Qazaqstan músylmandary diny basqarmasynyng tóraghasy, Bas mýfti, sheyh Ábsattar qajy Derbisәlimen (surette) «Egemen Qazaqstan»  respublikalyq gazeti» ashyq aksionerlik qoghamynyng preziydenti Sauytbek Abdyrahmanovtyng súhbatyn oqyrmandarymyzdyng nazaryna úsynyp otyrmyz. Ziyndy júrt ýshin taghylymdy әngime aita otyryp sheyh Ábsattar qajy asyl dinimiz islamnyng ishine keulep kire bastaghan aghymdardyng josyqsyzdyghyna qatysty pikirin bildire kelip, aghym ókilderining «Ata-babamyz san ghasyrlar boyy ústanyp kelgen dәstýrli Hanafy mәzhabyna til tiygizu, ata dәstýri men әdet-ghúrypty moyyndamau, oghan qúrmet kórsetpeu, mәdeny jәne tarihy oshaqtardy ziyarat etudi dinde joq deu, ata-baba zirattaryn qiratu siyaqty jәitter kórinis bere bastaghanyn teledidardan kórip jýrmiz», deydi.

Súhbat «Egmen Qazaqstan» gazetinen alyndy. Súhbattyng kirispe sózi yqshamdalyp berildi.

«Abay-aqparat»

Qazaqstan músylmandary diny basqarmasynyng tóraghasy, Bas mýfti, sheyh Ábsattar qajy Derbisәlimen (surette) «Egemen Qazaqstan»  respublikalyq gazeti» ashyq aksionerlik qoghamynyng preziydenti Sauytbek Abdyrahmanovtyng súhbatyn oqyrmandarymyzdyng nazaryna úsynyp otyrmyz. Ziyndy júrt ýshin taghylymdy әngime aita otyryp sheyh Ábsattar qajy asyl dinimiz islamnyng ishine keulep kire bastaghan aghymdardyng josyqsyzdyghyna qatysty pikirin bildire kelip, aghym ókilderining «Ata-babamyz san ghasyrlar boyy ústanyp kelgen dәstýrli Hanafy mәzhabyna til tiygizu, ata dәstýri men әdet-ghúrypty moyyndamau, oghan qúrmet kórsetpeu, mәdeny jәne tarihy oshaqtardy ziyarat etudi dinde joq deu, ata-baba zirattaryn qiratu siyaqty jәitter kórinis bere bastaghanyn teledidardan kórip jýrmiz», deydi.

Súhbat «Egmen Qazaqstan» gazetinen alyndy. Súhbattyng kirispe sózi yqshamdalyp berildi.

«Abay-aqparat»

-  Qadirli haziret! Ózinizge belgili, kenes kezinde qazaqtyng mәdeniyetine, әdebiyetine, salt-dәstýrine, tiline, dili men dinine qiyanat jasaldy. Oghan tarih kuә. «Qúdaysyzdar qoghamy» degenge deyin qúrghyzghan sol zamanda da talay zúlmatty bastan keshken ata-babalarymyz taghdyr tezine tózip, sabyr saqtap, senimderine selkeu týsirgen emes. Endi egemen el atanyp, etek-jenimizdi jinap, ensemizdi tiktedik. Osy rette Islamdy qabyldap qana qoymay, asyl dinimizdi bayyta týsken babalarymyzdyng ruhany múrasyn zerdeleu, týgendeu, ony әlemge pash etu iygilikti isi ózinen-ózi súranyp túrghanday.

- Dúrys aitasyz. Árbir últ pen halyqtyng jýrip ótken joly men úzaq-sonar tarihy bolady. Sodan әr el ómirlik sabaq alyp, keleshegine boljam jasaydy. Býginde әlemning tórtten birin qúraytyn músylman júrtshylyghynyng da altyn әriptermen jazugha túrarlyq ózindik jarqyn tarihy bar. IYә, dinmen, imanmen, senimmen bite qaynasyp jatqan tarih qashanda sәuleli, núrly bolary sózsiz.

Tarihtyng әu basy әlemdi týnekten jaryqqa jetelegen payghambarlardan bastau alady. Adamzat balasy eng asyl qasiyetterdi, barsha izgi qúndylyqtardy payghambarlardan ýirendi. Mәselen, óz aghattyghy ýshin Alla Taghaladan keshirim tilep, tәubege keludi músylmandar sonau Adam (gh.s.) atamyzdan ýirendi. Dúshpandary tarapynan otqa tastalyp jatsa da, qasqayyp túryp: «Hasbunalla» (medet tilerim bir Alla) deytin qas jýrek turashyldyqty Alla Taghalanyng dosy Ibrahimning (gh.s.) tәliminen aldy. Óz enbegimen, hәm manday terimen kýn kórudi Dәuit (gh.s.) payghambardan, qiyn-qystau, auyrtpashylyqtargha sabyr etudi Ayyub (gh.s.) payghambardan, ar-namysty bәrinen joghary qoydy jәne әr mәseleni danalyq jәne hikmetpen sheshudi Jýsip (gh.s.) payghambardan ýirendi. Endeshe, býkil jaqsylyq ataulynyng eng alghashqy nasihatshylary payghambarlar bolghan. Olardyng ómiri ghibratty ýlgi-ónegege toly. Osynau ruhany әlemning keruenin ghalamnyng raqym núry, adamzattyng ardaqtysy Múhammed Mústafa (s.gh.s.) tәmamdady. Songhy Payghambardyng (s.gh.s.) Alla qúzyryndaghy, payghambarlar arasyndaghy, eki dýnie júrtyndaghy orny, әriyne, zor. Alla elshisi (s.gh.s.) barsha payghambarlardyng erekshelikteri men qasiyetterin boyyna jinay bilgen payghambarlar súltany hәm aqyrghy elshi. «Múhammed» (s.gh.s.) degen esimdi estigenning ózinde aqiqat әlemine boylay bilgen qanshama adamnyng kózi sýiispenshilik jasyna, kónili shattyq sezimine bólenip, ghalamat bir kýy keshedi. Eng songhy din retinde odan búrynghy zamandardaghy jaqsylyqtardyng bәrin bir boyyna jinaghan Islam - adamzattyng asyl tәji.

Qazaq elining tarihyna da Islam shejiresindegi mәrtebeli, úly túlghalar qatyssyz deuge qúqymyz joq. Ózimizdi hәm ata-babalarymyzdy músylman sanasaq, onda osy tariyhqa da ortaqpyz degen sóz. Býginge deyin qazaqtyng tarihy biraz jazyldy, zerttelip, zerdelendi. Qatpar-qatpar tarihymyzdyng qoynauyn aqtarsaq, ruhaniyatymyzdyn, dinimizdin, minez-qúlqymyzdyn, dýniyege kózqarasymyzdyng da óz joly bolghanyn angharamyz. Býginde babalarymyzdyng diny joly men ústanghan baghyty qanday bolghan, asyl dinning danghyl tarihyna qay ghasyrda qosyldyq degen sekildi súraqtardyng jauaby әr qazaqty qyzyqtyrsa kerek. Dýniyeni jaylaghan jahandanu dәuirinde búryn kóz kórip, qúlaq estimegen  týrli din atyn jamylghandar elimizge kelip jatqanda múny zerdeleu aitarlyqtay manyzdy. Zerdelep te jatyrmyz. 2006 jyly men jәne elimizding bir top ghalymdary Sham júrtynyng astanasy Damaskide Ábu Nasyr әl-Faraby babamyzdyng ziratyna ziyarat jasadyq. Ghylymnyng san týrli salasyn mengergen babamyzdyng ruhyna Qasiyetti Qúran ayattaryn baghyshtadym. Qazir Damask qalasynda ghúlamanyng kesenesi salynyp, az-Zahir Beybarys babamyzdyng medresesi men kitaphanasy qayta jóndelip jatyr. Juyrda búlardyng bәri bitedi degen habar bar.

- Siz jaqynda bizdi taghy bir maqtanysh tútar túlghamyzben tanystyrdynyz. Maghan telefon shalghanynyzda Tarazdan shyqqan iri ghalymnyng enbegin jariyalaghanynyzdy, ol jayynda arnayy kitap jazghanynyzdy aityp ediniz. Jana әngimemiz bastalarda ol kitapty syiladynyz da. Osy adamnyng taghdyry, enbegi jóninde oqyrmandargha da aityp berseniz deymin.

