Demograf: 2029 jyly qazaqtar 80% bolady...
Qazir elimizding etno-demografiyalyq qúramyna qatysty etno-statistikany sóz etetin ghalym-demograftar sausaqpen sanarlyq. Solardyng ishinde S. Amanjolov atyndaghy ShQMU ghalym-demograftary: tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor Aleksandr Alekseenko men "Altaytanu" GhZO agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty Janna Áubәkirovalardyng oryny bólek.
Eger biz StatKomnyng sózine sener bolsaq, elimizden ózge memleketke qonys audarghandar sany 2018 jyly 2017 jylgha qaraghanda 14%-gha artqan. Olardyng 90%-y TMD elderine kóshken eken. 2017 jyldyng alty aiynda – 15 myn, 2018 jyldyng alghashqy jarty jyldyghynda – 17 myng adam ózge elge irge tepken. Al, biylghy jyldyng qantar-qyrkýiek aralyghynda 34,2 myng adam ózge elding azamattyghyn aldy.
Al, osy orayda aldaghy 10-15 jylda týgeldey zeynetke shyghatyn 1950-1960 jyldary tughan arasyndaghy zeynetkerlerding bolashaq etnikalyq qúramy men qay tilde sóileytini, qay tildi shet tili dep sanaytyny jayly esh mәlimet júrt nazaryna jariya etilmeydi. Ári elimizde "etnostatistika" degen tabu salynghan taqyryp bar. IYә, әli kýnge otarshylar tilinde sóileytin "kópúltty memleketke" onyng ne keregi bar?! Bizdegi etnostatistika joq últty shóp arasynda iyne izdegendey el ishinen tauyp alyp, QR túratyn últtardyng sanyn ósiruge baghdar ústanghan.
Qazaqstanda 1989 jylghy songhy KSRO halyq sanaghynda túrghyndarynyng sany 16 537 000 bolghannan keyin, 2019 jyly 18 395 567 bolyp, 20 jyl ishinde 12% ósimdi qúrap otyr. Búlay deytinimiz AQSh CIA (Ortalyq Barlau Basqarmasynyn) jasyryn dereginde 1979 jylghy sanaqqa deyin 1978 jyly orystardyng KSRO boyynsha sany 117 mln. bolyp, qalghan últtardyng ortaq sany 125 mln. asatyny aldyn ala belgili bolghan son, KOKP hatshysy Mihail Suslovtyng pәrmenimen 20 mln. orysty orystardyng ýles sany basym odaqtas respublikalargha qosyp jazghanda QazKSR-ine 2 mln. orystar jazylyp ketipti. Keyin tau halyqtarynyn, qyrym tatarlarynyn, basqada jer audarylghan halyqtardyng óz jerlerine, al, etnikalyq orystar men slavyan tektesterding Sibirge "úzyn rubli ýshin" keri kóshu jәne slavyan tektester arasyndaghy ólim-jitimning jogharlyghynan (1970 jylghy sanaqta 12848,6 túrghyny bar QazKSR-de qazaqtardyng tabighy ósimine qaramay halyq sany bәri bir 12684,3-ke deyin kemigeni belgili bolatyn), endigi jerde tau halyqtarynnyng elimizdegi sany mýldem kórsetilmey, oghan 2 mln. "óli jandy" qosqanda respublika halqy 14684,3 ainalyp shygha keldi. Osy eki million 1989 jylghy sanaqta sol kýiinshe qala berdi. Keyin búnyng kesirli túsy 3-4 millonday orystar men orys tildiler әm etnikalyq nemister aua kóshken kezde elimizdegi túrghyndar sanynyng ayaq astynan 6 millongha deyin oisyrap qaluy, qazaq demograftaryn airan-asyr etti. Ony elimizding 18 mln-dyq mejege tek 2017 jyldyng sonynda әzer jetkenin-aq bayqap biluge bolady.
Ghalym-demograf Aleksandr Alekseenkonyng sózine sensek, qazaq eli ótken ghasyrdyng 50-60 jyldary óte zor demografiyalyq qoparylysty bastan keship, qazir sonyng jemisin tituldy últqa qatysty kórip otyr. Búryn bala tuudyng jiyntyq koeffisiyenti qazaqtar arasynda 60-shy jyldardyng basynda bir anagha 7,4-7,5-ten keletin bolsa, qazirgi kezde 2,8-di qúrauda.
