylghan sóz tirkesi bolyp kelgen terminder qosylyp jazylady: alaqorjyn (tyshqan), qaraqanat, qarabay, qarakóz, alabúgha (balyqtar), qaraqúiryq (an), qúmbetege, subetege, siyrjonyshqa, qoyjusan, qoyqaraqat, bóriqaraqat, aqqayyn, qotyrqayyn, itbýldirgen, iytqonaq, ukekire, ubidayyq, balqaraghay, balqogha
Eskertu. Aq, qara, qyzyl, qonyr siyaqty syn esimder an-qús, ósimdikterding týsin aiyru ýshin qoldanylatyn bolsa, bólek jazylady: aq aiu, qonyr aiu, qara búrysh, qyzyl búrysh.
2) Birinshi synary týsti bildiretin syn esimder nemese әr týrli esim sózder, ekinshi synary aghash, shóp, gýl, tiken, japyraq, tamyr, qús, balyq tauyq, qúrt, jiydek, jemis siyaqty jalpy ataular bolyp keletin tirkester qosylyp jazylady: qaratorghay, qaraghash, qaraqúrt, qarajiydek, qarabiday, qyzyljiydek, saryshóp, saraghash, qarakýie, qaraqat, qonyraushóp, sәlemshóp, taraqbalyq, kýrketauyq, týietauyq, qoyanoty, kiyikoty, týimejapyraq, sujapyraq, sýtjapyraq, әrektiken.
36. Eki týbirden qúralyp, terminge ainalghan tehnika, sharuashylyq, túrmys, mәdeniyet, óner, sport t.b. salalargha qatysty zat, qúral jabdyq, úghym ataulary men әr aluan mamandyq, kәsip, qyzmet iyelerining attary birigip jazylady. Mysaly: shansorghysh, ettartqysh, besatar, ónertapqysh, jankýier, bessayys, aqsýiek, qosqúlaq, aqqúlaq, soqyrteke, baltamtap (oyyn attary), betashar, toqymqaghar, aqsarbas ( yrym, dәstýr ataulary), toghyzqúmalaq, asatayaq, alypsatar.
37. Ekinshi synary aralyq, tanu, symaq degen sózder nemese birinshi synary foto, elektr, radio, avto, avia, aero, kino, gidro, agro, trans, post, infra, ultra, izo, post, giyper, al ekinshi synary qazaq sózderi bolyp kelgen tirkester birge jazylady. Mysaly: halyqaralyq, audanaralyq, kontiynentaralyq, jaratylystanu, shyghystanu, abaytanu; fotosuret, elektrústara, radioqabyldaghysh, avtoqalam, aeroshana, kinoqondyrghy, agrosharalar, infraqyzyl, ultrakýlgin, izosyzyq, gidrojazyqtyq, postkenestik.
Eskertu. Birigip jazyluy dәstýrge ainalghan dýniyejýzilik, býkilodaqtyq, býkilhalyqtyq, qiyrshyghystyq, ortazyalyq siyaqty syn esimder osy týrinde jazylady (olar sózdikte beriledi).
38. Eki, keyde ýsh sózden qúralghan kisi attary men geografialyq ataular, negizinen, týbiri saqtalyp, birge jazylady, Mysaly: Dosjan, Ótepbergen, Ábdimanap, Mergenbay, Qartbay, Taldyqorghan, Jezqazghan, Ekibastúz, Qyzyljarqúdyq, Aqtýiesay, Aqdalasar.
Aldynghy synary dauysty dybysqa ayaqtalyp, ekinshisi dauystydan bastalatyn kisi attaryndaghy qatar keletin eki dauystynyng biri (alghashqysy) týsirilip jazylady: Qoja+Ahmet – Qojahmet, Tory+ayghyr – Torayghyr, Myrzy+әli – Myrzәli (nemese Myrzaly).
Eskertu. a) Adam attarynyng ishinde bek, han, myrza, әli (әli, ghaliy), siyaqty sózdermen jasalghan esimderding synarlary da әrdayym birigip jazylady: Myrzaly, Túrsynzada, Ábuәli (Ábuәliy), Qúlmúhambet, Bekmúhambet; songhy kezderde bayqalghanday jalqy esimderding synarlaryn ajyratyp jazu (Myrza Áli, Bek Múhambet, Sovet han dep jazu tәjiriybesi dúrys emes.
