Úly Abaydyng ekonomikalyq tanymyn óz aldyna dara taqyryp esebinde zertteudi kezdestire qoymaghandaymyz. Abaydyng tútas iydeyasyn nemese onyng ómirding belgili salasyna kózqarasyn, mysaly, filosofiyalyq kózqarasyn sóz etkenderinde, zertteushiler onyng ekonomikagha tanymyn kóbinese oishyldyng boykýiezdikten arylyp, enbekke shaqyru, jalang malshylyqty dogharyp, qolónermen ainalysu, sauda-sattyqqa aralasu, egin salugha ýgitteu syndy dәriptemeleri shenberinde baqylap, payymdaydy. Onyng ózi jasaghan qogham ekonomikasyn qalay týsingenin, ekonomikalyq ómirding keybir zandylyqtaryn qalay tanyghanyn ishkeriley zerttep, ony ekonomika teoriya biyiginen kótere qarastyrmaydy. Abay tanymyn tek sóz jýzinde týsinedi jәne týsindiredi.

Abaydyng ekonomikalyq tanymy da, onyng basqa kózqaras-tanymdary siyaqty, onyng tútas shygharmashylyq órnegining bir tilin qúrap, oghan myqtap sinirilgen. Dese de, Abaydyng ekonomikalyq payymdary oishyldyng ólenderinen kóri qara sózderinde anyghyraq hәm jettigirek jetkizilgenge úqsaydy. Qara sózderining ishinde birnesheui, mysaly ýshinshi sóz, on birinshi sóz, otyz ýshinshi sóz, qyryq ekinshi sóz, osy taqyrypqa arnalady. Sonday-aq, Abay qara sózderining 1890,1898 jyldar aralyghynda jazylghandyghyn eskersek(1), qara sózderining Abaydyng jan-jaqtyly týsinik-tanymynyng pisip, oy órisining kenigen kezderining jemisi ekendigin angharamyz.

Abay zara sózderi, kóp sandy zertteushilerding tanymyndaghyday, ólenderining tolyqtyrushysy ghana emes, ólenderimen ýzengiles jәne ýndes jatatyn prozalyq shygharmalary sanalady. “Keybir qara sózderinde búrynghy ólenderinde aitylatyn oilary qarapayym, jenil, onay úghymdarmen qaytadan aitylady”(2). “1891jyldan keyin ólenmen aitpaq bolghan sózderining talayyn qara sóz ýgitine ainaldyryp jibergen. Key uaqytta birtalay ólenderin sol qara sózde aitqan pikirlerinen shygharyp, óleng qylyp ketkeni de bar”(3). Demek, Abaydyng eki janrdaghy shygharmalary birimen biri ýndesip, sybaylasyp jatady, ózara tolyqtasyp, úqsas oidy basqasha jolmen jetkizedi. 

Akademik Múhtar Áuezovtyn: Abay “qara sózderining baghasy---Abay zamanyndaghy jaghdaydy, tarihtyq shyndyqty óz qalpynda búljytpay tolyq tanytyp beredi” dep kórsetkenindey, Abay qara sózderinde Qazaqtyng kezindegi ekonomikalyq tirligi bayaghy beynesinde dәl jetkize beynelenedi. Abay óz elining ekonomikalyq formasiyasyn tanidy, onyng ishki erekshelikterin ajyratady. 

