Adam-ghazizdy serke shygharghan qúdiretti kýshting aty – senim. Qay nәrsege bolsyn sheksiz senu men senbeu eshkimning erik-enshisinde emes, tek jýrek-patshanyng qúzyretinde. Biz biletin bir aqiqat, ózinnen góri ózgege kóbirek sengen kýni shektelesin!

​Búghan deyin kýmәnning jeteginde úzaq jýrgen adam-pende aldyndaghy asqar asulardyng sheshimi senim degen jalghyz qazyqqa baylanghan kýni baqsynyng baghy janghan. Sodan songhy zamanda senim bar jerde ertengi kýnnen ýmit baryn, ol joq jerde bolashaq degenning ózi bualdyr búltqa oranghan saghym ekenin úghyndyrghan degdar túlgha – baqsy abyroyynyng ólshemi de sheksiz. Tabighat-ananyng tylsym tәmsilderin týstep tany almaghan adam-pende qaraqan basyndaghy shiyelenis týiinning sheshiluine zәru bolghandyqtan, shiyrshyq atqan shaqta sheshimi tabylmay, talay taghdyr qúrdymnyng týbine ketken.
​Kóne dәuirlerding kóshine jetekshilik jasap, «tiri aruaq», «tәnir tekti túlgha» atanghan baqsynyng beynesin ghalymdar shamandyq din ókili retinde qarastyryp keledi. Rasynda da, ol adamdar әlemi men aruaqtar dýniyesining arasyndaghy dәneker, adamzat balasynyng basyndaghy barsha mәselelerdi sheshushi, ómir sýrip otyrghan ortasynda qoghamdyq, әleumettik oi-pikirlerdi retteushi. Bir sózben aitqanda, tabighat-ana syrlarynyng aldynda ózin dәrmensiz, әlsiz sezingen adam-pendening basyndaghy barsha shytyrman mәselening bitimshisi osy baqsylar bolghan.

Al baqsy-emshining balgerlik quaty aitarlyqtay-aq jazylyp keledi. Týsi men tegining bótendigine qaramastan, baqsy tәrizdi túlghanyng әlemdegi etnostardyng birazynda kezdesuining ózi qoghamdyq damu men daghdarystyng belgili bir satylarynan baqsy men adam-pende balasy qol ústasqanday, qatar ótkenin aighaqtay týsedi. Biraq sol derekterding bәri kәsiby halyq emshiligining negizin salushy baqsy túlghasy turaly tolyq sheshimder men qorytyndy jasady deuge bola ma?

Baqsy túlghasyn tereng zerttegen ghalym V. N. Basilov baqsylyqtyng paleolit dәuirinde payda bolghanyn aitady. Al Okladnikov, Formozov, Zaporojskiy, Marghúlan, Aqyshev siyaqty ghúlamalar tarapynan baqsylyq neolit dәuirining ayaghynda payda boldy degen oy algha tartyldy. Olar ózderining sóz derekterin arheologiyalyq qazba júmystary kezinde tabylghan zattyq aighaqtarmen dәleldeu arqyly bitim aitty.

Baqsylyq zikir kezinde kiyetin ghúryptyq kiyim ýlgilerine baylanysty búl ýrdis «ana erki» (matriarhat) dәuirinde, әielder arasynda bolghan qúbylys retinde de qarastyryldy. Baqsylardy psihikalyq aurugha shaldyqqan adamdar degen derekti algha tartushylar da boldy. Shyn mәninde, búl derekterding qaysysy qanshalyqty dengeyde aqiqat auylyna manaylaytynyn әzirge ashyp aitqan eshkim joq. Endeshe, baqsylyqtyng payda boluynyng ghylymy ortada qalyp alghan basty sebepterining birnesheuine toqtalayyq.
Paleolit dәuirining adamdary ózderin tabighat-anamen tútas aghza retinde qabyldaghan. Dәuir ótken sayyn adamdar ózderin tabighatqa qarsy túra alatyn erekshe jaratylys iyesi retinde sezine bastaghandyqtan, neolit dәuirining túsynda jaghday aitarlyqtay ózgergen edi. Osy kezde rulyq qoghamdar payda bolyp, әr rudyng salt-rәsimderi ortaqtasa bastady. Endi sol qoghamgha osy beyrettilikti retteytin túlgha kerek boldy. Búl qyzmetti ruhtar men ruh iyeleri arasyndaghy dәnekershi-abyzdar atqardy.

Dýniyeni ruh pen materiyadan túrady dep tanityn dualidyq bólinis kezinde óliler әlemi men tiriler arasyndaghy ýshinshi әlem – ruhtar әlemin biriktiretin әleumettik deldaldar – mediatorlar kerek boldy. Naq osy kezde baqsynyng túlghasy payda bolyp, olar barlyq yrymy rәsimderdi óz qolyna aldy da, ózderine deyingi abyzdar túlghasyn tolyq yghystyrdy.