Endi on jyldan keyin qazaqtar óz jerinde 20 ghasyrdyng basyndaghy "Stolypin jer reformasyna deyingi" kórsetkishine qol jetkizip, sany jaghynan 80%-gha taban tirese, qalghan 20%-dyn orystar – 15%-yn qúrap, qalghan – 5%-dyn ishinde ózbekterding sany basym bolady. Qazir orystardyng basym kópshiligin 40-tan asqandar qúrap otyr. Endi 20 jyldan keyin olar 60-70-tan asqandargha ainalady. Sonda 15% bolatyn elimizdegi etnikalyq orystardyng 80-90%-y tek zeynetkerlerden túrady deuge negiz bar. Búnyng jaghymysyz jaghy olar, yaghny 2 mln. asa zeynetkerler armiyasy el budjetine asa zor salmaq týsiredi. Ári, qazaqqa qaraghanda olar asa joghary zeynetaqy alady. Olardy zeynetaqymen qamtu ýshin enbek etetin qazaq júmyskerining tabysy tym mardymsyz.
Halyq sanyna qatysty uәjdi pikirimen aqylgha qonymdy saraptau jasauy barysynda, ghalym "qazaqtarda oryn alghan" beby bumdy 50-60, 80-shi jәne 2000 jyldardaghy demografiyalyq jarylys dep ýsh kezenge bóledi. Osy zertteuleri barysynda ghalym qazaq biyligi әzirshe mýldem auyzgha almaytyn dýniyelerdi býkpesiz jayyp salady. IYә, búnyng bәrine qalada túryp orystanbay, auyldyq jerde ýbirli-shýbirli bolularynyng arqasynda qazaqtyng «sibirlik úlystardyng kebin qúshpay» últtyq kelbeti әm sanasy men sanynyng ósuin saqtap qalyp, bir kezdegi tómenshiktengen azshylyqtan, keudesin eshkimge basqyzbaytyn kópshilikke ainaluy basty faktorlardyng biri desek te, kóbine ekinshi bir faktor - kelimsek júmys kýshterin jas ereksheligine oray әri olardyng arasynda azghyndanushylyq prosesining oryn aluy arqasynda jergilikti kadrlarmen birte-birte almastyryluy da óz nәtiyjesin keyin kele bere bastady.
Demograf-ghalymnyng songhy kezderi týrli BAQ-qa bergen súhbattaryna kezek beretin bolsaq:
"Qazaqtar ózgelerdi kemsitpey, "yghyryna tiyip elden týre qumay-aq", tabighy jolmen basty últqa ainalyp keledi. Onyng irgetasy osydan 50 jyl búryn qalanghan bolatyn. IYә, ashyghyn aitsaq, kenestik kezendegi 50-60 jyldar qazaqtar ýshin "altyn dәuir" boldy. Eger 1959 jәne 1989 jylghy halyq sanaghyn qolgha alyp qaraytyn bolsaq, odan qazaqtardyng 2,5 esege óskendigin angharamyz. Al, búl – bir buynnyng kóz aldyndaghy 30 jyl ishindegi zor ósim.
Búnyng basty sebebi qalada túratyn ózge últtar arasynda tuu mýldem tómendedi. Auylda túrudyng arqasynda qazaqtar tegin bilim, tegin medqyzmetting qyzyghyn kóre bildi. Kerek deseniz, qazaqtar arasynda jogharghy bilimge qol jetkizgender sany orystar men ózge últtargha qaraghanda asa joghary boldy. Orystar arasyndaghy bala tuudyng mýldem azangy, olardan bosaghan júmys oryndaryna qazaqtardyng emin-erkin iyelenuine mýmkindik berdi", deydi.
Aleksandr Alekseenko dәl qazir balamaly derek kózderi qoljetimsizdikten, tek qana resmy derekterge sýienip, etno-statistika jýrgizip kele jatqan jalghyz-jarym otandyq zertteushilerding biri desek artyq aitpaymyz. Maqash aghanyng kózi ketken son, qandastarymyz arasynda eshkimde belsenip etno-statistikany jýrgizgen emes. Kóbine osy salada zertteu jýrgizushiler әldebir jeke siflar tónireginde oy qorytyp, bardy-joqty sóz etip, әrtarapty qamtityn tereng zerdeli payymdau jasaugha bel sheship bara bermeydi.
Mәselen, 2018 jyldyng qyrkýieginde elimizde 18,3 mln. halyq túrsa, 1991 jyly Batys dereginde 14,7 mln, KSRO deregi boyynsha 16,7 mln. túrghyn bolghan delinedi.
Biylik basyndaghylar arydan oilamay, jer betinde joq "Ýshtúghyrly tildi" betperde etip, "Kópúltty memleketpiz" dep әlemge jar salyp jýrgende, eshkimning betine qaramay 20 jyldan keyin QR tituldy últ 90%-dy qúraytyn monoetnikalyq, monoúlttyq elge ainalatynyna "Monoúlttyq memleket" atty demografiyalyq termindi paydalanyp alghash ret sóz ete bildi. Ony sóz etushi qazaq emes, orys últynan shyqqan – Aleksandr Alekseenko.
