(F.M.Dostoevskiyding «Qylmys pen jaza» romany haqynda birer sóz)

Orys jazushysy Fedor Dostoevskiyding «Qylmys pen jaza» romanyn oqyp shyqtym. Búl – psihologiyalyq shygharma. Avtor bas keyipker Rodion Romanovich Raskolinikovtyng ómir joly, jasaghan qatelikteri, jan arpalysy arqyly qoghamnyng bet-beynesin de әshkerelegen. 

Qarjy jetispeushiligi saldarynan uniyversiytettegi oquynan shyghyp qalghan Rodion kýizeliske týsedi. Kópqabatty ýiding shatyryndaghy bólmesin jaldap túratyn ol qústyng úyasynday tar әri tóbesi óte alasa qújyrasynda birneshe kýn boyy syrtqa shyqpay jatady. Oy mýjip, qaljyraghan Raskolinikovtyng jaghdayy nasharlap, esi kiresili-shyghasyly halge deyin qúldyraydy. Bas keyipkerding bar uayymy – «Ne isteymin? Bolashaghym qanday bolmaq? Otbasymdy qarajat tapshylyghynan qalay alyp shyghamyn?». Tyghyryqqa tirelip, qiyndyqtan qútyludyng jolyn tappaghan jigitke studentterding saghat, saqina, alqa t.b. baghaly mýlikterin qabyldap, qaryzgha aqsha berip, keyin uәdeli uaqytta ósimmen qaytaryp alatyn kempirdi óltiru jayly aram oy keledi. Keyuananyng ýiin tonamaq bolghan ol barlau retinde әjeyding túrghynjayyna baryp, kepilge zat ótkizedi. Sóitip, azyn-aulaq qarjyny alumen birge aqshanyng qay jerde túratynyn da andap qaytady. Áytse de, kempirding baspanasynan shyqqan son, «Mening ne istemek oiym bar?! Búl ne súmdyq!» dep óz-ózinen shoshyp, týrshigip, rayynan qaytady. Túrmys auyrtpashylyghy janyna batqany bolmasa, Rodion negizi kisi óltiretindey jauyz adam emes. Alayda kóp úzamay ózge guberniyada túratyn anasynan hat kelip, Raskolinikov aqyldy әri әdemi qaryndasynyn, otbasyn aqsha tapshylyghynan qútqaru ýshin dәuletti, jasy jerortagha jetken er adammen shanyraq kótermek niyeti bar ekenin bilgen son, jigit namystanyp ketip, zúlym pighylyn jýzege asyrugha bekinedi. Sóitip, әlgi kempirdi baltalap óltirgennen keyin, baghaly dýniyeler men aqshany tonamaq bolyp, izdep jatqanda, ýige keyuananyng jas sinilisi kelip qalady da, ol da Rodionnyng qolynan qaza tabady. Sóitip, bir kisini jer jastandyramyn dep barghan jigit eki adamnyng qanyn moynyna jýkteydi. IYә, bir kýnә basqa kýnәgha sebep bolady degen osy bolsa kerek. Sondyqtan jamandyq ataulygha mýlde jolamau kerek ekeni anyq.

Ájeyding túrghynjayynan alyp ketken qarajat pen qymbat zattardy Raskolinikov bәribir qoldanbaydy. Bireu-mireu kórip, qylmysym ashylyp qala ma dep qoryqqan ol zattay aighaqtardy da, aqshany da ýlken tastyng astyna tastap, jasyrady da, sodan keyin qaytyp almaydy. Osy orayda baylyghy shalqyp jatsa da, kómekke zәru jandargha jәrdemdespeytin sarandar kóp elde kisi óltiru, tonau, úrlau sekildi qylmystar da jii bolady dep oy týiesin. Óitkeni, Raskolinikovtey kónili taza әri talapty jigitke bireu qoldau bildirse, ol múnday qylmysty jasar ma edi?! Al qazir she? Rodion sekildi әldekimning qoltyqtan demegenin kýtip jýrgen panasyz jastar az ba qazir?!.. Tasbauyr qogham olardyng janyn týsinuding ornyna әbden ashynyp, sharasyzdyqtan ot basqanyn kýtip jýre bere me?!  