- 2002 jyly Kairde ótken dәstýrli Islam konferensiyasyna qatystym. Sonda meni osy eldegi elshimiz Asqar Musinov Nasrulla at-Tarazy degen kisimen tanystyrdy. Úzyn boyly, at jaqty adam eken. Arab, parsy, qazaq, ózbek tilderinde erkin sóileydi. Qasynda balasy bar. Aty - Mýbarak. Ol 1922 jyly Tarazda parasatty, bilimdar kisi Ábu Nasyr Mýbashshir at-Taraziyding (1896-1977) otbasynda dýniyege kelgen. Ákesi Ábu Nasyr Kenes ókimetin qoldamaghan. Sol ýshin birneshe ret abaqtygha da jatyp shyghady. Aqyrynda otbasymen Aughanstangha qonys audarady. Ol jerde de tynyshtyq bolmaghan song Pәkstangha asady, aqyrynda Egiypetke túraqtaydy. 1977 jyly Ábu Nasyr Mýbashshir aqsaqal Kairde dýniyeden ótken. Nasrulla Aughanstanda orta mektepti tәmamdaghan song Kabul uniyversiytetining parsy tili men әdebiyeti bólimin bitirgen. Nasrulla aghamyz arab, parsy, ejelgi týrik, shaghatay tilderi ghana emes, sonday-aq týrki halyqtarynyng tarihy men әdebiyetinin, jazba jәdigerlikterining bilgiri bop shyqty. Men Tarazdyng tarihy, osy shahardan shyqqan ghúlamalar men daryndy perzentteri jayly jazghan maqalalarymda Nasrulla aqsaqal turaly aitudy, ony nasihattaudy da úmytqan emespin. Kairde 2011 jyly bolghan býlikke deyin Egiypetke barghan taghy bir saparymda Nasrulla aghanyng úrpaqtarynyng jerlesimiz múrasynyng bir bóligining Ózbekstangha, taghy bir bóligin Qazaqstan múraghatyna ótkizgenin estip, sýisindim.

- «Hibatulla at-Tarazy y ego duhovnoe naslediye» degen kitabynyz oryssha shyghypty.

- Onyng jayy bylay. Múnday túlghalar jayynda býkil músylman әlemi, eng aldymen týrki júrty biluge tiyis. Tek qazaqsha jazsanyz tatar, bashqúrt, ózbek, qyrghyz siyaqty aghayyndarymyz habardar bolmay qalady. Sondyqtan oryssha da shyghardym.

Aqyrghy elshi amanaty

- Payghambarymyzdyng (s.gh.s.) ómiri jayynda, onyng kórkem minezi turaly óz auzynyzdan estisek dep edik. Bir qaraghanda Payghambarymyz turaly әngimelenizshi deuding ózi artyq  ta siyaqty. Bәrimiz búl jóninde biluge tiyispiz ghoy. Áytse de, qazirshe dәl olay emes. Gazet oqyrmandary arasynda múnday әngimeni qajet etetinder de tabylatyny talassyz.

- Áueli Múhammed payghambarymyzdy (s.gh.s.) nege songhy payghambar deytinimizdi týsindireyin. Hijradan (622 jyl hijra jyl sanauynyng bastauy) 4600 jyl búryn Ad taypasyna jiberilgen Hud (gh.s.), hijradan shamamen 4400 jyl búryn Samud taypasyna jiberilgen Salih (gh.s.), hijradan shamamen 3400 jyl búryn Madiyan júrtyna jiberilgen Shúghayb (gh.s.) jәne hijradan shamamen 3800 jyl búryn Mekkedegi Jurhum taypasyna jiberilgen Ismayyl (gh.s.) jәne t.b. haziret Múhammedke (s.gh.s.) deyingi arab júrtyna jiberilgen payghambarlar qataryn qúrady.

Allanyng songhy elshisi, ardaqty Payghambarymyz (s.gh.s.) arab elining ekonomikalyq jәne diny ortalyghy sanalghan Mekke qalasynda 571 jyly dýniyege keldi. Búl qalanyng túrghyndary eginshilikpen de, qol ónerimen de, bau-baqsha ósirumen de shúghyldanbaytyn. Olar soltýstik jaghynan Sham, Irak, Mysyr qalalarynan, al ontýstiginen Ýndistan, Qytay, Shyghys Afrika elderinen keletin ýlken-ýlken sauda keruenderining kýtimimen ainalysatyn. Halyqtyng deni negizinen osy iske den qoyatyn. Mekkedegi eng bedeldi әri bay sanalatyn Qúrayysh taypasy sauda ekspedisiyalaryn úiymdastyryp basqaratyn. Sonday-aq, ósimqorlyq ta búl taypanyng kәsibi boldy. Óitkeni, Hijazdyng kóshpeli taypalary kóbine-kóp qaryz astynda ezilip, odan qútylu ýshin ósimmen aqsha alatyn.

Qúrayysh taypasy Arab týbegindegi ózge taypalardyng biri ghana bolghanymen, ekonomikalyq jaghdayy jaghynan ózgelerden kósh ilgeri-tin. Múhammed payghambarymyz (s.gh.s.) osy taypanyng Hashim ruynan shyqty. Ákesi shaghyn dәuletti Abdulla degen kisi edi. Ol ómirden erte ozyp, alty jasynda anasy Áminadan da aiyrylyp, jetim qaldy. Sóitip, sýiikti Payghambarymyz (s.gh.s.) kókesi Ábu Tәlibting qamqorlyghynda ósti. Onyng qolynda jýrip, qoy da baqty. Er jete kele sauda keruenderine qosyldy. Qúran Kәrimde Alla taghala Múhammed (s.gh.s.) payghambarymyzdy býkil ghalamgha raqym núry, әri aqiqat dindi jetkizushi etip jibergeni jayly: «(Múhammed s.gh.s.) «Ey, adam balasy! Men barlyghyna Allanyng elshisimin. Ol sonday, Alla jer men kókting iyeligi oghan tәn. Odan basqa tәnir joq. Ol tiriltedi de óltiredi. Allagha jәne Allanyng sózderine sengen, jiberilgen oqymaghan Payghambargha iman keltirinder. Jәne oghan erinder, әriyne, tura jol tabasyndar!», («Aghraf» sýresi, 158-ayat ) deydi.

Búghan deyingi san myndaghan payghambarlardyng arasynda bir qauymgha ghana emes, býkil adamzat pen jyndargha jiberilgen aqyrzaman payghambary hazireti Múhammedting (s.gh.s.) alar orny erekshe. Alla taghala: "Seni býkil әlemge raqym etip qana jiberdik", dep oghan ózgeshe iltipat tanytty. Sondyqtan Allanyng songhy elshisi (s.gh.s.) qasiyetti Qúran Kәrimdi barsha adamzat balasyna týsindirip, nasihattady. Ómirining sonyna deyin osy mindetti qaltqysyz atqardy. Mýbarak Qúran bolsa, jer betine ózinen búryn týsken qasiyetti kitaptar men paraqtardyng (suhuf) mazmúnyn tolyqtay qamtydy. Olarda berilgen diny ýkimderdi bekite keldi jәne aldynghy kitaptardyng ýkimin joyghan songhy týsken qasiyetti kitap boldy.

Úly órkeniyetke qadam

- Býginde Batystyng mýiizi qaraghayday keybir ghalymdary Islamdy moyyndap qana qoymay, Múhammed Payghambarymyz (s.gh.s.) әkelgen asyl dinimizdi qabyldauda. Onyng tek Alla Elshisi ghana emes, danagóy diplomat, úly ústaz, әdiletti basshy, meyirimdi әke, kórkem minezge ie jan ekeni jayly parasatty pikirler pash etilude. Eki dýnie sardary tas jýrekterdi jibitti, halyqty qaranghylyqtan qútqardy. Onyng izin basqan sahabalardyng da esimi tarihta altyn әriptermen jazyldy. Osy rette Islamdy tórtkýl dýniyege taratqan sanlaq sahabalar jayly әngimelep berseniz.

- VII ghasyr alghashynda arab qoghamy, keyinnen býkil adamzat ýshin úly órkeniyet pen mәdeniyetting núrly bastauyna ainaldy. Arab týbeginde asa quatty diny memleketting ornauy jer-jahannyng tynysyna búryn-sondy bolmaghan jana lep alyp keldi. Búl elding búrynnan tabynyp kelgen jalghan qúdaylary men púttaryn tastap, músylmandyqty qabyldap, jalghyz Alla taghalagha ghana qúlshylyq etuining iygi әseri edi. Adamdardyng dýniyege, býkil jaratylystargha degen kózqarasy ózgerdi. Úly Jaratushygha degen senim birtindep adamgershilik qasiyettermen de tolyqty. Islam qoghamdyq qatynastargha yqpal etip, jalpaq júrttyng әleumettik mәselelerin de op-onay sheshe bastady. Bir-birimen shabysyp-qyrqysyp jatqan arab ru-taypalarynyng bir tudyng astyna birigui halyqtyng kósegesin kógertip, mereyin asyrdy. Islam dini adamdardy jana qúqyqtyq qarym-qatynasqa shaqyryp, jana senimning keninen jayyluyna jaghday tudyrdy. Jana din keluinen on jyl ótpey jatyp arabtardyng úlan-asyr jerdi baghyndyrghan danqy jan-jaqqa jayyla týsti. Al hazireti Múhammed (s.gh.s.) payghambarymyzdyng qauymy aqiqat dindi jai jolyndaghy kýresting manyzyn jan-tәnimen qabyldap, ony tabighy minezderine ainaldyra bildi. Sóitip, Islam dini Aziya men Afrika halyqtarynyng arasynda, Europanyng bir bóliginde, jalpy Ýndistannan Ispaniyagha deyingi úlan-ghayyr dalada keninen jayyldy. Ýsh qúrlyqtyng túrghyndarynan qúralghan kóptegen halyqtar bir atanyng balasynday, bir qoldyng salasynday birigip, ruhaniy-sayasy kýshke ainaldy. Sol kezde әlemdi dýr silkindirip túrghan eki alyp imperiya Iran men Vizantiya da músylmandardyng yghyna jyghyldy.