Abay jasaghan mezgilde Qazaqtyng tarihy qalyptasqan qoghamdyq qúrylymy men ekonomikalyq formasiyasynyng irgesi  sógile qoymaghan kezi bolatyn. Rossiya Qazaqty tútasymen jaulap alghanymen, onyng sharuashylyq jýrgizu tetikteri men formalary Qazaqtyng sharuashylyq tәsilin tolyq qarymyna alyp kete almaghan-dy. Onyng ýstine Shar ýkimetining ózining jana otary---Qazaqstan syndy elde ekonomikalyq ózgeris jasap, onyng túrmys-tirshiligin jandandyru qúlqy da joq bolatyn. Ol kýlli Qazaq dalasyn ózining jana tepsip kele jatqan ónerkәsip kapitaly qajetsinetin mal, teri, jýn-júrqa syndy shiykizattardy alatyn alany dep qana sanaytyn. Múnymen qosa, Qazaq ekonomikasynyng ishki bóliginen ózindik dәstýrli formasiyany búzyp-býldiretin faktorlar әzirge tuyndamaghan edi. Sonymen, mausym ainalymyna ilesip, dalanyng ot pen suyna baghyp kóship-qonumen jalghasyn tauyp kele jatqan jaratylystyq ekonomikanyng keregesi tym bekem edi. Abay óz dәuirindegi Qazaq ekonomikasyn “jaratylystyq ekonomika” dep dәp basyp atamasa da, onyng birinshiden, tabighatqa sýiengen, ekinshiden, jalang da túiyq ekonomika ekendigin jete payymdaydy. Mәselen, Abay birde qys, jaz, kýz, jazghytúrym mezgilderindegi tabighat pyighylyn, malshy kýiin suretteu arqyly malsharuashylyghy taghdyrynyng tabighatqa baghynyshtylyghyn, tabighat jadyrasa mal kýiining jaqsaryp, malshy didarynyng jadyray týserin, tabighat sýrkey tartsa, malsharuashylyghghy tynysynyng tarylyp, malshy kýiining mýshkilderin asa tartymdy bayandasa, birde jalang da túiyq ekonomika, onyng bar mazmúny mal basyn ósiru ghana, “әrbir mal izdegen malym kóp bolsa, ózimdiki de, balalarymdiki de kóp bolsa deydi,…әrbir qazaqtyng oiy osy,…tórt ayaqty maldy kóbeytkennen basqa oy joq,…basqa tirliktin, egin-saudanyng keregi joq”(ýshinshi sóz) dep kórsetedi.

Jaratylystyq ekonomikada sharuashylyq maqsaty abstrakttanbay, tym naqtyly bolatyndyqtan, osy naqtyly maqsatqa qúrylghan óndiris te әrdayym әuelgi dengey jәne shenberde qaytalana beredi. Abay jaratylystyq ekonomikanyng osy qasiyetin de bayqaydy. “Mal kóbeytken qazaq malshylargha baqtyrmaq, ózderi etke, qymyzgha toyyp, súludy jaylap, jýirikti baylap otyrmaq”(ýshinshi sóz), “ol maldy suarmaq, toyghyzbaq, saudasyn jighyzbaq, kýzettirmek, baqtyrmaq, úry-bóri, qys, suyq, súghanaq---solardan saqtanbaq, solardan saqtarlyq kisi tappaq”(segizinshi sóz), al bylayghy júrt “ol auyldan búl auylgha, bireuden bir jylqynyng mayyn súrap minip,tamaq andyp, bolmasa sóz andyp...paydasyz, júmyssyz qanghyryp jýruge qúmar”(qyryq ekinshi sóz) dep, bay qazaqtyng bargha mәz tútyp, qolyndaghy baryn eptep molaytyp, jay qazaqtyng basqa hareketti ózi ashugha nemese basqa jaqtan ýirenuge niyet etpey, qazaq ekonomikasynyng әuelgi shenberde, dengeyde túiyq qaytalanyp jatqandyghyn dúrys tanidy. Sonymen birge, “qazaqtyng qazaqtan basqa jauy joq”(jiyrma altynshy sóz), “ózara jauyghyp, birin biri andyp”(jiyrma tórtinshi sóz), “birining birine qaskýnem bolmaghynyn”(ýshinshi sóz) sebebi de sharuashylyq jýrgizuding tar óriste túiyq ainalatyndyghynda dep biledi. “Maldan aiyrylghandar kóbeyse qystauy bosar edi dep, ol meni kedey bolsa eken dep, men anany kedey bolsa eken dep, әuelde ishimizden qas saghyndyq. Árberden song syrtymyzgha shyqty, jaulastyq, daulastyq, partiyalastyq”(ýshinshi sóz), múnyng bәri “jýz qaragha eki jýz kisi súghyn qadap jýrgendiginen”(jiyrma tórtinshi sóz) tuyndap otyr dep kórsetip, jaulasu men topshyldyqty túiyq ta tar óristi ekonomikadaghy shekti baylyqqa degen talastyng barlyqqa keltirip otyrghandyghyn tújyrymdaydy. 

