Mandoky Qonyr Ishtvan. Qúmandardyng Ulash taypasy jәne olardyng týrkilermen baylanysy
abai.kz aqparattyq portalynyng túraqty avtory, etnograf-ghalym Babaqúmar Hinayat majar tilinen tikeley tәrjimalaghan marqúm bauyrymyz Mandoky Qonyr Ishtvan zertteulerining alghashqy parasyn berip otyrmyz. Óz tegin kóne qypshaq-qúmandardan izdep úly dalagha kelgen, sóitip qazaq jerinen mәngilik meken tapqan (Qonyrdyng sýiegi Almaty qalasynyng qasyndaghy ýlken qorym - Kensayda jatyr) әigili ghalymnyng tómendegi shygharmasynda Batysqa qaray ýzdiksiz jónkilgen kóshpendiler migrasiyasynyng nәtiyjesinde Karpat qoynaulary men Dunay boyyn mekendep qalghan taypalar turaly, olardyng arada 7-8 gh.gh ótse de kóne әnderding múrageri bolyp otyrghany jayynda bayandalady. Sonday-aq, qazirgi Majarstan (Vengriya) memleketining territoriyasynda ómir sýretin dalalyq qúmandardyng qúramyndaghy ulash taypasy ghalymnyng zertteuindegi basty nysana bolghany bayqalady.
"Abay-aqparat"
Birinen song birine úlasqan halyqtar migrasiyasy dәuirinde birqatar Ishki Aziyalyq** salt atty kóshpeli halyqtar shyghystaghy Atajúrtynan qoparyla kóship, birte-birte Batysqa qaray oiysty. Birneshe myng jylgha jalghasqan, birde orasan ýlken tolqyn tudyrghan, birde kóptegen halyqty qatarynan qamtyghan halyqtardyng joyqyn migrasiyasy Euraziyanyng aridtik (quan) zonasynyng batys shebi - Karpat qoynauy men Dunay boyynyng tómengi jazyghyna deyin kelip jetti.
abai.kz aqparattyq portalynyng túraqty avtory, etnograf-ghalym Babaqúmar Hinayat majar tilinen tikeley tәrjimalaghan marqúm bauyrymyz Mandoky Qonyr Ishtvan zertteulerining alghashqy parasyn berip otyrmyz. Óz tegin kóne qypshaq-qúmandardan izdep úly dalagha kelgen, sóitip qazaq jerinen mәngilik meken tapqan (Qonyrdyng sýiegi Almaty qalasynyng qasyndaghy ýlken qorym - Kensayda jatyr) әigili ghalymnyng tómendegi shygharmasynda Batysqa qaray ýzdiksiz jónkilgen kóshpendiler migrasiyasynyng nәtiyjesinde Karpat qoynaulary men Dunay boyyn mekendep qalghan taypalar turaly, olardyng arada 7-8 gh.gh ótse de kóne әnderding múrageri bolyp otyrghany jayynda bayandalady. Sonday-aq, qazirgi Majarstan (Vengriya) memleketining territoriyasynda ómir sýretin dalalyq qúmandardyng qúramyndaghy ulash taypasy ghalymnyng zertteuindegi basty nysana bolghany bayqalady.
"Abay-aqparat"
Birinen song birine úlasqan halyqtar migrasiyasy dәuirinde birqatar Ishki Aziyalyq** salt atty kóshpeli halyqtar shyghystaghy Atajúrtynan qoparyla kóship, birte-birte Batysqa qaray oiysty. Birneshe myng jylgha jalghasqan, birde orasan ýlken tolqyn tudyrghan, birde kóptegen halyqty qatarynan qamtyghan halyqtardyng joyqyn migrasiyasy Euraziyanyng aridtik (quan) zonasynyng batys shebi - Karpat qoynauy men Dunay boyynyng tómengi jazyghyna deyin kelip jetti.