Úly, qyzy sózderi familiany jәne әkesining atyn bildiretin sózdermen tirkeskende, jalqy esimge qosylyp jazylady. Mysaly: Bauyrjan Momyshúly, Múhtar Omarhanúly Áuezov, Sara Sәtbayqyzy Esova.
ә) Eki týbirden qúralghan birqatar kisi attary týbir túlghalary ózgerip birikken týrinde jazylady. Mysaly: Dәmetken, Úlbosyn, Úlmeken (Dәmeetken, Úlmaeken, Úlbolsyn emes).
b) Ekinshi synary q, k dybystarynan bastalatyn keybir kisi attary eki týbirding ýndesu ynghayyna qaray da jazylady. Mysaly: Kýsepqali, Qoskeldi, Aytqoja, Seyitqúl, Aqqyz; aldynghy týbir dauysty dybystar men úyan, ýndi dybystargha ayaqtalghanda, kelesi týbirding basqy dybystary úyandap, gh, g bolyp aitylsa, gh, g әripteri jazylady. Mysaly: Amangeldi, Núrgeldi, Tóregeldi, Núrghisa, Núrghoja, Esenghúl, Qaragóz, Botagóz, Ayghyz. Al qatang týrde aitylsa, q, k әripter jazylady. Mysaly: Ábilqayyr, Ábdiqadyr, Ábilqasym, Qalamqas, Biybikamal, Shәmshiqamar;
v) Qazaqtyng tól sózderi men arab, parsy tilderinen engen sózderden jasalghan kisi attary qatarynan eki dauyssyz dybystan bastalmaydy, olardyng ne aldynan, ne ortasynan y, i әripterining biri jazylady. Mysaly: Ysqaq, (Sqaq emes), Ysqaqbay (Sqaqbay emes), Symahan (Smahan emes), Symatay (Smatay emes), Sylanov (Slanov emes), Yrza (Rza emes), Yrzabay (Rzabay emes), Yrsaldy (Rsaldy emes);
g) Attas jerlerdi bir-birinen ajyratu ýshin aldarynan qoldanylatyn anyqtauysh esimder bas әripten bastalyp, bólek jazylady. Mysaly: Kishi Azia, Ortalyq Azia, Ýlken Qaraoy, Kishi Qaraoy.
VI. Qos sózderding jazyluy
39. Qos sózderding barlyq týri defis (-) arqyly jazylady. Mysaly: dýrkin-dýrkin, ýlken-kishi, ýlkendi-kishili, aiaq-tabaq, qyp-qyzyl, qolma-qol, kózbe-kóz, qoldy-qolyna, jalt-júlt, ózinen-ózi, qaraptan-qarap, neken-sayaq, jón-josyq, sayasiy-búqaralyq.
Aralarynda da, /de, ta, /te shylauyn salyp, etistikting búiryq ray túlghalarynan jasalghan sipattama tirkester qos sózder siyaqty defispen jazylady, shylau sóz birinshi synargha (sózge) qosylyp beriledi: uda-shu (ayghay), aspa-tók (baylyq), úrda-jyq (minez) keldi-ket (nemese kel-ket bolyp otyru).
VII. Qosymshalardyng jazyluy
40. Qosymshalar sózding songhy buynyndaghy dauysty dybystyng әuenine qaray, buyn ýndestigi boyynsha, ya juan, ya jinishke bolyp jazylady. Mysaly: júmys-shy-lar-dyn, instiy-tut-tar, ple-num-da, belle-ten-der, múgha-lim-ge, po-lәk-ter, peda-gog-tar, geo-log-qa.
Eskertu. Kýnә, kinә, shýbә, kuә, inkәr, kýmәn, Kýlәsh, Kýlәi, Mýtәn siyaqty songhy buynynda jinishke ә әrpi jazylatyn sózderge qosymshalar jinishke jalghanady, tek barys jalghauy men etistik tudyratyn -la júrnaghy juan aitylyp, juan jalghanady. Mysaly: kýnәsiz, kýnәli (biraq kinәgha batu, kýnәlau), shýbәsiz, shýbәli, (biraq shýbәlanu), kuәsi, kuәlik (biraq kuәgha tartu), kýmәnsiz (biraq kýmәndanu), Kýlәshting (biraq Kýlәshqa).