Anyghyraq aitar bolsaq, Ábu Bәkir (r.a.) halifalyghy kezinde (632-634 j.) zeket bermeytin taypalar tәrtipke keldi. Qasiyetti Qúran Kәrim kitap bolyp jinaqtaldy. Hazireti Omar (r.a) kezinde (634-644 j.) Irak, Iran, Sham jәne Mysyr elderine Islam dini ornady. Hazireti Osmannyng (r.a.) dәuirinde (644-656 j.) alghashqy Islam teniz floty qúryldy. Kipr azat etildi. Biraq ýshinshi halifa kezinde biylikke qarsy shyghushylar boy kóterip, haziret Áliyding (r.a) dәuirinde tipti kýsheyip ketti. Búl músylmandardyng bóline bastauyna sebep bolyp, Islamnyng jayyluyna keri әserin tiygizdi.

Umeyadtar (Amauiyler) dәuirinde (661-750) Islam dini qayta qanat jaydy. Soltýstik Afrika tolyghymen Islamdy qabyldap, Ispaniyagha Islam tuy tigildi. Horasan men Mauarannahr aimaqtary jana dinge ótti.

Abbasiylerding biyligi kezeninde Islam dinining taralu qarqyny bәsendedi. Degenmen, búl dәuirde Islamdy órkeniyet jolymen jaiygha, ilim-bilim men ónerge, әdebiyetke kóbirek kónil bólindi. Týrikter men parsylar (Iran) sekildi halqy arab emes ólkelerge búl dәuirde belgilengen mindetter jýkteldi.

Týrki әlemining diny tarihyna kelsek, búl júrttyng óte kóp senim týrlerin basynan ótkizgenin kóremiz. Biraq múnda bәrinen de Kóktәnirge syiynu taraghan. Keybir sheteldik tarihshylar týrkiler tarihyn Islamgha deyingi jәne Islamnan keyingi dep bóle qarastyrady.

Abbasiyler dәuirinde týrik-arabn qaqtyghystary aitarlyqtay oryn alghan joq. Al 751 jyly qytaylar men Abbas әskeri arasyndaghy Talas (Atlah) shayqasynda qarlúqtardyng músylmandardy jaqtauy abbasiylerding jenisine sep bolghany tarihtan mәlim. Atalmysh shayqastan song birte-birte týrki arab qarym-qatynastary jaqsara berdi. Orta Aziya birtindep músylman eline ainaldy.

Sunnitter jәne shiitter

- Jasyrsaq ta, jasyrmasaq ta dәl qazir islam әleminde tútas birlik joq ekeni ras. Áriyne, basy ashyq nәrse: kýlli músylmannyng Qúrany bir, Payghambary da bir. Alayda, Islam tarihynan bastau alghan músylmandardyng sunnitter jәne shiitter degen ataumen qos topqa bólinui turaly týrli pikir bar. Tipti odan sayasy astar izdeytinder de tabylyp jatady. Osy oqighanyng tarihyna toqtalyp, ara jigin ajyratyp berseniz.

- Mәseleni tym olay etip qoygha bolmaydy. Óitip aitsanyz, hristian dinindegilerde de tútastyq joqtyghyn qosyp aitu kerek. Ana jyly dýniyeden ótken Rim Papasy Ioann Pavel II-ning әlemning jýzden astam elin aralasa da, Resey jerine tabanyn tiygize almaghanyn bәrimiz bilemiz. Diny soghystar  músylmandardan góri hristiandar tarihynda kóbirek ekenin bilesiz.

Endi bizdegi bólinushilikke baylanysty aitayyn. Tabighinder (sahabalargha erushiler) dәuirinde músylmandar arasynda pikir qayshylyqtary da kezdespey qalmady. Sýnnetti ústanu jolynan bayqamay adasqandar da kezdesti. «Áhly sunna ua jamagha» (sýnnet pen jamaghat iyeleri) jolynan baghyty tayyp ketken Harijiyler (bólinip shyghushylar) shialar sekildi baghyttargha bólinushilikter osy kezenge tәn.

- «Shia» degen ne?

- «Shia» «partiya», «jaqtaushylar», «taraptas bolu» degen maghynalardy bildiredi. Sondyqtan ýshinshi halifa hazireti Osmannyng (656 j.) shahid etiluinen keyingi ishki janjaldar kezinde hazireti Áliydi halifalyqqa layyq kórip, әsire jaqtaushylar «Shia-y Áli» (Áliyding jaqtastary) dep ataldy. Shia baghytynyng tarihy osylay bastalghan. Hazireti Ály jiyrma jyldan astam ózinen búrynghy ýsh halifagha boy úsynyp, olardyng biyligi boyynsha ómir sýrdi. Týsingen jangha búl da biraz jayttan habar berse kerek.

Jalpy alghanda, shia baghytynyng payda boluyna hazireti Áliyge degen shekten tys mahabbat jol ashty. Dәlirek aitsaq, búrynghy eki ýlken memleketterding biri sasandyqtar múrageri irandyqtar arabtardyng ózderine biylik jýrgizuin ishtey qalamady. Nәtiyjesinde Áliydi jaqsy kóru degen jeleumen arabtardan bólinip, ózderinshe diny baghyt qalyptastyrdy. Biraq búl diny baghyt tolyq saltanat qúra almady.

- Jana «shekten tys mahabbat» dep qaldynyz. Dinge kelgende de sonday bola ma?

- Nege bolmasyn? Ábden bolady. Abay aitqanday, ne nәrse de mólsherinen aspauy kerek.

Býgingi tanda әlemdegi músylmandardyng shamamen 90 payyzy Islamnyng sunnittik baghytyn ústanady. «Sunniyt» arab tilindegi «Áhlu sunna uәl-jamaghat» (Sýnnet pen jamaghat iyeleri) tirkesinen alynghan. Negizinde, sýnnet («sunna») dep ardaqty Múhammed payghambarymyzdyng (s.gh.s.) jolyn aitamyz. Islamnyng alghash payda bolghan kezindegi sanlaq sahabalar, olardyng sonynan ergen tabighinder (erushiler) jәne tabighinderge ilesushiler osy sunittik baghytta boldy. Olardan keyingi ghúlamalar «halafy sadyqiiyn» (keyingi shynshyldar) dep ataldy. Olar da sunnitterding jolyn ústandy. Qysqasy, sunnizm - sonau VII ghasyrdan býginge deyin altyn tindey ýzilmey jalghasyp kele jatqan islam joly. Sunnitter tórt әdil halifanyng zandy biyligin moyyndaydy, alty negizgi hadis (Buhari, Musliym, Tirmizi, Ábu Daud, Nәsai, Ibn Mәja) jinaqtaryna kýmәn keltirmeydi, senim tirekteri jaghynan imam Maturidi, Áshghary mektepterin basshylyqqa jәne tórt qúqyq mektebining (mәzhabyna) birine tiyesili bolady. Qazaq halqy da san ghasyrlardan beri osy sýnnittik joldyng ishindegi Hanafy mәzhabyn ústanyp keledi.

Islamdaghy tórt mәzhab

- Mәzhab degennen shyghady, sharighat alauyzdyqqa jol bermeytinin óziniz aqparat qúraldary arqyly, týrli  konferensiyalarda, alqaly jiyndarda, júma namazdarynda aityp ta, jazyp ta jýrsiz. «Bólingendi bóri jeytinin» jii qozghaysyz. Islamnyng tórt qúqyqtyq mektebin (mәzhabyn) ústanushylar arasynda týrli sipatta qúlshylyghyn oryndaytyndar arakidik kezdesip jatady. Mәzhab degen ne? Ony ústanudyng manyzdylyghy qanday? Shynyn aitqanda, osy shamalas súraqty sizge tórt jyl búrynghy súhbatta da qoyghanmyn. Qaytalay aitsanyz artyq bolmaydy. Odan bergi uaqytta mәzhab mәselesi búrynghysynan da ótkirlenip ketken siyaqty da әser qaldyrady.