Alayda, kóshpeli júrttyng barlyghy da búl qiyametti úzaq joldy basyp ótken joq. Aytalyq, olardyng arasynan kóptegen taypa óz ataqonys-mekeninen sәl ghana jyljydy. Migrasiyanyng bastalar túsynda qolayly mekenge kez kelse, sol aumaqta-aq kóshpeli memleketin qúrugha әrekettenedi. Ár týrli tekten taralghan, tipten tili de úqsamaytyn kóptegen taypalyq odaqtan qúrylghan kóshpeli imperiyalargha jii ózgeris pen túraqsyzdyq tәn. Múnday odaqtar bir kýshti biyleushi arqasynda mýldem beymәlim týrde, eleusiz dýniyege keledi de, kýtpegen jerden kýsheyip, biyligi men óktemdigin meylinshe úlghaytugha tyrysady. Sonan keyin adamnyng jany men qanyn qúrban etip, birneshe ghasyr boyy gýldenip túrady da, aqyrynda kenet nemese bayau ýdeumen qauqarynan aiyryla, kýirep tynady. Bir odaqtastyqtyng osylaysha bytyraghan taypalarynyng ornyn Shyghystan janadan kelgen basqa bir taypa basady: ony óz taypalyq odaghyna siniredi nemese jayylymy men qonysyn tartyp alyp, ózderin batysqa qaray yghystyryp quady. Osylaysha, kezinde ýlken imperiyalargha toghysqan kóshpelilerding taypalyq odaghynyng birqatar jekelengen taypalary men rulary ózining tu bastaghy mekendengen aumaghynan mýldem alysqa, mekenine ainalghan baytaq quang dalanyng eng songhy shebine deyin qonys audarugha tura keldi.
Kóshpelilerding batysqa qaray bet alghan keybir toby jekedara taypa, júrt retinde emes, kerisinshe bir halyqtyng yadrosyn (mәiegin) qúraghan eng ýlken jәne eng әluetti taypa әu bastan birge qozghalyp, batysqa qaray kóshu, jylysu jolyn birge (yntymaqta) ótkizedi. Bir sәt tolastamaytyn shabys pen soghys barysynda olar azdy-kópti ruynan, mýmkin birli-ekili taypasynan aiyrylady. Biraq, onyng esesine basqa halyqtyng ýlkendi-kishili bóligin ózining qúramyna ilestirip, qosyp alady. Osylaysha, olar kýshpen jaulaghan nemese ózdiginen ilesken jaulaushy taypalyq odaqtyng qúramyna enip tolyghymen sinisip ketedi. Degenmen, bir kezderi ózderining shyghu tegi turaly mәlimet beretin taypa men ru attaryn úzaq uaqyt boyy jadynda saqtaydy. Jaulap alu arqyly birte-birte kýsheye týsken kóshpeliler úlysy shyghystaghy kórshilerining oqtyn-oqtyn tútqiyl shabuylyna qarsy túryp qana qoymay batysqa qaray qanat jayyp úlghaya týsedi.
Búl úlghay, qanat jaydyng ózi-aq ary qarayghy olardyn shekara shebin anyqtaydy: kóship-qonyp jýrgen salt atty, mal ósirushi kóshpeliler ýshin endigi kezekte batys ónirde tek Karpat qoynauy ghana qolayly qonys meken dep tanyldy. Onan әrige, batysqa qaray olja tabu maqsatynda joryq jasau niyeti tym az boldy. Osylaysha, halyqtar migrasiyasynyng kóptegen dәuirinde kóshpeliler qolayly qonys retinde Karpat qoynauyn tandady. Dәl osynda birneshe ghasyrgha jalghasqan, úzaq ta, qiyametti migrasiyalyq joryqtyn ayaqtalar túsynda ózderining úlysyn, dәlirek aitsaq, memlekettiligin dýniyege әkeldi. Olardyn qatarynda skifter, sarmattar, keyingi Atilla (Edil) patshanyn ghúndary, onan keyingi Bayan haghan bastaghan avarlar, aqyr sonynda osy jerge birjolata qonys tepken madiyarlar bar.