Rodionnyng qaryndasy Avdotiya Romanovna (Dunya dep te ataydy) turaly bir auyz aityp óteyik. Marfa Petrovna esimdi bay әielding qaramaghynda ýy qyzmetkeri bolyp júmys istegen oghan otaghasy (Marfa Petrovnanyng kýieui) ghashyq bolyp qalady. Múny bilgen son, M.Petrovna ashulanyp, Dunyagha jenil jýristi qyz dep jala jauyp, ainalasyna týgel aityp shyghady. Biraq keyin qyzdyng kinәsizdigi anyqtalyp, ýy iyesi qatesin týsinedi de, eldimekendegi әr túrghynjaygha jeke-jeke kirip, Avdotiya Romanovnanyng arly boyjetken ekenin aityp, ony aqtaydy. Kóp úzamay Marfa Petrovna qaytys bolady. Ózin kinәli sezingen ol ólerining aldynda Dunyagha múragha mol aqsha qaldyrady. Sóitip, qarjy mәselesi ayaq astynan sheshilip, Avdotiya Romanovna men anasy Puliheriya Aleksandrovna múqtajdyqtan qútylady. Sonymen qatar, Dunya túrmysqa shyqpaq bolghan er adam Lujinning tәkappar әri adamgershiligi tómen jan ekenine kózi jetedi de, oghan kýieuge tiymek oiynan bas tartady.

Átten, eger Raskolinikov sәl sabyr etkende, bәri basqasha bolar ma edi. Onyng qaryndasy әlgi kisimen onsyz da otau qúrghan joq jәne otbasy kýtpegen jerden mol qarajatqa ie boldy. Biraq jogharyda jazghan nәrselerding bәri Rodion kempir men onyng sinilisin óltirip qoyghannan keyin oryn alghan jәittar edi. Osy tús arqyly Dostoevskiy shydamdy bolugha, synaqtarda synbaugha jәne Jaratushy әrkimge qajetti nesibeni jibergenshe sabyr etuge ýndep túrghanday. 

Eki kisini baltalap óltirgen Raskolinikov ýshin naghyz azap endi bastalady. Aynalasyndaghylardyng bәri kýmәnmen qarap túrghanday kýy keshken ol óz kólenkesinen ózi qorqatyn halge jetedi. Istegen súmdyq qylmysy ishine syimaghan Rodion kimge múng shagharyn, kimge syr asharyn, ishindegi zapyrandy kimge aqtararyn bilmey, alasúrady. Ózi jer jastandyrghan kempir týsine kirip, onyng elesi tynyshyn alady. Tergeushilerding әr sózi, әr qimylynan seskenip, olar bәrin biletindey, tek ózimen oinap jýrgendey boyyn qorqynysh biyleydi. Toq mysyq birden jey salmay, oinap, qyzyqtaghan tyshqanday sezinedi ózin. Jer betine syya almay qinalghan Rodion, tipti, óz-ózine qol júmsay jazdaydy. Aqyry ar azabyna shydaugha shamasy jetpey, bәrin sýigen qyzy Sonyagha aityp beredi. Áytse de, ózin ghashyghynyng aldynda súmdyq tómen sezinip, qorlanady. Jany jay tappaghan son, kempir men sinilisin o dýniyege attandyrghanyna jarty jyl ótkende, polisiya bólimshesine baryp, qylmysyn moyyndaydy. Rasynda da, kýnә jasaghan adamnyng jan-dýniyesi beymaza hal men uayymnan arylmasy, rahattana almasy haq.