- Mәzhab - jol, mektep, baghyt degen maghynany bildiredi. Sharighat túrghysynan alghanda, arnayy tәsilder, erejeler arqyly Qúran men sýnnetten shygharylghan ýkimder men Islam ghúlamalarynyng kózqarastar jiyntyghyn mәzhab deymiz. Músylmandar ómirindegi namaz, oraza, zeket, qajylyq syndy diny is-amaldardyng barlyghy mәzhab ghúlamalary anyqtaghan ýkimderge say atqarylady.

Islamnyng alghashqy dәuirinde músylmandar arasynda diny qayshylyqtar bola qoymady. Óitkeni, hazireti Múhammed (s.gh.s.) payghambarymyz qasiyetti Qúran jәne ózining danalyghymen mәselening sheshimin aityp, der kezinde alauyzdyqtyng aldyn ala bildi. Uaqyt óte músylmandardyng sany kóbeye týsti, jana mәseleler tuynday bastady. Óitkeni, ómir men tirshilik ýnemi ózgerip, órkendep, janaryp, damyp otyrdy. Múnday jaghdayda, sahabalar óz bilimderine sýienip, sharighat shenberinde onday ózekti mәselelerdi sheship otyrdy. Keyinirek Islam dini ózge halyqtar, úlystar arasyna tarady. Olar arab tilin de, dinin de bile bermeytin. Diny ýgit-nasihat pen taghylym isterin olargha jetkizu sahabalar ýshin onay emes-ti. Búl rette sahabalar islam dinin býge-shigesine deyin ýirenemin degenderge ústazdyq etti. Sol ústazdar qataryna hazireti Múhammed (s.gh.s.) payghambarymyzdyng úlyq tórt halifasyn, sonday-aq Abdulla ibn Masud (590-653), Abdulla ibn Omar (612-692), Abdulla ibn Abbas (619-687), Abdulla ibn Ámr ibn As (615-684), Zәid ibn Sәbit (615-665) jәne hazireti Aysha (613-678) (r.a.) anamyzdy jatqyzugha bolady. Olar óz zamanynyng dara әri dana adamdary edi. Abdulla ibn Abbastyng (r.a.) ýii «bilim ordasy» atanghan. Hazireti Múhammed (s.gh.s.) payghambarymyz olargha: «Sahabalarym aspandaghy jolshy júldyzdar ispetti. Olargha ilessender, haq jolyn tabasyndar»,  dep joghary baghasyn bergen.

 

Sahabalar kezinde týrli diny kózqarastar payda boldy. Uaqyt óte fiyqh (músylman zany) salasy boyynsha Mýbәrak Qúran ayattaryn dúrys taldau jәne hadisterdi zertteu arqyly sharighatty damytyp, jalghan mektepterge  qarsy kýresushi, olardyng qatelikterin pash etushi Ábu Hanifa (699-767), imam Malik (717-795), imam Shafighy (767-820), Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) sekildi islam ghúlamalarynyng mәzhabtary dýniyege keldi. Búlar islam әleminde resmy mәzhab sanalyp, 1300 jyldan beri óz ústanymdary boyynsha amaldaryn jýrgizude. Ol mәzhab iyelerining әrqaysysy mýjtahid (bilgir) ghalymdar edi. Solardyng birine moyynsúnu arqyly, osy zamangha deyingi әrtýrli qayshylyqtardyng aldy alynyp keldi. Sondyqtan búl tórt mәzhabtyng birin ústanu qazirgi zaman talaby da. Óitkeni, olar Qúran Kәrim men sýnnet jolyna layyq bolghandyqtan «әhlu sunna uәl-jamagha», yaghny hazireti Múhammed (s.gh.s.) payghambarymyzdyng sýnnet jolyn ústanyp, kópshilikten bólinbey, birlik-yntymaqty jaqtaushy qauym mәzhabtary atandy.

Hanafy mәzhaby

- Súhbat arasynda qazaq halqynyng san ghasyrlardan beri sýnnittik joldyng ishindegi Hanafy mәzhabyn ústanyp kele jatqanyn tilge tiyek ettiniz. Onyng basqa mәzhabtardan ereksheligi nede?

- Islamnyng tórt qúbylasyn teng qylyp túrghan tórt mәzhab ishindegi qargha tamyrly qazaqtyng jýregi men tabighatyna, salt-dәstýri men әdep-ghúrpyna jaqyny, әri jalpaq dalany jelip ótken babalarymyzdyng yqylym zamanda-aq tandaghany imam Aghzam Ábu Hanifa mәzhaby. Negizinen Ýndistan, Pәkstan, Aughanstan, Týrkiya, Resey, Kavkaz, Orta Aziya men Qazaqstan júrtyna keninen taraghan Hanafy mәzhaby túla boyy adamgershilik pen býkil adamzatqa ortaq asyl qúndylyqtargha bay.

Kýni keshe qyzyl imperiya salghan 70 jyldyq zobalannan keyin, ateistik uyttan әli aiygha qoymaghan, týrli diny aghymdar shapanynyng astynan shygha almay jýrgen, diny bilimi men tanymy kemshindeu keybir bauyrlarymyzdyn: - Ábu Hanifa mәzhabyn ústanudyng ne qajeti bar? - degen qiytúrqy saualdaryn qúlaghymyz shalyp jatady.

- Onday saualdargha búl mәzhabty ata-babalarymyz ghasyrlar boyy ústanghan, sonysymen de ol uaqyt synynan ótken, qazaqqa jaqqan dep qarapayym jauap beruge bolatyn siyaqty. Áytse de, kýmәn keltirushiler azaymay túrghan myna zamanda ondaylargha qanday kenes berer ediniz?

- Birinshiden, búl saualdy qonshygha Ábu Hanifa mәzhabynyng mәn-manyzyn úghynyp, sarabdal syrlaryna ýniluge kenes berer edik. Ekinshiden, olar búl qúqyqtyq maytalman mektepti ata-babalarymyz nege ústanghanyn, onyng ómirimiz ben qoghamymyzdaghy alar orny men rólin baghamdaghany lәzim. Ýshinshiden, әlem músylmandarynyng jartysynan astamy nege osy mәzhabty ústanady? Sebebi, birlik pen yntymaq adamzat balasy ýshin qúndy qazyna. Islamdaghy bir mәzhabty ústanudyng artyqshylyghy - halyq birtútas, yntymaghy men birligi kýshti, úiymshyl bolady. Orta Aziya men Qazaqstanda qansha ghasyrlardan beri diny alauyzdyq shyqpay, halyqtardyng diny úrys-keris, dau-janjaldan irgesin aulaq saluynyng da birden-bir syry osynda. Áytpese óz maqsattary men mýddelerin iske asyru ýshin ayanyp qalmaytyn týrli senim ókilderining tasamyzdan tas atyp jýrgeni de jasyryn emes. Sondyqtan birauyzdan ýn qatyp, birlese otyryp, bir mәzhabta tize qosyp algha jyljysaq, eshkimning bizge tisi bata qoymasy anyq. Óitkeni qúlshylyq amaldarynyng bir boluy onday jat pighyldyng tuuyna jol bermeydi.

Ábu Hanifa mәzhaby ózge diny mekteptermen salystyrghanda óz jamaghatyna kóp jenildik beruimen, әri demokratiyalyghymen de erekshelenip túrady. Bizding jartylay kóshpeli halqymyzdyng búl mәzhabty qabyldauynyng taghy bir sebebi - óz dýnie tanymy, bitimi men bolmysy, jýregi men diline onyng tonnyng ishki bauynday jaqyndyghynda.

- Estip jatyrmyz, jaqynda osy baghytta taghy bir qadam jasapsyzdar. Qazaqstan músylmandarynyng kezekten tys VI qúryltayynda bizde Islam dinining tarihy ereksheligin eskere otyryp, sýnny baghytyndaghy Ábu Hanifa mәzhaby boyynsha nasihattaluy qamtamasyz etiledi degen túrghyda Jarghygha ózgeris engizilipti.

- Ol ózgeris Preziydent ótken jyldyng qazan aiynda qol qoyghan «Diny qyzmet jәne diny birlestikter turaly» Zangha sәikes engizildi. Onda Islamnyng hanafittik baghyty el músylmandary ýshin dәstýrli ústanym retinde tanylghan. Endigi jerde el aumaghyndaghy barlyq meshitterde býkil diny rәsimder de, qúlshylyqtar da osyghan sәikes jýrgizilip, ótkizilui tiyis. Múnan ózgening bәri din jónindegi jana zangha da, diny basqarmanyng jarghysyna da qayshy, yaghny ony búzushylyq bolyp tabylady. Demek, jana zan  el birligi men yntymaghyn, dostyghy men úiymshyldyghyn saqtap, ony odan әri kýsheyte týsuge qyzmet etedi. Taghy da aitamyn: dinge baylanysty songhy zanda Qazaqstan músylmandarynyng osy mәzhabpen amal jasaytyny shegelep kórsetilgen.