Arpad Patsha bastaghan madiyarlardyng Karpat qoynauyna aua kóship qonystanuymen kóshpeli júrttardyng búl ónirge baghyttalghan migrasiyasy tolystaghan joq. Madiyarlardan song ile-shala búl ýrdisti Levediyadaghy (madiyar tilinde-Etelkóz) qonys-mekeninen Majarstangha, bir bóligi Balqangha jetken pechenekter jalghastyrdy. Onan keyingi lekte (Karpat qoynauyna) azghana toppen jetken uzdar (oghyzdar), keyin bósermender (músylmandar) men kalizdar migrasiyany jalghastyrdy. Eng aqyrynda Ishki Aziyadan shyghyp, Qara tenizding teriskey jaghalauyndaghy quan dalany basyp ótip, Karpatqa deyin kelip jetken qúmandar búl ónirge qonystanghan halyqtardyng eng songhy tolqyny boldy. Baqtashylyqpen shúghyldanatyn atty kóshpeliler - qúmandar memleketinin batys shekarasy HIII ghasyrdyng basynda Dunaydyng tómengi aghysyna deyin jetti. Osy tústa shyghystan qauip tóndirip kele jatqan jaulaushylargha qarsy túrugha qauqarsyz, olardyng tegeuirine tótep bere almaytynyn sezgen qúmandardyng bir bóligi Majarstan elinen saugha tabady.
Qúman taypalary men dәiekti týrde janara týsken taypalyq odaghynyng tarihyn qazirge deyin (maqala 1976 j. jaryq kórgen - H.B.) tolyghymen saralap ýlgergen joq. Kóne tarihnamalyq jazbalar az bolghandyqtan qúman júrtynyng negizgi arqauyn qúraghan taypalardyng shyghu tegi, qonys-audaru mәselelerinde tek boljamdar ghana bar. Jeniske jetken shayqastary men joryqtary barysynda olar birqatar bógde taypalardy ózine qosyp aldy. Biraq, jeniliske úshyraghan kezderde olardyng qúramynan ýlkendi-kishili toby bólinip qaldy. Sondyqtan ejelgi derekkózder ózgerister men qúbylystardy dәlme-dәl bayandap bere almaydy.
Keybir arab derekkózderi boyynsha qúman taypalyq odaghy toghyz, basqa bir jazbalardy on bir, tipten on tórt taypadan qúralghandyghy turaly aitylady. Al otandyq (madiyar - H.B.) derekkózderi qúmandardyng jeti taypasy turaly bayandaydy. Biraq, búl mәlimetterdi saralap, syn tezinen ótkizbesten sol qalpynda qabyldaugha jaramaydy. Atalghan sandar kóne jәne qazirgi halyqtar da birdey baq, qút әkeletin siqyrly san dep esepteledi. Birshama kóp taypalardyng odaghynan qúralghan olar ózderin ýnemi jeti, toghyz nemese on bir taypadan túratyndyghyn aityp әspetteydi. Búl jayt Karpatqa qonys tepken madiyarlar taypalaryna baylanysty da bayqalady. Dәstýr boyynsha madiyar taypalyq odaghyn jeti taypa qúraydy. Sondyqtan da bir-birinen shyghu tegi mýlde bólek Kýrt jәne Diurmat taypalaryn Konstantin Perpirogenitos (Bogorodnyi) jazbalarynda ortaq atpen beruge mәjbýr. Dәl solay madiyarlar kelip qosylghan týrik tildi kabarlardyn ýsh rudan túratyn júrtyn madiyarlardyng segizinshi taypasy retinde ataydy. Onyng sebebin siqyrly jeti sanynyng kiyesine qalmau dep týsinedi.
Jogharyda aitylghanday, latyn tilinde jazylghan otandyq qújattar - shyghystyq jazbalargha qarama-qayshy, yaghny Majarstangha qonystanghan qúmandardyng jeti taypasy turaly bayandaydy. Biraq, jeteuining atyn birdey tizbeley almaydy. Bar bolghany, búl derekterden qúmandardyng tórt taypasynyn ghana atyn kezdestiremiz: Borchul, Olash, Chortan, Koor nemese Kool. Basqa taypa attary turaly jazba qújattar eshqanday mәlimet bermeydi . Sonda basqa taypalardyn aty qalay jәne majarstandyq qúmandar shynymen jeti taypadan ghana túrdy ma? Madiyar tilindegi kóne jazba qújattar búl saualgha әzirshe jauap bere almaydy. Oghan bola kóne jәdiger qújattardy jazushylardy kinәlәy almaymyz. Sebebi, jazbalarda atyshuly, dauly isterge aralastyghy bar taypalardyng aty ataldy degenmen daulasushy, jaulasushy jaqtyng qújattary tolyghymen bizge jetti dep aitu qiyn. Eger búl mәselede bizge bir nәrse jәrdem etse, ol - qúmandar túratyn aimaqtaghy jer-su ataulary men adam esimderi, familiyalary. Halyq, taypa, ru ataulary, әsirese, týrik tektester arasynda kóbine jer ataularynda saqtalyp qalatyny barshagha ayan. Ýlken aimaq nemese belgili kishkene ónirge at berude en onayy - sol jerdi iyemdengen, mekendegen taypa men ru atauyn beru. Madiyarlardyng qazirgi qonysyndaghy jer-su ataularynan ondaghy alghash halyqtyng arqauyn qúraghan taypalardyng atauyn bayqaymyz. Aytalyq, Kapolnashniyek, Belmediyer, Fuzeshdiurmat, Tisakýrt, Dióndióshtarian, Budaiyenó, Samoshker, Dunakesiy jәne t.b. Búl ataular atalghan taypalardyng bir kezdegi qonysy nemese olardyng qay jaqqa, qalay bytyrap, tarap ketkeni turaly habar beredi.