Baylyqty basqalay tәsildermen nemese basqa jaqtardan molyqtyrudyng kózi ashylmaghan jaghdayda, mәnsap pen biylik qazaq saharasyndaghy birden-bir baylyq esebinde tanylatyn maldy onay jәne molyraq iyeleuding eng útymdy joly bolyp qalghan-dy. Abay “osynday qastargha sózim ótimdi bolsyn, jәne de eptep mal jiigha kýshim jetimdi bolsyn dep, qyzmetke, bolystyq, biylikke talastyq”(ýshinshi soz) dep, biylikti monopoliyalaudyng mal tabu jolyn monopoliyalau bolyp qalyptasqandyghynyng syryn ashady da, múning tórkinin de jaratylystyq ekonomikagha, ondaghy sharuashylyq jýrgizu tәsilining mesheuligine aparyp saydyrady. Eki betkeylik, úrlyq, paraqorlyq, aldamshylyq syqyldy jaman әdetterding de osy shekti baylyqqa degen toyymsyz talpynystan bastau alyp jatqandyghyn aitady.

Abay qara sózderinde júmyssyzdyq kóp rette sóz bolady. Abay qazaqtyng el qydyryp, sóz quyp, “ózining azdy-kóptisin bireuge qosa salyp, kóre jýr, kózdey jýr dep basyn bosatyp alyp, sóz andyp, tamaq andyp, el kezip”(qyryq ekinshi sóz) bos tentirep jýretindigin synaydy jәne múnyng da óndiristing jalandyghyna silteydi. “Eger egin salsa, ia, saudagha salynsa qoly tiyerme edi”(qyryq ekinshi sóz) degen salmaqty saual tastaydy. Sonymen birge, júmyssyzdyqtyng pәlening basy ekendigin, “júmysy joqtyq, tamaghy toqtyq azdyrar adam balasyn” dep boykýiezdik, ruhany salghyrttyq, boyama kerbezdik syndy pәlelerding sonan tuyndaytyndyghyn jete úghynady.

Abaydyng óz túsyndaghy qazaqtyng ekonomikalyq halyn, sondaghy ekonomikanyng syipatyn týsingendiginen onyng osy ekonomikany ózgertu sanasy da kýshti boldy. Abay qazaqtyng sharuashylyq tirligine búrylys jasaudyng tetigi, ekonomikanyng túiyq qalpyn búzu men sharuashylyq jýrgizuding jalandyghynan arylu dep tapty. Búl dәriptemelerin qara sózderinde bastan aqyr jalghastryp otyrady. Múnda ol dýnie osy kendikte eken dep “óz elimen, óz jerimen oirandasyp”(jiyrma ekinshi sóz), “ózara qajalyspay jýrip, kórudi”(otyz ýshinshi sóz), ózge últtardan ghylym, óner, mal tabudyng basqasha joldaryn ýirenudi, “hiyqmet te, mal da, óner de,ghylym ja bәri orysta zor”(jiyrma besinshi sóz) ekendigin kórsetip, óte-móte orysty ýlgi tútyp, maldy bóten jaqtan izdeudi, ekonomikany ashyq ýlgige bettetudi úsynady. “joq qazaq ortasynda da úrlyq, ótirik, ósek, qastyq qylyp, ónerdi, maldy týzden, bóten jaqtan týzu jolmen izdep, óristeterlik kýn bolarma eken?”(jiyrma tórtinshi sóz) dep kókiregi qars aiyryla arman etedi.