Maliky mәzhaby

- Mәzhabtyng negizin qalaghan ghalymdar jayly kóp aityla bermeydi. Olar bir-birining diny ýkimimen, pәtuasymen sanasqan ba? Tórt mәzhab jayynda taratyp aityp berseniz.

- Maliky mәzhabynyng negizin qalaushy - Mәlik ibn Anas (h. 93-179 j, m. 712-795). Búl mәzhab Mәdina qalasynda payda bolyp, Arab elderine, Mysyrgha, Soltýstik Afrika men Andalusiyagha deyin jayylghan. Imam Malikting eng әigili enbegi «Muatta» dep atalady. Ol - fiyqh tәrtibine qaray jazylghan alghashqy hadis kitaby. Malik ataqty tabiun ghalymdardan hadister men fiyqh ilimin ýirenip, keyinnen ózi de pәtua bere bastaydy.

Imam Malik ýkim shygharuda ózge mýjtahid imamdar sekildi negizgi diny qaynarlargha (Qúran men sýnnet) jәne sahabalardyng pikirlerine kóp mәn berdi. Maliky mәzhaby aldymen Hijaz ólkesinde, keyinnen imamnyng Asad ibn Furat, Ibn Uәhb jәne Ibn Qasym siyaqty shәkirtteri arqyly Soltýstik Afrika men Ispaniyanyng ontýstik bóligine, yaghny Andalusiyagha taraghan, tipti búl Andalusiyada Umeyadtar memleketining resmy mәzhaby boldy. Qazir búl mәzhabty kóbine Mysyr, Tuniys, Aljiyr, Marokko jәne Sudan músylmandary ústanuda.

Shafiyghy mәzhaby

- Shafighy mәzhaby turaly ne aitasyz?

- Búl mәzhabtyng negizin qalaushy - faqih (zanger), muhaddis (hadisshi), Múhammad ibn Idris әsh-Shafighy (767-820). Ol Palestinanyng Gazza qalasynda әskery qyzmetker otbasynda dýniyege kelgen. Jastayynan әkesinen jetim qalady. Sheshesi tegi búzylmasyn dep ony Mekkedegi әkesining abyroyly tuystarynyng qolyna beredi. Múnda ol Sufyan ibn Uyayna (811 j. ó.) sekildi til ghylymyn, hadis pen fiyqh ilimderin tereng mengergen kórnekti din ghalymdary men bilimpazdardyng ortasynda ósedi. Er jetip, 20 jasqa tolghan shaghynda ash-Shafighy Mәlik ibn Anastan dәris alu ýshin Mәdinagha qonys audarady. Mәlik ony qamqorlyghyna alyp, kómekshisi mindetin jýkteydi. Shamamen 35 jasynda ol Baghdat pen Mekkede óz betinshe mýdjtahid (sharighat bilgiri, ghalym) retinde әreket etti. Sol kezde hanafiylik pen malikiylik mektepterding ózara qarama-qayshylyqtaryn biriktiruge tyrysqan mәzhabyn nasihattady. Jana mәzhab ainalasyna jinalghan jaqtaushylar sany óse berdi. Shafighy mәzhaby Mysyrda, Malayziya, Indoneziya jәne Kavkazdyng keybir bóliginde keng taralghan. Ásh-Shafighiyding negizgi enbegi - fiyqh negizderi turaly jeti tomdyq «Kitab әl-umm». Búl - shәkirti Yaqub әl-Buuayty ústazynyng dәristerinen jazyp alghan, al keyinirek taghy bir shәkirti ar-Rabia ibn Sýleymen tolyqtyryp, týsiniktemeler jazyp jaryqqa shygharghan enbek. Imam әsh-Shafighy sonday-aq hadister jinaghy «Musnad әl-imam әsh-Shafighiydi» - «Imam әsh-Shafighidyng musnadyn» qúrastyryp, hadisterdi salystyru joldary turaly - «Ihtilaf әl-hadiys» - «hadis qayshylyqtary» atty kitabyn jazdy. Ásh-Shafighy - qúqyq negizderin (usul әl-fiyqh) birinshi ret jýielep, diny úghymdardy ózara jiktep, olardyng ózara qarym-qatynasyn «Risala fy ilmiy-l usul» - «Usul ghylymy jayly traktat» kitabynda aiqyndap berdi.

Hanbaly mәzhaby

- Mәzhabtyng taghy biri - Hanbali. Endi osyghan kelseniz.

- Baghdat qalasynda 848 jyly dýniyege kelgen Ahmed ibn Hanbal negizin salghan mәzhab búl. Ol on bes jasynan bastap, 816 jylgha deyin kóp kitap oqyp, músylmandardyng diny ortalyqtarynda diny bilimin shyndady. Ábu Yusuf pen әsh-Shaghbiy siyaqty kóptegen ghalymdarmen qarym-qatynas jasady. Ahmet ibn Hanbal islamdy jana senimder men aghymdardan qorghaushy retinde kóp enbek sinirdi. Ol hadis ýirenuge, jinaugha jәne jazugha kóp mәn berdi. Imam Shafighiyden ýkim shygharu әdis-tәsilderin ýirengen. Mәjbýr bolmaghan jaghdayda qiyasqa (ýilestikke) boyúsynudyng qajeti joq degen pikirdi qatang ústanghan.

Hanbaly mәzhaby Baghdat, Mysyr, Siriya jәne Hijazgha jayylghan. Qazirgi tanda ol Saud Arabiyasynyng resmy mәzhaby sanalady.

Mәzhab ústanu - dinimizding negizgi qaynar kózderine sýiengen dúrys jolgha týsu.

- Sonda búlardyng bir-birinen aiyrmashylyqtary nede dep bilemiz?

- Mәzhabtardaghy aiyrmashylyqtar tek abzal jәne dúrys degen sózde ghana. Yaghni, biz óz mәzhabymyzdy abzal sanaymyz da, al qalghan ýsh mәzhabty dúrys dep bilemiz. Tek bizding mәzhab dúrys, qalghan ýsheui búrys deu  - adasushylyq. Bizde qazir sonday adasushylyq boy kórsetip jýr. Ardaqty Payghambarymyz (s.gh.s.): «Ýmbetimning (keybir mәselelerde) әrtýrli kózqarasta boluy - raqymdylyq» degen. Qazir biz kóp aitatyn toleranttylyq, pluralizm úghymdary Islamda bayaghydan bar.

- Qazaq múnyng bәrin «Keng bolsang kem bolmaysyn» degen bir auyz sózge syighyzyp jibergen ghoy. Solay emes pe?

- Solay. Solay bolghandyqtan da mәzhab ghúlamalary dinning negizgi zandary shenberinde adamdardyng jaghrafiyalyq jaghdayattaryn, ómir sýru salttaryn, dәstýrlerin eskere otyryp, tarmaq mәselelerde týrli ýkimder shygharghan. Biraq búl olardyng arasyndaghy birlik-yntymaqqa keri әserin tiygizbeytin. Kerisinshe, bir-birine degen qúrmet-syilary qashanda artumen bolatyn.

Súraghynyzgha ghibratty mysalmen naqty jauap bereyin. Islam tarihynda mynaday ónegeli oqighalar kezdesken. Hanafy ghúlamasy әl-Qady Ábu Usam Shafighy ghalymy Qaffaldyng meshitine barady. Ábu Usamdy kórgen Qaffal muazzinge qamattyng Hanafy mәzhaby boyynsha týsiriluin tapsyrady da, Ábu Usamgha imam boludy úsynady. Ábu Usam namaz oqytady. Biraq ózi Hanafy mәzhabyn ústanatyndyghyna da qaramastan, namazda «bismillahty» Shafighy mәzhaby boyynsha jariya oqidy.

Taghy bir mysal. Imam Mәlikting «Muatta» kitabyn oqyp shyqqan halifa Jaghfar Mansur (754-775 j.) bilimine rizashylyq bildirip: «Óte qúndy enbek jazypsyz. Keliniz, músylmandargha islam dinin tek osy kitap boyynsha amal etkizeyik», degenine imam: «Joq, olay etuge bolmaydy. Rasulullanyng sahabalary jan-jaqqa tarady, olardyng barlyghy da ózderimen jaqsylyqty ala bardy»,  degen eken.

Mine, ghúlamalar arasyndaghy әrtýrli kózqaras pen mәzhab ereksheligi olardyng arasyna syzat týsirmegen.