Dәl solaysha, qúman taypalarynyng ataulary, meken qonysy turaly tolyghyraq mәlimetti jazba jәdigerler, qújattyq material, jәne qúmandar mekendeytin aumaqtaghy jer-su attarynyng kómegine sýiene otyryp anyqtay alamyz. Biraq, Qúmaniyalyq*** jer-su ataulary arasynan tek myna jaghdayda ghana taypa men rulardyng shyghu tegi turaly eger olar Majarstan aumaghyna qonystanar aldyndaghy mәlimetterde kezdesse nemese qúmandarmen kónede baylanysta bolghan jaghdayda ghana sóz qozghay alamyz. Bәlkim, qúmandardang keyin kelgen týrik taypalarynyng atauynan (mýmkin qypshaq tekti) alynghan jer-su attaryn qúman tekti delinui mýmkin. Qúmaniya ónirinen múndaylardyng birqataryn kezdestire alamyz. Mysaly, Ýlken Qúmaniya (týpnúsqa tilde Nadikunshag. - H.B.) ónirinde qúman tekti ru, taypa atauyn alghan Karsagtaghy Salgor (qazirgi atauy Zador), Toksaba, Kongrulu, Kunmadarashtaghy Jalayiyr, Kishuysallash shekarasyndaghy Bayandor, Pechene, al Kishi Qúmaniyadaghy Tórtel, Tazlar, Bodoglar jәne t.b.
Búl maqalada aty atalghandar turaly emes, kerisinshe jazba derekterde sóz bolghan, dәlirek atap aitsaq Ýlken Kúmaniyalyq Olash taypasy turaly sóz qozghaymyz. Búl taypanyng aty alghash ret 1328- jylghy (1328 - 1329 :. «... Demeterius... ludex Cumanorum genere Olass...") madiyar qújat hattarynda, keyin 1344 jylghy (1344: «... capitaneus Comanorum generacionis Olas...») jazbada úshyrasady. Shyn mәninde Olash qúmandardyng kóne taypasyna úqsaydy. Búl turaly HII ghasyr basyndaghy orys jylnamalarynda óte jii sóz bolady: Mysaly, 1103-jyly Ulash, 1184 jylghy jylnamada Ulashevichy (Ulash úldary, Úlash taypasynyng úldary) týrinde atalady. Búl ataudyng týpnúsqa formasy Ulash sózining alghashqy maghynasy «úlasu, birigu, odaqqa toptasu» degen maghynany bildiredi jәne týrik tilderinde de osyghan úqsas maghyna beredi.
HIII gh. ekinshi jartysynda týrik jәne monghol júrttarynyng shyghu tegi turaly anyz, shejire turaly jazghan parsynyng әigili jylnamashysy әri dәriger Rashiyd-әd-din enbekterinen kóp mәlimetterge qanyq bolamyz. Onyng enbekterindegi týrikterge qatysty bóliginde Salgur taypasynan taraghan Ulash bek turaly bayandalady. Ol - Oghyz haghannyng shóberesi Diyv-Iavgu han әskerbasshylarynyng biri.
XVII gh. ekinshi jartysynda týrkimenderding shyghu tegi, shejiresi turaly jazghan enbeginde Ábilghazy Bahadýr (Hiua әmirshisi) han - búl aitylghan ataulardy dәlme-dәl, biraq sәl ghana qúbyltyp keltiredi. On Dib Bakuy han әskerining basy, Salur (búl Salgur atauynyng týrkimenshe varianty) taypasynan shyqqan Ulash bek dep keltiredi. Sonday-aq, týrkimen, anadoly týrikteri men әzirbayjandargha ortaq qaharmandyq dastany - «Dede Qorqytta» Ulash pen Salur atauy birge atalady.