41. Songhy dybystary rk, rg, nk, iyg, ks, kt, sk, lk, nkt siyaqty dauyssyzdar tirkesine bitken sózderge qosymshalar әrdayym jinishke týrde jalghanady. Songhy k, g dybystarynyng jinishke aityluyna baylanysty. Mysaly: parkten, parkke, parki, mitingiler, mitingige, faktige, faktisi, polkke, polkter, polki, punktterdi, ansambilge, ansambili.
Eskertu. Orys tilinde bri, bli siyaqty әripterge ayaqtalatyn sózder bir, bil bolyp jazylatyndyqtan, qosymshalar jinishke jalghanady.
42. Sózding songhy dybysy qatang bolsa, dauyssyzdan bastalatyn qosymshanyng basqy dybysy da qatan, al sózding songhy dybysy úyang ya ýndi bolsa, qosymshanyng basqa dybysy da úyang ya ýndi bolyp jalghanady. Mysaly: astyq-ty, astyq-tan, tabys-pen, ait-tyr, traktyr-lar, qaghaz-dar, qúm-men, auyz-ben.
Eskertu. b, v, g, d әripterine bitetin sózderge dauyssyz dybystan bastalatyn qosymshalar tek qatang dybystan bastalyp jalghanady. Mysaly: shtab-tan, klub-qa, parad-tan, parad-qa, aktiyv-ke, passiyv-ke, pedagog-tar, Madriyd-ten.
43. sózding songhy dybysy s nemese z bolyp, oghan s, sh dybystarynan bastalatyn qosymsha jalghanghanda, týbirding songhy dybysy ózgertilmey jazylady. Mysaly: júmysshy (júmyshshy emes), basshy (bashshy emes), sózsiz (sóssiz emes), jazsyn (jassyn emes), kózsiz (kóssiz emes).
44. Sózding songhy dybysy iy bolyp, oghan gh, g, b dybystarynyng birinen bastalatyn qosymsha jalghanghanda, ol dybys ózgertilmey jazylady. Mysaly: kýnge (kýnge emes), janbaydy (jambaydy emes), jangha (jangha emes).
45. -ov, -ev júrnaqtary arqyly jasalghan familialargha qosymsha týbir sózding songhy buynyndaghy dauysty dybystyng juan-jinishkeligine qaray jalghanady. Mysaly: Ábiltaevqa (songhy buyn – tay – juan), Ábilbekovke (songhy buyn – bek), Jýsipovtyng (songhy buyn – sip).
46. Qosymshalar dauysty dybystan bastalghanda, týbirding sonyndaghy q, k, p dybystary úyandap, gh, g, b (nemese u ) bolyp ózgergen týrinde jazylady. Mysaly: taraq – taraghy, taylaq – taylaghy, qyzyq – qyzyghy, jýrek – jýregi, tik – tigedi, kitap – kitaby, jap – jabady, tap – tauyp – tabady, kep – keuip – kebedi. Biraq qazaqy (at), qalmaqy (er) siyaqty birer sózderding týbiri saqtalyp jazylady.
Eskertu. a) Songhy buynda y, i dybystary bar keybir sózderge dauysty dybystan bastalatyn qosymsha jalghanghanda, y dybystary týsip qalady. Mysaly: oryn+y – orny, qúlyq+y – qúlqy, әrip+i – әrpi, erin+i – erni, kórik+i – kórki, halyq+y – halqy, oiyn+a – oina, ýrik+ek – ýrkek (múnday sózder emle sózdikterinde tolyq kórsetiledi).
ә) auyl, dauys, dauyl, qauyn, qúiyn, týiin birqatar sózderde tәueldik jalghauy jalghanghanda, y әrpi týsirilmey jazylady: dauysym, dauyly, qauyny, qúiyny, týiini.
b) p, h dybystaryna ayaqtalatyn kirme sózderge dauystydan bastalghan qosymsha jalghanghanda, p, h dybystary úyandamaydy: prinsiyp-i, tiyp-in-de – tiypinde, okop-y – okopy, seh-y – sehy, әlmanah-y - әlmanahy, tariyh-y – tarihy.
47. nd, mn, kt, ng, mb, sk, ft siyaqty dybystar tirkesine bitetin sózderge qosymshalar y, i dәnekeri arqyly qosylady. Mysaly: fond – fondy-gha, fond-y-ny, fond-y-dan, fond-y-sy; shrift – shriht-i-ge; shtamp – shtamp-y-lau; fakt – fakt-i-ge; miting – miting-i-ge; obiyekt – obiyek-i-ler, obiyekt-i-ge; romb – romb-y-nyn.