"Altaytanu" GhZO agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty Janna Áubәkirova etno-statistikada salasyndaghy kim kóringen emes. Tayauda ghalym "Forbes.kz" basylymyna bergen súhbatynda 2020 jyldan bastap, 2000 jyldardyng basynda oryn alghan beby bum bәsendeydi degen boljamyn aityp qaldy.
IYә, bala tuudyng azangy qazir sәbiylerge jәrdem aqy tóleudi kópsinip jýrgen biyliktegilerge jana problemany tauyp beredi. Ol 50-60 jyly beby bumda ómirge kelgen úrpaqtyng tolyq zeynet jasyna jetui. Osyny aldyn ala bilgen tisqaqty sheneuinikter biraz bolsyn osy problemadan boylaryn aulaq saluy ýshin 63 jasta zeytkerlikke shygharu ýrdisin oilap tapty. Búny 1950-1960 jylghy Beby bumnan esh habary joq qarapayym halyq sezingen joq. IYә, atalghan toptyng ishindegi erler arasynda dәl qazir payghambar jasyna jetken 1956 jyly tughandar biyl zeynetkerlikke shyghyp jatyr. Analar qauymyn da biylik ebin tauyp 63-te shyghatyn zeynetkerlik kestesimen qaryq qylyp tastady.
Osy problemanyng bolatynyn bilgen birde-bir zandy týrde tirkelgen partiya óz 50-60 jyly ómirge kelgen saylaushylary ýshin auyz ashyp, Ýkimet sheshimine esh qarsy shyqqan joq. Óitkeni, bolashaq QR zeynetkerlerining 90 payyzyn býgingidey etnikalyq orystar da emes, orys tildiler de emes, qazaq mәdeniyeti men tarihynyng uyzyna jaryghan ana tilinde sóileytinder qúraghaly otyr. Ári olardyng 60 payyzy әr jerde tiyip qashyp júmys istegen, әleumettik tensizdikting nebir qúqayyn kórgen bóriktiler, ne otaghasynyng tabysyn kәdege jaratyp, mýldem balamen ýiinde otyrghan altyn qúrsaqty analar bolyp tabylady.
Mine, osy sebepti atalghan topqa jatatyndardyng әleumettik, ekonomikalyq әm mәdeny damuy ýshin Ýkimet tarapynan osy bastan arnayy baghdarlamalar qarastyryluy qajet. Damyghan elderde ata buyndy túrghyndardyng eng belsendi bóligi retinde alaqangha salyp ayalaydy. IT daghdy qalyptastyru kurstary, mýddelester klubtary, TV baghdarlamalar, sporttyq, kónil-kóteru sharalary t.b. keninen júmys isteydi. Onyng ýstine arnayy medisinalyq jәne әleumettik qyzmet kórsetu jýiesi qaltyqsyz qyzmet kórsetedi.
Auylda tuyp, ana tilining uyzyna jaryp ósken, 50-60 jyly tughandar elimizding ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeniy-ruhany damuyna eselep ýlesterin qosuy ýshin olargha qazaq tilinde bar qabiletin ashyp kórsete alatyn jana mýmkindikter jasalugha tiyis. Búghan deyin 1950 jyly tughan tútas bir buyndy әleumettik jaqtan qoldau men qorghauda el Ýkimeti orny tolmas qatelik jiberip aldy. Endi sol qatelik qayyra qaytalanbas ýshin 2023 bastap zeynetkerlikke shygha bastaytyn 1960 jyldary tughan orys tilin shet tili dep sanaytyn tútas bir buyn zeynetkerlerining demografiyalyq ahualynan tuyndaytyn tildik, dildik jәne ruhani-etnikalyq problemalardyng óz sheshimin ontayly tabuy ýshin ýkimet әleumettik-ekonmikalyq qauly-qarar qabylday bilui kerek.
Qazaq elin monoúltqa, monomemleketke ainaldyrudyng qozghaushy kýshi bolyp tabylatyn 50-60 jyldary tughan beby bumdyq qazaq tildi zeynetkerler tobynyng jyrtyghyn jamap, joghyn joqtaugha býgingi orys tildi azshylyqtyng tilinde sayrauyn dogharmaytyn biylik dayyn ba? Álde olardyng dauysyna Parlament saylauynda iyelik etudi qalaytyn partiyalar ne istemekshi? degen sheshui qiyn kýrdeli saual tuyndaydy.
Sonymen "KSRO-nyng "Kemeldengen Sosializminin" әm kapitalistik dәuirdegi "Shiykizattyq asta-tóktin" bal-shyrynynyng dәmin tata almaghan 60 jylghy "Joghalghan buyn" óz beynetining zeynetin kóre ala ma?" degen zapyrandy saual jýrekti tyrnalaydy.
Ábil-Serik Áliakbar
Abai.kz