Tariyhqa sýiensek, oghyzdar -b.z.d. 209-174 jyldar aralyghynda saltanat qúrghan Oghyz han qúrghan Ishki Aziyanyng keng baytaq aumaghynda әrli-berli oiqastap jýrgen, kóshpeli týrik taypalarynyng bas qosyp biriguinen payda bolghan júrttardyng múrageri edi. Oghyzdardyn ataqty qolbasshysy Salur Qazan hannyng әkesi Ulash han edi (sóz arasynda aita keter jayt, epos boyynsha Salur Qazan hannyng qayyn atasy Bayandor han. Majarstandaghy Kishuysallash shekarasynda Bayandor atty meken bar. Eskertpe Mandoky Qonyrdiki - B.H.)
Búl dәstýrlerde, genezistik anyz-әpsanalarda jәne qaharmandyq dastandarda kóne taypa atauy retinde barlyghy personofikasiyalana (túlghalana) otyryp, tarihy obrazdarda bizding zamanymyzdyn adamdaryna týsti. Múndaghy әke-bala-nemere jәne basqaday týrde atalghan ejelgi taypa, ru ataulary osylaysha auyzdan-auyzgha berile otyryp ghasyrlar boyy óz jýlgesin ýzbesten sanattan da, sanadan da óshirmey әspettep keldi
Sondyqtan da, búl anyzdar men tarihy bayandardyng eshtenege túrmaytyn, qarabayyr ertegi emes, kerisinshe tarihy derekkóz bola alatyndyghyn tarihy bastauhattar jәne onomastikalyq zertteuler rastay týsedi. Aytalyq, XIV- XVIII ghgh. kishi Aziyadaghy Tarsus ónirinde ómir sýrgen týrkimenderding jetekshi bir taypasy Ulash atalady. Búl taypa turaly 1469 jylghy hatqa týsken derek boyynsha Salur ruy 10, Bayandur ruy 41 atadan qúralatyndyghy turaly mәlimetpen qosa olardyng ataulary tizbelenedi. Búlar Vengriyanyng Ýlken Qúmaniya ónirindegi Ulash, Zador, Bayandor atauymen sabaqtastyghyn kórsetedi. Nemese XIV gh. kishi Aziyalyq Chukur- Oba ónirin jaulap alghan Ýsh-Ok (ýsh oq, ýsh jebe) atty týrkimen taypalyq odaghynyng bir taypasy Ulash ekendigi kóp mәseleni anghartyp túrghanday. Tipten, Ulashtardy aleppelik týrkimender arasynan da kezdestiremiz: Begdili taypasynyn bir ruynyng atauy Ulash, Dýlqadyr taypasynyng qúramynda Ulash ta, Pechenek ruy da bar. (Múndaghy songhysy taghy da ýlken Qúmaniyada kezdesetin atau: Kishuysallash qalasynyng jiyeginde Devavaniya kýre jolynan batysqa qaray Marialaposh jәne Marialaka arasyndaghy aumaq Pechene nemese Pechene araly dep atalady).
Ulash atauy Týrkiyada auyl (koy) atauy retinde de úshyrasady. Búrynyraqta, tipten ejelde Trakiya men Drina (Dripopoli) aimaghyn mekendegen týrikterding bir beketin (derevnyasyn) 1488 j, dәlirek aitsaq 1540 j. Ulashlar dep ataghan eken (Bir kezdegi búl tarihy atau býginde basqasha atalady).
Biraq, Týrkiyada Ulash dep atalatyn birqatar kóilerdi (auyldardy) kezdestiremiz. Búryndar olardyng atauy onan da kóp boluy mýmkin, biraq olardyng qazirgi atauy birshama ózgeriske úshyraghan. Onday túpnúsqasyn saqtaghandar arasynda, Ichel, Ankara, Rodosto (Tekirdagh), Toqat, Mughla, Artviyn ualayattarynda bir-bir, Mardsen ualatynda ýsheuin, tipten Suvas ualayatynda bir audannyng әkimshilik ortalyghy Ulash dep atalady. Al, Ulashly (ly,li týrik tilindegi jer-su ataularynda jii kezdesetin suffiks) týrindegi auyl ataulary óte kóp deuge bolady. Aytalyq, Qojaeli, Nevshehiyr, Mardiyn, Gaziantep, Siirt ualayattarynda úshyrasady. Ulashlar atalatyn auyl ekeu ghana - Bolu jәne Kýtahia aimaghynda múnday bir-bir ataular bar.