Teris aghymdar turaly

- 2010 jyly Qúrannyng orysshagha audarmashysy Valeriya Porohovamen súhbat jasaghan edim. Aqtaudaghy ol әngimemizding bas jaghyna siz de qatysqansyz. Keyin sol súhbat «Kazahstanskaya pravda» gazetine de basyldy. Sonda gazet V.Porohovanyng «Vahhabizm - otklonenie ot Korana» degen sózderin taqyrypshagha bólip shygharypty. Jasyratyny joq, osy aghym bәrimizdi alandatyp otyr. Tarazdaghy jeti adamnyng qanyn tókken súmdyq oqighagha sebepker lankesshining dinning osy baghytyn ústanatyny sotta dәleldendi.

Aqiqatpen birge jalghan aqparat jarmasa jýretini jasyryn emes. Ókinishke qaray, bilim men danalyqty úshtastyra almaghan keybir adamdar amaldary arqyly bilmestikpen Islam jayly jaghymsyz pikir qalyptastyruda. Islamnyng kenshiligin kemshilikpen jetkizude. Onsyz da kemel dindi kelemejdep kórsetkisi keletinder ýshin búl izdegenge súraghan boldy. Bireulerding bilimsizdigi Islamgha kir keltirude. Osyndayda adasqan aghymdardyng kesirinen keybir adamdar dinge ýrke qarauda. Islam atyn jamylghan aghymdar jayly ne aitasyz?

- Pikirinizben kelisemin. Aghymdar jayly aitqanda, onyng shyghu tórkini men tarihyna toqtalghan dúrys. Osy mәseleni jiti zerttegen ghalymdardyng pikirinshe, HVIII ghasyrda Nejd ólkesinde dýniyege kelgen Múhammed ibn Abd әl-Uahhab negizin qalaghan diniy-sayasy aghym onyng atymen «uahhabiylik» dep atalghan. Uahhabiylik iydeologiya ókilderi ózderin  «salafiymiz» dep ataghandyqtan osy atpen tanyla bastaydy. «Salaf» sózi Qasiyetti Qúrannyng birneshe jerinde kezdeskenimen, ol «aldynghy ótkender», «búrynghylar» degen maghynany bildiredi. Sondyqtan salafy músylmandardyng aldynghy ýsh tolqynyna berilgen atau. Olar Payghambarymyzdyng (s.gh.s.) sahabalary, tabighinder (sahabalardy kórgender) men tabagha tabighinder (tabighinderdi kórgender). Zamanymyzda ózderin «salafi» sanaushylar Islamnyng әuelgi ýsh ghasyryndaghy ómir sýrgenderge teneude. Búrynghy salafiyler shynayy islam jolyn ústanushylar bolsa, qazirgiler olay emes.

- Nege búlay deysiz?

- Elimizdegi keybir búl aghym ókilderi әhly sýnnet jolyn ústanushy 4 mazhabtyng bireuin de ústanbaytyn kórinedi. Alayda,  әhly sýnnet jolyn ústanushy Hanafi, Shafighi, Maliki, Hanbaly mazhabtary ekendigi shyndyq. Shynayy salaf jolyn ústanushylar qogham birligi men yntymaghyna syzat týsiretin oghash qylyq kórsetpedi. Atalmysh aghym ókilderi bolsa, ózderin salaf sanaghanymen ghalymdarymyz rúqsat berip, qanshama ghasyr boyy jalghasyn tauyp kelgen keybir diny mәseleni biydghat sanaydy eken. Mәselen, dýniyeden qaytqan kisi ýshin Qúran oqugha, qúdayy as beruge, namazdan keyin tәspi tartugha, bet sipaugha, mazhabpen jýruge, marqúmnyng jetisin, qyrqyn, jylyn beruge qarsy.

- «Óli razy bolmay, tiri bayymaydy» deytin, aruaq attamaytyn qazaqqa ata-anasynyn, jaqynynyng jetisin, qyrqyn, jylyn beruge bolmaydy dep uaghyz aitu, kesenelerdi qiratugha shaqyru  kýpirshilik emes pe? Dәstýr de úly kýsh qoy.

- Olardyng baz biri ghalymdar dengeyinde qarastyrylatyn diny mәselelerdi qarapayym músylmandar sheshetin mәsele sekildi daugha ainaldyrghan synayly. Sonymen qatar, namaz oqymaghan jaghdayda meyli ata-ana bolsyn, aghayyn-tuys bolsyn músylman emes dep qarym-qatynasty ýzude ekenin emis-emis estip qalamyz.

- Oiyma bir jaghday týsip otyr. Osydan onshaqty jylday búryn júrtqa tanymal aitys aqyny dýniyeden ótti. Qazanamany suretimen jariyalamaq niyetpen ýiimen habarlasqanymyzda ózining fotosy túrmaq, ata-anasynyn, balalarynyng fotolaryna deyin joyyp jibergenin estidik. Islam adamnyng suretin salugha tyiym salady degendi ústanghany eken.

- Ókinishke oray, búl aghym ókilderi islam dinin jaqsy jaghynan ghana tanytu ornyna qatygezdik pen dórekilik arqyly ata dinimizge zalalyn tiygizude ekenin júrt aitady. Qala berdi, islamnyng otbasyn qúru mәselesin úyat jaghdaygha deyin jetkizdi desedi. Islamnyng kóp әiel alu kenshiligin dúrys payymdamay, ýilenu men ajyrasudy nәpsi qalaularyna sәikes jasap, dinnen habary az júrtshylyqty islamgha ýrke qaraugha aparatyndaryn kórgen halyq shoshuda.

Salafiylik iydeologiya Kenes ókimeti qúlaghannan keyin Orta Aziyagha, sonyng ishinde qazaq jerine de kele bastady. Olar elimizde alghashqy kezde qayyrymdylyq qorlar ashyp, sauat ashu kurstaryn, arab tilin ýiretemiz degen jeleumen birqatar jastardy adastyrdy. Qala berse orys tiline audarylghan tegin diny әdebiyetter taratumen diny sauaty joq qandastarymyzdy qatarlaryna tarta bildi. Toqsanynshy jyldary kóptegen jastar diny bilim alu maqsatymen músylman júrttaryna bardy. Sonyng ishinde osy iydeologiyanyng shyrmauyna ilikkender oquyn tәmamdap, elge oralghan son, sol diny aghym ústanymdaryn jaygha kiristi.

Birte-birte halqymyz san ghasyrlar boyy ústanyp kelgen dәstýrli Hanafy mәzhabyna til tiygizu, ata dәstýri men әdet-ghúrypty moyyndamau, oghan qúrmet kórsetpeu, mәdeny jәne tarihy oshaqtardy ziyarat etudi dinde joq deu, ata-baba zirattaryn qiratu siyaqty jәitter kórinis bere bastaghanyn teledidardan kórip jýrmiz.

- Janyng týrshigedi. Ne bolyp baramyz? Bir qiyrdan bir qiyrgha shyghandap shygha beretin halyqpyz ghoy ózi. Kópshilik júrtty «Qúranymyz bir, payghambarymyz bir, últymyz bir, tilimiz bir bola túra nege salafizm, tablighy jamaghat, ahmadiya sekildi t.b. aghymdargha bólinemiz, islam bólinuge qarsy emes pe?» degen saual jii mazalaydy.

- Eki dýniyening baqytyna jeteleytin Qasiyetti Qúranda «Baqara» sýresinde «Lә tafәrraqu» - «bólinbender» delingen. «Bólingendi bóri jeydi»,  dep atamyz qazaq tekke aitpaghan.

Bilimge ýndeytin ilim

- Islamda ilim ýirenuding manyzy jóninde ne aitar ediniz?

- Islam ozyq oy men progress dini retinde qay kezde de ghylymi-aghartushylyq baghytty negiz etip aldy. Sondyqtan da alghashqy kýnnen adamzatty bilimge, oqugha ýndedi. Qúrangha ýnilumen qatar myna alyp ghalam kitabyn da qosa zerdeleuge shaqyryp, Úly Sheberding qúdiretine sanaly týrde bas iydirdi. Qasiyetti Qúrannyng alghashqy ayaty «Seni jaratqan Rabbynnyng atymen oqy!» dep bastaluy da oilanghangha ghibrat. Qúrandaghy «Biletinder men bilmeytinder teng be?» («Zýmar» sýresi, 9-ayat); «Búlardyng ishindegi ghylymgha boylaghandargha zor syy beremiz» («Nisa» sýresi, 162-ayat); «Shyn mәninde qúldarynan ghalymdar Alladan qorqady» («Fatyr» sýresi, 28-ayat); «Rabbym, bilimimdi arttyra gór!» («Taha» sýresi, 11-ayat) degen ayattardy, sonday-aq, «Ghalymdar - payghambarlardyng miras­qorlary» (Ábu Dәuit), «Tal besikten kór besikke deyin bilim izdender» (Ál-Ajluniy), «Bilim músylman әielge de, erge de paryz» (Ibn Maja), «Ilim ýirenuge shyqqan adam Alla jolynda» (Musliym) degen sekildi hadisterdi kókeyge týigen músylmandar ilim ýirenuge talpynyp, sauattylyqty barynsha jaigha tyrysqan. Payghambarymyz (s.gh.s.) on músylmangha oqu-jazu ýiretken tútqyndardy bosatyp, suffa sahabalaryn meshitke jinap, tek qana ilimmen shúghyldanugha júmyldyrghan.