“Mal tabudyn” qazaqtaghy jalghyz ayaq jolynyng úzaqqa aparmaytyndyghyna kóz jetkizgen Abay, ekonomikany kóp baghyttaudy, sharuashylyq tәsilin molaytudy kirise quattaydy. Qazaqty bóten últtarmen salystyryp, “olardan ýlken baylar, ýlken mollalar kóp shyghatyndyghynyn, saltanat-әsem de solarda bolatyndyghynyn” sebebi, olardyng “enbek qylyp, mal tabudyng jolyn bilgendigin”(ekinshi sóz)---mal tabudyng qazaqtan basqa jolyn bilgendiginen dep tújyryp, óndiristing basqa týrlerine týren saludy úsynady. Osy rette, “aldau qospay adal enbegin satqan qolónerli, qazaqtyng әuliyesi sol”(otyz ýshinshi sóz) dep qolónershilikke, “týbinde bayandy enbek egin salghan”(otyz ýshinshi sóz) dep eginshilikke, “eginning ebin, saudanyng tegin ýirenip mal izde”,”óner—ózi de mal”(otyz segizinshi sóz) dep sauda-sattyqqa beyimdeluge, tehnika iygeruge kenes beredi, soghan quzaydy.

Múnan ary Abay osynyng barlyghynyng enbekke toqtaytyndyghyn qorytady, barlyq qoghamdyq baylyqtyng enbek pen basqa faktorlardyng biriguining jemisi ekendigine kóz jetkizgen ol, enbekti jәne enbekkerlikti tym joghary baghalaydy. “Erinbey enbek qylsa, týnilmey izdese, retin tauyp istese, kim bay bolmaydy?”(ýshinshi sóz), “Óz qayratyna sýienip enbegindi sau, enbek qylsang qara jer de beredi, qúr tastamaydy”(tórtinshi sóz), “maldy ne jerden súrau kerek, ne terden súrau kerek qoy”(jiyrma toghyzynshy sóz) dep batys klassikalyq sayasi-ekonomiyanyng negizin qalaushy Uilliyam Pettiyding “jer-baylyqtyng anasy, enbek baylyqtyng atasy”degen úlaghatty tәlimin qazaqsha qaytalaghanday bolady. Qazaq tirligining kýisizdigin, enbeksizdik, jalqaulyqpen baylanystyra qarap, júrtty endigi jerde “adal enbekpen erinbey jýrip mal tabugha jiger qylugha”(altynshy sóz) shaqyrady.

Abay tóniregindegi qoghamdyq realdyqty zerdeleu barysynda, óz túsyndaghy qazaq ekonomikasynyng syipaty men erekshelikterin tanyp, bilu, onyng ozyq ýlgige, iygi baghytqa beyimdeudi ýiretumen qatar, ekonomikanyng ishinara zandylyqtaryn nemese ekonomikadaghy zandy bolmystardy bayqay aldy. Abay sol tústaghy ekonomikalyq qyimyldardyng ózinen ekonomikanyng eng iri zandarynyng biri—súranys pen úsynystyng qatynasy zandylyghyn tanydy. Ol mәlim týrdegi ekonomikalyq baylyqtyng sanynyng molayghandyghyna qarap, oghan súranystyng kemeyetindigin, onyng baghasynyng qúnsyzdanatynyn, “kedey kóp bolsa, aqysy kem bolar edi, maldan aiyrylghandar kóbeyse, qystauy bosar edi dep....әuelde ishimizden qas saghyndyq”(ýshinshi soz) dep, enbekkýshting kóbengimen oghan bolghan qajetsinuding kemip, onyng baghasynyn(aqysynyn) arzangha toqtaytyndyghyn, maldan aiyrylghandar kóbeyse, qystaugha bolghan súranystyng kemip, bosaghan qystaudyng molayatyndyghyn, múnda bir sharttas zandylyq baryn baghamdaydy. Múnan syrt, Abaydyng enbekting adamnyng psihologiyalyq jýktemesin jenildetu qasiyeti baryn bilui(tórtinshi sóz: “әrbir oryndy hareket ózi de uayym-qayghyny azaytady”), әrqanday baylyqtyng teng mәndiligin tanuy(altynshy sóz: “malyndy berip otyrsan, atasy basqa, dini basqa, kýni basqalar da jaldanyp birlik qylady”) synayly  tanymdary da onyng ishinara ekonomikalyq zandylyqtardy әibat angharghandyghyn derektese kerek. 