Ulash atauyna úqsas tarihy jәdigerlerde de, әpsanalarda, shejirelik anyz-әpsanalarda, batyrlar jyrynda Salgur nemese Salur atpen mәlim. Kishi Aziyada Salur atty on jeti auyldy kezdestiremiz: Antaliyada ýsheu, Koniya, Manisa, Tokatta eki-eki, Bolu, Isparta, Chorum, Kayseri, Chankiri, Samsun, Iozghat, Erzinjan ualayattarynda Ulash atalatyn bir-bir auyl bar. Al týrkimenderde eng ýlken taypasy, әri kilem toqumen jәne súlu da symbatty at ósirumen ataghy shyqqan Salor taypasy bar. Qyrym tatarlarynyng bir taypasynyng aty da Salghur. Onyng aiqyn dәleli Qyrym týbindegi jer-su ataulary. (Búl ataudyng Salur nemese Salor delinui ataudyng týrik dialektikalyq varianttary). Salgur taypasynan delinetinder majarstandyq qúmandar arasynan da úshyrasady jәne Ulashtar tәrizdi qazirgi Nadikunshag (Ýlken Qúmaniya) jerinde ornalasqan: Karsag qalasyna jaqyn jerdegi Zador atauy (búryndar kóne varianty Zagor, nemese Zalgor týrinde úshyrasady) kónede Salghur atauynan payda bolghan. Qúman taypalar odaghynyng ishindegi Ulash jәne Salghur taypalaryn kishi aziyalyq týrkimenderdegidey ózara bir-birine tyghyz tuystyq sabaqtastyq baylanystyrady, shamasy sondyqtan da Nadikunpag (Ýlken Qúmaniya) ónirine bir-birine jaqyn ornalasqan boluy yqtimal.
Olar shamasy qúmandardan Orta Aziyada qypshaq (kúman) - uz (oghyz) soghysy kezinde aiyrylysqan «keyin kishi Aziyagha kóship ketken Ulash taypasynyng múragerlerining kóp izin Týrkiya jerinen tabamyz. Olardyng keyingi úrpaqtary býginde de bir kezdegi qúman qauymynyng dәstýrin, tuystyghyn, halyqtyng óner mәdeniyetining birtalay elementin saqtap qalghan. Búl turaly Bartok Bela halyq әnderin jinaqtau maqsatymen Týrkiyadaghy zertteu sapary kezinde 1936 jyldyng qarasha aiynda Ulash taypasynyng qúramyna enetin iýrýk-týrikter arasynan madiyar halyq әnderining keybir ýlgilerine úqsas týrik muzykalyq foliklorynyng ýlgilerin hatqa týsirgen. Ary qaray Bartok Belanyng ózin sóiletsek: «Qay jerde de bizge ýlken izgi qúrmet kórsetkendigin zor tebirenispen eske alamyz. Ontýstik Anatoliyada, Siriya shekarasyna jaqyn ónirde Iýrýkterding qystauy ornalasqan. Iýrukter - kóshpeli týrik taypasy. Qysta ontýstikte jazyq delinetin tauly-dónes ónirdi qystasa, jazda Taurus biyik taularyna qaray kóshedi. Múnday asa kóne tirshilik formasyn saqtap, jalghastyryp otyrghan adamdar muzykadaghy kónelikti de tamasha saqtaghan deuge bolady. Sondyqtan da, alghashqy týrik halyq әnderin jinaqtaugha osy ónir tandalyp alyndy... Adana qalasy tirek nýktesi boldy. Onda alghashqy eki kýndi ótkizip, jemisti nәtiyjege qol jetkizdik.
Alghashqy josparymyz boyynsha sapardyng tórtinshi kýni Adanadan 80 shaqyrymdaghy Osmaniye atty ýlken auylgha jettik. Osmaniye men oghan kórshiles birneshe auyldyng túrghyndary osydan 70 jyl búryn qanday bir sebeppen mәjbýrli týrde qonys audarghan «Ulash» atty taypanyng ókilderi eken.