Islamdaghy alghashqy ilim oshaghy әl-Masjidu-l Nabauiymen bastalghan. 830 jyly halifa әl-Mamun túrghyzghan Baghdattaghy әigili «Bәitu-l hikma» osynyng biri. «Bәitu-l hikma» (oqu-aghartu ýii) audarma ortalyghy, kitaphana, sonday-aq alghashqy joghary oqu orny rólin de atqarghan. Tipti «Bәitu-l hikmagha» qarasty arnayy observatoriya da salynghan. Búl kezende taraghan observatoriyalar bir jaghy astronomiya pәnin ýiretetin mektep qyzmetin de atqarghan.

Baghdatta uәzir Nizamu-l Mýlk túrghyzghan «Nizamiya» medresesi sol kezenning eng ozyq, eng iri oqu orny mindetin atqarghan. Andalusiyalyq әmauiyler men Bәny Ahmar memleketinde de oqu-aghartu júmystaryna kónil bólingen.

Abbasiyler kezeninde bilim basty nazarda bolghan. Halifa Harún ar - Rashid Ankarany ózine qaratqan kezde, sonday-aq halifa әl-Mamun Vizantiya imperatory Miysheli III-ti jengende, eki halifa da tólem retinde aqsha emes, kóne jazbalardy talap etkeni oy salarlyq. Ásirese, Umeyadtar kezeninde Iran, Ýndi, Siriya, grek tilderinen kóptegen enbekter arabshagha audarylghan. Ejelgi grek tilinen Aristoteli, Ptolemey, Pifagor, Evkliyd, Gippokrat, Platon, Arhiymedting ólmes-óshpes shygharmalary, parsy jәne sanskrit tilderinen de tereng oi, parasatqa shaqyratyn talay asyl dýniyeler arab tiline audaryldy. Olargha týsindirmeler jasaldy. Audarma júmystary Abbasilar kezeninde tipti ýdegen. Audarudyng arqasynda kóne mәdeniyettermen keninen tanysqan músylman ghalymdary búl mәlimetterdi óz bilimderimen bayytyp, jetildire týsken.

Islam әleminde ghylymy júmystar mәselesinde Andalusiya әmauiyleri ozyp shyqqan. Baghdat pen Kordovadan bastap, Islam әlemining qalalarynda kitaphanalar men medreseler kóptep boy kótergen. VIII-HII ghasyrlarda ghylymnyng damuy túrghysynan músylmandargha jeter eshkim bolmaghan. Europadaghy mәdeniyetting qalyptasuyna, renessans pen reformalyq qozghalystargha Islam mәdeniyeti zor ýles qosqan. Músylmandar tәpsir, qiraghat, fiyqh, kalam, hadis sekildi islamy bilimderdi damytqan. Tәpsirde әt-Tabari, әz-Zamahshari, Ibn әl-Arabi, Fahr ad-din әr-Razi, Ibn әl-Kasir syndy ghalymdar kózge týsse, fiyqhta Ábu Hanifa, Imam Maliyk, Imam Shafighi, Ibn Hanbal sekildi bilimge erekshe tereng boylaghan ghalymdar shyqqan. Kalam salasynda Imam әl-Ghazali, Ibn әl-Arabiyler óz qoltanbasyn qaldyrsa, hadis salasynda Imam әl-Búhari, Imam Tirmizi, Imam Musliym, Malik ibn Anas syndy bilgirler aldyna jan salmaghan. Músylmandar islamy ilimdermen qatar medisina, matematika, astronomiya, himiya, filosofiya, tariyh, geografiya sekildi jaratylys pәnderin de damytqan. Ásirese halifa Harún ar-Rashid pen әl-Mamun kezenderinde músylmandar bilimde eshkimge at ozdyrmaghan. Ár salada әlem moyyndaghan ozyq ghúlamalar jetilgen. Aytalyq, medisinada Ábu Bәkir ar-Razi, Ibn Sina; matematikada  әl-Horezmi, Ibn Jamshiyd, әl-Biruni, Omar Hayyam; himiyada  Jabir ibn Hayyan, әl-Maqsidi; pәlsapada Ábu Nasyr әl-Farabi, әl-Kindi; astronomiyada әl-Battani, Aly Kushji; tarihta al-Masudi, әt-Tabari, Ibn Haldun; geografiyada Ibn Battuta, Ibn Haukal, taghy basqalar erekshe enbek etken.

-  Búryn bir jolyqqanda «Tariyhqa ýnilsek, batystyqtardan búryn kóptegen ghylymy janalyqtardy músylman ghalymdardyng ashqanyna kuә bolamyz» degeniniz bar edi. Solardy naqty aitynyzshy?

- Aytalyq, alghash kýn saghatyn oilap tapqan Jabir ibn Áflah (orta ghasyrda), atom bombasy jayly alghash týsinik bergen Jabir ibn Hayyan (721-805), avtomattyq jýieni alghash oilap tapqan Jazary (1136-1206), zoologiyalyq ensiklopediya kitabyn jazghan Múhammed ibn Músa (1349-1405), trigonometriyagha tangens, kotangens, sinus jәne kosinus zandylyqtaryn qosqan Ábul Uafa (940-998), algebra kitabyn jazghan әl-Horezmy (780-850), agronomiya salasynda túnghysh enbek jazghan Ibn Auuam (HII gh.), alghashqy qaghaz fabrikasyn qúrghan Ibn Fazyl (739-805), ishek, qúrt mikrobyn tapqan Kambur Uasim (?-1761), Jer sharynyng diametrin alghash ólshegen Múhammed ibn Músa, algebradaghy «Binom» formulasyn tapqan Omar Hayyam (?-1123), qazirgi dýnie jýzi kartasyna óte jaqyn keyipte dýnie jýzi kartasyn syzghan Piry Reys (1465-1554), alghash úshaq jasaghan Ibn Firnas (?-888), túnghysh ret kompasty oilap tapqan Kabajaky (HIII gh.), tarih ghylymyn alghash jýielegen Ibn Haldun (1332-1406), himiya salasynda Kantitaf tәsilin ashqan Ábul Qasym әl-Kashy (?-1436), 1000 jyl búryn mayda tamyrlardy tauyp, alghash ret rak auruyna operasiya jasaghan Ály ibn Abbas (?-994) sekildi jýzdegen ghalymdar músylmandar edi. Búlar jayynda Qayrat Joldybayúlynyng «Kýdikpen kýres» degen kitabynda jan-jaqty jazylghan.

- Layym solay bolsyn ghoy. Biraq múnyng talayyn әli tolyq dәleldeuge, talayyn tiyisinshe qosymsha nasihattaugha tura keledi. Mysaly, algebra úghymyn Horezmy engizgenin, arabtyng «ali-djebr» sózinen shyqqanyn, alghashqy qaghaz fabrikasyn arabtar qúrghanyn, bizding dalamyzdaghy Atlah shayqasynda tútqyngha týsken qytay sheberlerinen qaghaz jasaudyng qúpiyasyn mengergenin degen siyaqty biraz jaydy bilemiz. Janaghy aitqandarynyzdyng birazyn taratyp aitatyn avtorlar tabylsa, biz onday maqalalardy yqylaspen jariyalar edik. Islam bizding dalamyzdaghy ilim-bilimge qanday yqpal jasady?

- Qazaq halqy islamdy tek qabyldaushy ghana bolyp qalghan joq, sonymen qatar biz islam órkeniyetin bayytugha ýles qosqan halyqpyz. Islam dinining tarauy arqyly qazaq jerinde de ghylym damy týsti. Tilimizdegi «qalam, dәpter, kitap, mektep, ústaz, múghalim, medrese» syndy ghylymgha qatysty sózderding arab tilinen engendigi islamnyng jerimizde ghylymnyng damuyna qanshalyq ong әser etkendigin anghartsa kerek. Islam dini kelgennen keyin elimiz aumaghynda kóptegen әlemge ataqty ghalymdar shyqty. Mysalgha aitqanda, Orta Aziya men Qazaqstannan shyqqan danalar ishinde Ábu Nәsir әl-Faraby (870-950) - ghylymnyng barlyq salasy, Ábu Rayhan әl-Biruny (973-1048) - әsirese geografiya, Ábu Ály Ibn Sina (980-1037) - medisina, Úlyqbek (1394-1449) - astronomiya, Ábu Ibrahim Ishaq әl-Faraby (951-?) men Ismayl әl-Jauhary әl-Faraby (?-1002) arab til bilimi, Múhammed Haydar Dulaty (1499-1561) tariyh, filologiya ghylymdaryna ózindik ýles qossa, búlarmen qatar Isfidjab-Sayram, Yasy-Týrkistan, Taraz ben Syghanaqtan shyqqan asyl perzentterimiz de músylman zany men hadistanu, tәpsir sekildi islamy ilimder salasyna qalam terbep, islam mәdeniyeti men ghylymynan ózindik oryn aldy. Búl bizding dalamyzgha tәn Islam jolynyng basym baghyttarynyng biri ghylymi-aghartushylyq baghyt bolatynyn kórsetude.