48. st, zd dybystar tirkesine bitken sózder týbir kýiinde eshbir ózgerissiz jazylady da, olargha qosymshalar jalghanghanda, týbirdegi songhy dauyssyz týsirilip jazylady. Mysaly: trest – trestin, tres-ine; vedomst – vedomos-qa, vedomos-y; siyezd – siyez-ge, siyez-i-nin; sotsialist – sotsialistke, sotsialistik.
49. Bas әripterden qysqarghan sózder tek qana dauyssyz dybystardan túrsa, olargha qosymshalar songhy әrpining juan ya jinishke aityluyna qaray ýndesip, ya juan, ya jinishke bolyp, defis arqyly jazylady. Mysaly: TMD-gha, AQSh-qa. Al aralarynda nemese sonynda dauysty dybys әripteri túrsa, qosymsha sol dybysqa ýndesip, juan ne jinishke bolyp defiys arqyly jazylady. Mysaly: IUNESKO-nyn, NATO-gha, BÚÚ-nyn.
50. Tyrnaqshagha alynghan sózderge jalghanatyn qosymshalar tyrnaqshanyng ishine jazylady. Mysaly: Ol ólen “Qazaq әdebiyetinde” basyldy; Lev Tolstoydyng “Soghys jәne beybitshiligin” qazaq tilinde de, orys tilinde de oqydyq.
VIII. Shylau sózderding jazyluy
51. Shylau sózder tómendegishe jazylady:
a) shylaular, negizinde, bólek jzylady. Mysaly: sabaqtan keyin, jinalysqa deyin; qaghaz da, qaryndash ta; qalam men sia; az ba, kóp pe?
ә) aq, au, ai, mys, mis, dy, di shylaulary ózderinen búrynghy sózderden defis arqyly bólinip jazylady. Mysaly: sen-aq, kelmeydi-au, әdemisin-ay, barypty-mys, shamaly-aq, kóretin-di, qoy-aq qoy.
b) ma (me, ba, be, pa, pe) súraulyq shylauy týbir men qosymsha arasynda qoldanylghanda, my, mi, by, bi, py, pi bolyp ózgergen qalpynda birigip jazylady. Mysaly kelemisin? Aytyppysyn, Súltanbysyn?
IH. Bas әripting qoldanyluy
52. Nýkte, súrau, lep belgilerinen keyingi sóilemning birinshi sózi kóbinese ólenning әrbir joly bas әripten bastalyp jazylady.
53. Jalqy esimder (kisi attary, geografialyq ataular, kәsiporyndardyng attary, kitap, jurnal, shygharma, mereke, mekeme, úiym attary t.b.) bas әripten bastalyp jazylady. Mysaly: Abay Qúnanbaev, Maksim Gorkiy, Balqash, Almaty, Aleksandr Fadeevting “Jas gvardya” romany, Nauryz meyramy.
54. Kýrdeli esimderden qúralghan mynaday ataulardyng әrbir sózi bas әrippen jazylady:
a) Eng jogharghy memlekettik qyzmet attary men qúrmetti ataqtar: Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydenti, Preziydent Ákimshiligi, Qazaqstan Halyq Qaharmany;
ә) Memleketterdin, respublikalardyn, jogharghy mekemeler men úiymdardyng kýrdeli ataularynyng әr sózi bas әrippen jazylady: Qazaqstan Respublikasy, Resey Federasiasy, Birikken Últtar Úiymy Bas Assambleyasy.
Eskertu. Ár týrli mekemelerdin, bilim-ghylym oryndarynyn, partialardyn, úiymdardyn, birlestikterdin, qorlardyng t.b. kýrdeli ataularynyng birinshi sózi ghana bas әrippen jazylady: Syrtqy ister ministrligi, Ghylym akademiasy, Til bilimi instituty, Últtyq bank qory, Mәdeniyet ministrligi.
Búlardyng birsypyrasynyng aldynda keletin Memlekettik, Últtyq, Qazaqstan Respublikasy degen siyaqty anyqtauyshtardyng әr sózining bas әrippen jazyluy saqtalady: Qazaqstan Respublikasy Últtyq Ghylym akademiyasy, Resey Federasiasy Syrtqy ister ministrligi, Memlekettik Qyzdar pedagogikalyq uniyversiyteti, Ózbekstan Respublikasy Jogharghy soty.