Týsten keyin Osmaniyege kelgen biz saghat tórtter shamasynda bir sharuanyng aulasynan bir-aq shyqtyq. Óz basym qatty quandym. Aqyr sonynda armandaghan mәlimet berushini tapqanday boldym, әri sol mәdeniyetti saqtay otyrghan sharuanyng ýiine bas súqqanyma quandym! Otaghasy 70 jastaghy Ály Bәkir degen qariya bolyp shyqty.
Otaghasy Ály Bekiroghly Bekir bizdi asa qonaqjaylylyqpen qarsy aldy. Qariyanyng jas shamasyn súraghanymyzda, ol tәkapparlyqpen tisi joq bolsa da, neni de bolsa shaynaytyndyghyn, 70 jasta bolsa da tau men tasta qoyansha jortatyndyghyn maqtana jetkizdi. Ol kemenge dep atalatyn kólemi skripkaday, biraq kontrabas tәrizdi ústap oinaytyn shekti aspapty mengergen . Aspaptyng qúlaq kýii de skripka tәrizdi tek «e» ishegin «d» - ge kókteu qajet. Qariya eshbir qysylyp-qymtyrylmastan ózining kishkentay aulasynda saz aspabyn zaulatyp oinay jóneldi. Beynebir kóne zaman túnghiyghynda soghys, shayqas turaly kýy shertkendey...
Men óz qúlaghyma ózim senbedim: beynebir madiyardyng kóne әueninin bir varianty tәrizdi. Quanyshqa kenelgen men Bekir aqsaqaldyng әni men kýiin taspagha týsirip aldym... (Bartok múnan keyin mәlimet berushining Ulash taypasynan ekendigin aitty da, madiyar halyq әnine úqsas sazdy oinady. Men onyng qúmandardyng auyly turaly jyrlanatyn sallokóz ónirindegi hontruzeshdiiarmattyq halyq әnine úqsatqandyghyn aitady - Mandoky Qonyr eskertpesi - H.B. )
...Kýn enkeygen song isimizdi ayaqtaugha tura keldi. Qariyanyng otbasyndaghylar da keshki asyn ishui kerek. Ári búl kezde Ramazan aiy edi. Kýnning atysynan batqangha deyin bir ay boyy ishu, jeuden bas tartatyn naghyz dindargha, «Qúrannyn» әsem sheshen tilimen aitqanda qara jip aq jipten aiyrylmaytynday qaranghylyq týskende auyz ashugha bolady. Búl ónirding túrghyndary asa dindar, kerdendegen myrzalar da oraza tútady...
Bekir aqsaqaldan estigen ekinshi әuenim - taghy da madiyar әnine úqsas ekendigi meni qayran qaldyrdy. Áuen erkekter bólmesinen shyqty, oghan әielderding kiruine bolmaydy. Keyinirek aqsaqaldyng úly jәne onda jinalghan jandar bir-birlep әn shyrqady. Janym sýietin ispen ainalysyp, olardyng әn әuenin jinap, men búl keshti erekshe lәzzatpen ótkizdim...
Kelesi kýni.... Juyq mandaghy auyl - Chardakqa arbamen jóneldik. Ondaghylar Bekirding әuenin biletin bolyp shyqty. Búl men ýshin manyzy zor mәlimet boldy. Sebebi, búl әuender kezdeysoq saqtalghan siyrek әnder emes, kerisinshe osy ónirde keng taralghan әnder ekeni belgili boldy... Ghylymy túrghydan asa qúndy, әri mәndi nәtiyjege qol jetkizgendeymin.
Saparymnyng taghy bir oljasy - ózim jýrip ótken 80 shaqymr sharadaghy aumaqta belgili bir sipattaghy erekshe әn әuenin taptym. Jinaqtaghan 90-day әnnin 20-sy kóne әuen týrine jatady. Búl әn әuenining qúrylymy madiyardyng kóne әuenderimen tuystas ekendigi bayqalady, yaghny әuenning bәseng qúrylymymen úqsas. Nemese әuen jogharghy dybyspen bastalyp, birte-birte bәsendey otyryp, әn ayaqtalar tústa tómendey beredi.