Týrki dalasyna Islamnyng jetui men tarauynda Yasydan shyqqan ghúlamalardyng ishinde týrki әlemine tanymal Qoja Ahmet Yasauidyng (993-1167) orny bólek. Tariyhqa qarasaq, orta ghasyr Islam órkeniyeti men mәdeniyetining yqpaly kýsheygen kezeng ekenin kóremiz. Horasan aimaghynan bastau alghan sopylyq baghyt qazaq jerinde de qanat jaya bastady. Osy tústa ómir sýrgen Qoja Ahmet Yasauy býkil kýsh-qayratyn izgilik jolyna arnap tek qana aqiqatty jyrlady. Býkil týrki júrtyn tatulyqqa, tazalyqqa ýndedi. Sol arqyly týrki halyqtarynyng aqiqatqa kózin ashyp, Allagha degen qúrmetin arttyra týsti, Islamgha degen tanymyn keneytti. Sonday-aq, sopylyq joldyng da negizderin dúrys týsindirdi. Sharighat, tariqat, aqiqat, maghrifat úghymdarynyng manyzdylyghyna toqtaldy. Yasauy óz hikmetterinde tasauuf ilimi turaly keng mәlimet berip, ony shyn mәnindegi ilim retinde joghary baghalady. Týrki tildes halyqtar arasyna Islam dini sopylyq jol arqyly keng tarady. Sopylyq jol da óz arasynda birneshe tariqattardan túrdy. Áriyne shynayy sopylyq joldy ghalymdarymyz qoldaghan. Qoja Ahmet Yasauiydi eshkimning jekeshelendiruine jәne Yasauy jolyn jeke paydany ditteytin, jikke bólu sekildi teris maqsatqa paydalanugha jol bermeu kerek.

 

Jer shary - ortaq meken

- Býgingi almaghayyp zamanda últtardy biriktiru qiyn. Alayda, Islam dinining jaulasqandy jarastyru, daulasqandy dostastyru, talasqandy tatulastyrudaghy róli óte joghary. Osy rette elimizdegi últtar men úlys­tardy bir maqsatqa úiystyrudaghy Islamnyng faktory qanday boluy kerek?

- Jer shary - ortaq meken. Ony saqtau adamzat aldynda túrghan asa kýrdeli mәsele. Osy maqsatty algha qoyghan qanshama resmy instituttar onyng sheshimin taba almay bas qatyruda. Elbasy N.Á.Nazarbaev Astanada 2003 jylghy qyrkýiekte ótken Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder kóshbasshylary qúryltayynyng ashyluynda sóilegen sózinde: «Halyqtardyn, dinderdin, memleketter men ýkimetterding beybit qatar ómir sýrui men syndarly ózara is-qimyly turaly mәsele qazirgi kezde erekshe ózekti manyzgha iye. Ol taza teoriyalyq ayadan asa manyzdy praktikalyq mindetter qataryna shyqty. Sondyqtan da kóptegen asa kórnekti sayasy jәne diny qayratkerlerding kýsh-jigerimen, shyntuaytynda, bayyrghy zamannan qazirgi kýnge deyin toqtalmaghan dinderdin, mәdeniyetterdin, órkeniyetterding ýnqatysuyn jalghastyru erekshe qajet», degen edi.

Býgingi qym-quyt dýniyede beybitshilik pen yntymaq kýsheyip, damuy ýshin dәstýrli dinderaralyq ýnqatysu men tózimdilikting mәn-manyzy joghary. Álemdik tarihta búryn-sondy bir ýstelding basynda kóptegen din basshylarynyng bas qosyp, ýn qatysuy, ózderin tolghandyrghan oilaryn ortagha saluy, bir-birin sabyrlylyqpen tyndap, týsinisuine bizdegidey mýmkindik az tughan. Elbasymyzdyng býkil әlem aldyndaghy biyik bedelining taghy bir kórinisi búl. Elimizdegi dәstýrli din ókilderi arasyndaghy ortaq kelisimder men basqosular osynday ereksheligimen qúndy. Órkeniyetaralyq ýndesulerding damuy men konfessiyaaralyq dialog mәdeniyetin qalyptastyrudaghy búl ong bastama aldaghy uaqytta da elimizding diny jolyndaghy basymdy baghyt bolyp qala bereri sózsiz.

Islam dini san ghasyrlardan beri memleketting tiregi retinde aqyl men parasattyn, ozyq ghylym men úly órkeniyettin, mәdeniyet pen tatulyqtyng dini qyzmetin atqaryp keledi. Ata-babalarymyz tandaghan úly jol qay kezde de eldi birlik pen yntymaqqa shaqyryp, tәrbie men ónegege bastady. Saltymyzgha sinip, dәstýrimizge ainaldy. Qyz úzatu, shildehana, túsaukeser, sýndet toy, kelin týsiru, balany qyrqynan shygharu sekildi salttarymyzdyng qay-qaysysy da músylmandyq tanymmen әdemi ýilesude. «Ýlkenge qúrmet, kishige izet», «Ata túryp úl sóilegennen bez, ana túryp qyz sóilegennen bez», «Erte túrghan әielding bir isi artyq, erte túrghan erkekting yrysy artyq» syndy tәrbiyelik maqaldardyng kópshiligi músylmandyq etikamen tyghyz astasyp jatyr. Sondyqtan últ tәrbiyesining mәiegi bolghan dinimiz aldaghy uaqytta da osy jýrisinen janylmaq emes. Barshamyz maqtanysh tútatyn keshegi ótken Qauam ad-din әl-IYtqany әl-Faraby әt-Turkistany (1286-1357), Hibatulla әt-Tarazi, Husam ad-din әs-Syghnaqy jәne basqa da Syghnaq pen Kerder ghalymdary, Taraz ben Otyrar ghúlamalary, berisi Abay, Shәkәrim, Mәshhýr Jýsip t.b. - bәri de fiyqhta Hanafy mәzhabyn, aqidada (senimde) Maturidy mektebin ústanghan. Sondyqtan o bastan sunnittik ekenimiz, is-amalda Hanafy mәzhaby men senimde Maturidy jolyn tandauymyz últ retinde úiysyp, memleket retinde damuymyzgha tyng serpin bergen. Endeshe býgingi kýni dinde de ata-babamyz salyp ketken sara joldy ústanuymyz asa manyzdy.

- Kýni keshe ghana Elbasymyz Islam Yntymaqtastyghy Úiymynyng konferensiyasynda jasaghan bayandamasynda músylmandar arasynan ghylymda at ozdyryp, Nobeli syilyghyn alghandardyng joqtyghyna qynjylys bildirip, qoghamdy ruhany әri ghylymy janarugha ýndegeni belgili. Búl Islam әlemindegi janghyrudyng qajettiligin kórsetetin iri sóz boldy. Osy orayda alda qanday mindetter bar dep oilaysyz?

- Aldaghy uaqytta ghylymi-aghartushylyq baghyttan taymau, el tynyshtyghyn kýzetip, diny tózimdilik negizinde ózge dәstýrli din ókilderimen de jarastyqta ómir sýru, tәuelsizdigimizding túghyryn bekite týsuge júmys jasau - biz ústanatyn diny joldyng negizgi baghyty hәm asyl maqsaty bolmaq. Elbasymyzdyng bastamashyldyghymen osymen tórtinshi ret ótkizilgeli otyrghan Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder kóshbasshylarynyng sezinde býkil adamzat aldynan shyghyp otyrghan kýrdeli ruhany mәseleler tereng talqylanatyna senemiz.

- Qadirli haziret! Álemdik jәne dәstýrli dinder kóshbasshylarynyng sezinde diny qayratkerler kenesi qúrylghaly jatyr. Kenesting qúramyna býkil din músylmannan eki adam kiredi delinip jýr. Búl qúrmetke, búiyrtsa, Dýniyejýzilik Islam ligasynyng Bas hatshysy, sheyh Abdalla at-Turky men siz ie bolghaly otyrsyz. Múnyng ózi Islam Yntymaqtastyghy Úiymyna tóraghalyq jasaushy Qazaqstannyng músylman dýniyesindegi salma­ghyn da kórsetedi. Aldaghy sezd júmysyna tabys tileymiz. Osynsha mol uaqyt bólip, saliqaly súhbat bergeninizge rahmet!

Súhbattasqan - Sauytbek ABDRAHMANOV.