55. Birinshi әripterden qysqarghan sózderding әrbir әrpi bas әrippen jazylady. Mysaly: TMD (Tәuelsiz Memleketter Dostastyghy), QR (Qazaqstan Respublikasy), BÚÚ (Birikken Últtar Úiymy), AQ (Aksionerlik Qogham), KJD (Kedendik Jýk Deklaratsiasy).
Eskertu. Áripterden qysqarghan sózderding birqatary ózge tilderdegi túlghasymen qoldanylady: NATO, YUNESKO, GULAG, UAZ (avto mәshiynesi).
Alghashqy sózding basqy buynynan, songhy sózderding bas әripterinen qysqaryp jasalghan sózderdin qysqarghan buynynyng alghashqy әrpi bas әrippen, qalghan әripteri kishi әrippen jazylady, al odan keyingi bas әripterden qysqarghan túlghalar sol kýiinde saqtalady. Mysaly: Qaz.Aqparat (Qazaq Aqparat Agenttigi), KAZMÚU – Qazaq memlekettik uniyversiyteti.
H. Sózderding tasymaldanuy
56. Jazyp kele jatqanda jolgha syimaghan sóz buyn jigine qaray tasymaldanady. Mysaly: ala-qan, or-na-las-ty-ru.
57. Eki dauysty dybystyng ortasynda kelgen y men u dybystary bar sózderdi buyndaghanda, búl dybystar kelesi buynnyng basynda keledi jәne solay tasymaldanady. Mysaly: da-uys (dau-ys emes), sa-uat (sau-at emes), da-yyndyq (day-yndyq emes), qú-yyn (qúi-yn emes). Al úu, ýu, yi, iy qosar әripterding ornyna jazylghan u, y әripteri bar sózder buyndalghanda kelesi buyn dauysty әripten bastalady jәne solay tasymaldanady. Mysaly: bu-yn, su-yq, qu-a-qy, qi-yn, ti-yn, ji-yn (tasymaldaudyng búl týri qazaq tili tabighatyna qaray emes, qosar dybystardy i, u degen jalang tanbalarmen jazugha baylanysty qoldanylatyn shartty ereje).
Eskertu. Sóz ishinde ýsh dauyssyz dybys qatar kelgende, aldynghy jolda eki dauyssyzdy qaldyryp, kelesi jolgha ýshinshi dauyssyz dybys әrpin shygharyp tasymaldau kerek. Msyaly: qúmyrs-qa, (qúmyr-sqa emes), kýngirt-teu (kýngir-tteu emes), janghyrt-ty (janghy-rtty emes).
58. Jazyp kele jatqanda jolgha syimasa, mynaday oryndarda tasymal jasaugha bolmaydy:
a) eki, ýsh odan da kóp әripterden qúralghan bir buyndy sózder jeke túrghanda tasymaldanbaydy. Mysaly: ay, kýn, karts, punkt;
ә) sózding jeke әrpin sol joldyng ózinde qaldyrugha da, kelesi jolgha tasymaldaugha da bolmaydy. Mysaly: ara (a –ra, ar-a emes), alaqan (a-laqan emes);
b) bas әripten qysqarghan sózderdi tasymaldaugha bolmaydy. Msyaly: BÚÚ B-ÚÚ nemese BÚ-Ú emes);
v) kisi atynyng qysqartylyp alynghan әripterin (inisialdaryn), familiadan aiyryp, sol jolda qaldyrmaghan da, ekinshi jolgha kóshirmegen de dúrys: A.S.Pushkiyn, M.O.Áuezov, O.O.Sýleymenov, (A.-S. Pushkin nemese A.S.-Pushkin emes, M.-O.Áuezov, M.O.-Áuezov emes, O-O.Sýleymenov nemese O.O.-Sýleymenov emes).
g) sifr arqyly tanbalanatyn sandardy olargha qatysty qysqarghan ataularynan bólmey tasymaldaghan jón. Mysaly: 25 ga (25-ga emes), 50 sm (50-sm emes), 50% (50-% emes).
Rәbigha Syzdyq
Til mәdeniyeti bólimining bas ghylymy qyzmetkeri, filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor
Abai.kz