Al, qalghan 70 әuen biregey emes, әr týrli sipatta. Aralarynda madiyarlardyng әuenine úqsas «ózgermeli nýkteli» dep atap ketken ritm de kezdesedi... Ankarada bolghan kezimde 13 jasar qyzmetshi qyzdan jazyp alghan 6 әuenning ekeui madiyarlardyng «on birinshi ritm» atalatyn yrghaghyna óte jaqyn ekendigin bayqadym...
Býgingi Týrkiya jeri qazirgi Germaniya aumaghynan eki ese ýlken. Múnday ýlken aumaqtan jinalghan 90 әuendi negizge ala otyryp, qorytyndy shygharu ýstirt bolatyndyghy belgili. Biraq, búl qol jetkizgen azghana oljamyzdyng 20 payyzy madiyardyng kóne derekterimen shendestiruge jeterliktey. Búl degenimiz, bolashaqta osy baghytta jýieli týrde birshama materialdar jinaqtasaq, әldeqanday kóp úqsastyqtar men ortaqtastyqtardy anyqtaugha mýmkin bolatyndyghyn kórsetetindey. Múnday úqsastyqtar men ortaqtastyqtar kezdeysoqtyq emes ekendigi belgili. Aytalyq, yugoslviyalyqtar men ontýstiktegi jәne batystaghy slavyandarda, grekterde múnday әn әueni yrghaghynyng izi de joq, kerisinshe bolgharlardan onyng keybir elementin kezdestiruge bolady. Án әueninin múnday qúrylymy men yrghaghy tek madiyarlarmen birge Transilvaniyadaghy jәne moldaviyadaghy madiyarlarmen aralas-qúralas rumyndardyng arasynda, tipten cheremisterde úshyrasady. Ásirese, soltýstik týrik halyqtarynda ken taralghandyghyn eskersek búl әuender óte kóne, myndaghan jyldar búrynghy týrik muzykasynyng stiylinin sorabtary ekendigi belgili (Nepdalgyujtes Torokorszagban: Bartok Bela Osszegyujtett Irasai I., Budapest, 1966. 507-517 old / Týrkiyadaghy әn zertteuler. Bartok Bela jinaghyndaghy әnder).
Bartok Belanyng 40 jyl búrynghy jýrip ótken saparynda jinaghan azghana deregining negizinde jasaghan qorytyndysyn sonan beri onyng izimen Týrkiyada bolghan madiyardyng kóptegen zertteushilerinin myndaghan jazbalary quattap otyr. Bartoktyn izbasaralarynyng zertteui arqyly madiyarlardyn halyqtyq muzyka qazynasynda «óte kóne, myndaghan jyldar búrynghy týrik muzykasynyng stiylimen» qosa basqaday salystyrmaly týrde jas, jana stildegi týrik muzykasynyn plasty da bar ekendigine kóz jetkizdik. Madiyar muzyka folikloryndaghy búl plasta 730 jyl búryn Majarstangha qonys audarghan qúmandar arqyly jetip, múragha qalghan. Bartok Belanyng zertteui arqyly tarih túnghiyghyda bir-birinen ajyrap qalghan tuysqandar qayta tabysyp, ýlken janalyqqa keneldi. Osylaysha, uaqyt pen kenistik ayasynan tys 800-900 jyl búrynghy dәstýr qaytadan tirilip, kóne qypshaq әueni Týrkiyadaghy Chukur-Ovada jәne Majarstandaghy Ýlken Qúmaniyada qayta asqaqtady: ULASh !!!
«Abay-aqparat»
* *- batystyq tarihnamada Euraziyanyn Hingan taularynan bastalyp, Karpat qoynauyna deyin sozylghan quang zonasyn shartty týrde «Ishki Aziya» degen jaghrafiyalyq-mәdeny aimaqqa toptastyrady. Búl iydeyanyn alghashqy ghylymi tújyrymyn úsynghan amerikalyq altaist-ghylym Denis Sinor. - Aud.
*** -qazirgi Majarstan (Vengriya) aumaghynyng negizinen alghanda Tisa men Dunay dariyasy arasyndaghy tarihy mәdeniy-georgrafiyalyq aimaq Kunshag (Somania, Cumania) Qúmaniya dep atalady. Azghantay aumaq Kishi jәne Ýlken Kúmaniyagha bólenedi (týpnúsqa tilde Kishkunshag jәne Nadikunshag) -Aud.