Abay ekonomikalyq psihologiya taqyrybynda adam qajetin eki jikke túrghyzady. Ol adam balasynyng “ishsem, jesem, úiyqtasam” deytin qajetteri “búlar tәnning qúmary”, “bilsem eken, kórsem eken, ýirensem eken” deytin qajetteri “múnyng biri jan qúmary” dep týsindiredi(jetinshi sóz). Demek, Abay adam qajetining bir sydyrghy emestigin, sonday-aq osy eki qajettin(qúmardyn) teng mәnde emestigin “tәn qúmarynyn”(adamzattyng birinshi qajetinin) tómen satyda jәne negizdik orynda ekendigin, al, “jan qúmarynyn”(ekinshi qajettin) tәn qúmaryna(birinshi qajetke) sýienip, jәne onan joghary satyda túratyndyghyn túraqtandyrady. “Búlar(tәn qúmary) bolmasa, tәn jangha qonaq ýy bola almaydy, әm ózi óspeydi, quat tappaydy”(jetinshi sóz), “ash kisining kónilinde aqyl, boyynda ar, ghylymgha qúmardlyq qaydan túrsyn!”(jiyrma besinshi sóz) dep payymdaydy.

Tengermeshilikting teris әserin úghynuyn da Abaydyng kóregendigi sanaluy tiyis. Abay “qazaq oilaydy, birlik, at ortaq, as ortaq, kiyim-dәulet ortaq bolsa eken deydi”(altynshy sóz) dep, qazaqtyng algha úmtylmauynyn, óz kýshine sýienip tirlik qylu niyetine kele bermeytindigining bir bastauynyng osy tengermeshilikte ekenin “olay bolghanda baylyqtan ne payda, kedeylikten ne ziyan”(altynshy sóz) degen saualmen týiedi. Qazaqtyng kerenau, jigersiz, tabansyz, boykýiez minezdemelerin ashyp, sergektikke, qayrattylyqqa, baylamdylyqqa, japakeshtikke tәrbie aituy, tapqan maldy iygi maqsatqa júmsap, qyzyghyn kórudi quattauy da Abaydyng osy atalghan qasiyetterdi túrmystyng molshylyghy men tirshilikting janghyruyna bastaytyn izgi әdetter dep týsingen ekonomikalyq tanym-týisigi sanalary haq.

Abay dәuirindegi qazaq ekonomikasynyng tar óristiligi men bir saryndylyghynan, oishyldyng ekonomikalyq tanymdary mazmún jaghynan tym keng óris asha almaydy. Abay olardy belgili biyikten kýzetip, olardyng mәni men sebebin, yqpaly men nәtiyjesin teoriyalyq túrghydan jәne de terendey, arnauly zerdeleuge mýmkindik ala almaydy. Dese de, Abaydyng ekonomikalyq tanymdary qazaqtyng ekonomikalyq teoriya tarihynda manyzdy oryn alary sózsiz.

(1)(2)(3)(4) Múhtar Áuezov: «Abay tanu mәseleleri»

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