Sot Rodion isin qaraghanda, onyng auyr túrmys saldarynan psihologiyalyq kýizeliske úshyrap, syrqattanghanyn eskeredi. Sonymen qatar, bas keyipkerding dosy Razumihin negizinde Raskolinikov qoly ashyq, meyirimdi әri batyl jigit ekenin dәleldep beredi. Rodion uniyversiytette oqyp jýrgende, ózining jaghdayy mәz emes bolsa da, auyr dertke shaldyqqan kurstasyna jarty jyl boyy qaraylasyp, songhy aqshasymen bólisip jýripti. Al ol qaytys bolghannan keyin Rodion marqúm joldasynyng kәri әkesine qolynan kelgenshe jәrdemdesip, qariya kóz júmghanda, denesin jer qoynyna tapsyrypty. Búdan bólek Raskolinikov órtenip jatqan pәterden eki kishkentay balany alyp shyghyp, qútqaryp qalghany, óz ómirin qaterge tikken sol kýni kýiip qalghany da mәlim bolady. Anasy salyp jibergen azyn-aulaq aqshanyng bәrin kýieui ajal qúshqan bir kedey, kópbalaly әielge oilanbay bere salghany jәne bar. Bayqadynyz ba, Raskolinikov – ózi qinalyp túrsa da, aldymen ózgelerding qamyn oilaytyn kópshil jan. Múny elep-eskergen sot 24 jastaghy jigitti 8 jylgha Sibirge aidaugha ýkim shygharady. Ol jaqta qatesin týsinip, tәubasyna kelgen Rodion qamaudan bosap shyqqan son, jana ómir bastaugha bel buady. Sýigen qyzy onyng artynan Sibirge erip baryp, rúqsat etilgen merzimde ekeui kezdesip túrady. Bas qaharmannyng ayaqqa túryp, ózine keluine ghashyghynyng qoldap, jigerlendirui de әser etken edi. Raskolinikovtyng qaryndasy Dunya dosy Razumihinge túrmysqa shyghady. Al sheshesi Puliheriya Aleksandrovnagha qyzy men kýieu balasy úlynyng sottalyp, aidalyp ketkeni jóninde eshtene aitpasa da, ana jýregi bir súmdyqty sezip, dertke shaldyghyp, kóp úzamay qúsadan sandyraqtap jatyp qaytys bolady. 

Shygharmanyng qysqasha mazmúny – osy. Dostoevskiy oqyrmangha әr qatelikting arty ókinish, әr qylmystyng óteui jaza ekenin úghyndyrady. Ayaqty andap basyp, sabyrmen qadam jasau kerektigin týsindiredi.

Bir qyzyghy, jazushy búl әdeby tuyndysyn bastardyng aldynda aqshadan qatty taryghyp, qaryzgha belshesinen batyp jýripti. Roman jazamyn dep baspagerden aldyn-ala alghan qarajatyn kazinogha tigip, úttyryp alghan Fedor Mihaylovich aqyry Visbadendegi (Germaniya qalasy) qonaq ýiding tap-tar әri qaranghy bólmesinde aqshasyz, jaryqsyz jәne as-susyz jatyp, «Qylmys pen jazany» jazugha kirisipti. Bәlkim, Qúday jazushynyng basyna múnday kýidi qúrqyltaydyng úyasynday qújyrasynda jatqan Raskolinikovtyng ayanyshty әri mýshkil halin dәl jetkizu ýshin salghan shyghar. Ár isting bir qayyry bar emes pe?! Sonymen birge, Dostoevskiyding Sibirge aidalghany belgili. Qalamger «Qylmys pen jazada» itjekkenge aidalghan Rodionnyng ishki jay-kýiin sheber suretteui de osydan shyghar?! Sóz zergerining ómir jolyn oqyp, kóp qasiret shekken jýrekten ghana jaqsy shygharma tuady degen baylamgha kelesin. Sonymen qatar, orys zertteushileri Dostoevskiyding romanyndaghy kóptegen keyipkerding prototiypin anyqtapty. Búl jóninde endi qyzyghushylyq tanytqandar bolsa, derekkózderden ózderi oqyp alar. Aytayyn degenim, demek «Qylmys pen jaza» – kәdimgi bir kezderi ghúmyr keshken, ómirde bolghan adamdardyng taghdyry, yaghny búl tuyndy shynayy oqighalardy surettegen. 1865-1866 jyldarda jazylyp,1866 jyly jariyalanghan shygharmanyng ómirsheng boluynyn, kóptegen tilge audaryluynyng sebebi osy shyghar. «Qylmys pen jaza» oqyrmangha jol tartqannan keyin kóp uaqyt ótpey-aq, yaghny 1880 jyldardyng ózinde fransuz, nemis, shved, aghylshyn, polyak, vengr, italiya, dat, norveg, fin tilderine tәrjimalanyp ýlgeripti. 1888 jyly «Qylmys pen jaza» jelisi boyynsha Parijde, 1899 jyly alghash ret Reseyde teatr qoyylymy qoyyldy. Áli kýnge deyin Dostoevskiyding shygharmasy talay memleketting teatr sahnalarynan týspey keledi. Sonymen qatar, kóptegen elding rejisserleri «Qylmys pen jaza» degen filim týsirgen. 

Qoryta aitqanda, F.M Dostoevskiyding «Qylmys pen jazasy» – býgingi ómir shyndyghyn bir jarym ghasyr búryn surettegen әdeby shygharma.       

Alpamys Fayzolla    

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