Baqsylyqtyng basqa ghúryptardan ereksheligi – adam men ruhtar arasyndaghy erekshe deldaldyqqa sheksiz senimde boldy. Olardyng oiynsha, baqsylardy sol belgili ruhtardyng ózi tandap-tәrbiyelemek. Búl kezdegi baqsy-deldaldardyng mindeti – ruhtargha qyzmet etu, sol arqyly adamdargha kómektesu edi. Búryn baqsylardyng mindetine ólgenderding janyn baqigha shygharyp salu da kiretin. Ejelgi baqsylar boljam jasau, baqytsyzdyqtan saqtandyru, joqty izdeu, aurudyng sebebin anyqtau, nauqastardy emdeu kezinde ruhtardyng kómektesetinine bek sendi. Keybir derekter olardyng siqyrly «jad tas» arqyly tabighatqa da tikeley әser etip, qar, janbyr jaudyra alatynyn dәleldeydi. Kýni keshege deyin ómir sýrgen kóptegen baqsylar 41 qúmalaq salyp, siqyrly kýshting – magiyanyng syryn bildi.
Aqyndar men jyraular baqsydan tek sóz siqyry men kiyesin ghana qabyldady. Baqsylyq zikir kezinde paydalanylghan danghyra, qobyz siyaqty alghashqy muzyka aspaptaryn da jasaushy baqsylar edi. Búl – úly baqsynyng әr týrli tarihy derekter tanbalaghan kóp qyrly tútas túlghasynyng jalpy beynesi. Endeshe, osy baqsylyq qasiyetting bir tútqasyn ústap otyrghan keybir jandar, әsirese, býgingi tandaghy kәsiby halyq emshilerining boyynda әlgindey erek kýsh pen qasiyetten ne qaldy?

Baqsylyqtaghy basty qasiyetting biri – ruhtar. Olardy adamnyng ólgen song da ómir sýretin óz ruhy jәne búrynghy ótken ata-babasynyng ruhy dep ekige bólip qarastyrady. Ertede týrki júrtynda ruhtardy bir sózben «jyn» dep ataghan jәne ol jyndardy kiyeli jәne kesirli dep qaq jaryp qaraghan. Keyinnen «jyn» sózin «aruah», yaghny «ruh» sózi almastyrghany bayqalady. Keybir ghalymdar tarapynan ruh-jyn qonghan adamdy «jyndanghan» dep sanauy da sodan bolsa kerek. Biraq osylardyng bәri ózin aqtaghan naqty tarihy derekter kózi bola ala ma? Biz ghylymy payym arqyly qolgha týsken derekkózder negizinde bayyrghy baqsylardyng mynaday birneshe jiyntyq beynedegi súlbasyn kóre alamyz.

Birinshiden, týrki әleminde biylik tútqasyn ústaghan basqarushynyng Tәnirlik tegining belgilenui. Múnday qasiyetke keyin «aspan qalaulysy» atanghan baqsy da layyq dep tabyldy. Biyleushi de, baqsy da miftik tarihta olardyng ilki ata-babalary basty túlgha bolghandyqtan, ózderine sol erekshe biylikti menshiktedi, sóz siqyryn mengerdi. Al sóz siqyry baqsylyqta ýlken oryngha iye. Sóz – em jasaudyng da basty qúraly dep sanaldy.

Ekinshiden, dәstýrli qoghamda aqsaqaldar da ýlken әleumettik rólge ie edi. Óitkeni, jasy ýlken adamdar aruaqtar әlemine jaqyn dep esepteldi. Adam jasynyng úlghangy olardy ruhtar men ata-baba әlemine bir taban jaqyndatty, yaghny aqsaqal-abyz beynesi men baqsy beynesi qatar qarastyryldy. Kýni býginge deyin qay halyqta bolsyn, jasy úlghayghan baqsy kemel baqsy retinde sanalatyny sondyqtan.

Ýshinshiden, baqsylyqqa jaqyn túrghan beynelerding biri – aqyndar. Olar basynda betashar, as, toy siyaqty rәsimderdi atqarushy retinde payda bolyp, jana týsken kelinning betin ashty. Búl – ata-baba ghúrpynan әldeqayda búryn payda bolghan salt. Aqyn men baqsynyng ghúryptyq deldal retindegi ortaqtyghy Sibir halyqtarynda baqsylardyng epikalyq shygharmalardyng oryndaushysy әri saqtaushysy bolghanynan da bilinedi. Búrynghynyng adamdary sóz ben sazdyng kiyesine kәmil sengendikten, jyraudyng jyry men baqsynyng zikiri keshke, shoq jaryghy sóngende bastalatynyn tek syrtqy úqsastyqtar dep qaraugha bolmaydy.

Em jasau kezinde baqsyny erekshe ahualgha týsiretin qúral – baqsylyq muzyka. Áskery joryqtar barysynda da baqsy qolyna sybyzghy men qobyz alyp, qosyn jauyngerlerining ruhyn kóterip, jyr aitqan, kýy tartqan. Qobyz ózining ilki tegin sadaq adyrnasynan alatyndyqtan, ol әskery ruhpen tikeley baylanysty aspap retinde sanalady.

Qazaq anyzdary boyynsha, búl aspapty alghash jasaushy – Qorqyt. Áytse de, týrkolog H. G. Korogly Qorqyttyng «tarihy negizi joq» degendi aitsa, foliklortanushy S. A. Qasqabasov Qorqyttyng túlghasyn jiyntyq beyne dep esepteydi. Al Á. H. Marghúlan Qorqyttyng múragerlerin Qoylybay bastaghan ejelgi baqsy-jyraular, Ketbúgha siyaqty qobyzda kýy shalushylar, Sypyra dәstýrining izindegi jyrau-abyzdar, Janaqqa jalghasqan qobyz ústaghan aqyndar dep tórt topqa bóledi. Áriyne, búl jikteuding óte shartty ekenin de esten shygharmau kerek.

Búdan belgili bolyp otyrghany, Qorqyttyng dәstýrin jalghap, tútynushylar baqsylyq pen kәsiby muzykanyng arasynda túrghan túlghalar ekeni jәne baqsylyqtyng qazaqqa ghana tәn bir ereksheligi osy. Búrynghy qazaq jyrshy, jyraularynyng jyr tolghaghanda ózderin qobyzben sýiemeldeytini baqsy bolmysynan qalghan songhy nyshan-rudiyment.

Baqsy qobyzynyng qúrylymy da arnayy sóz etiluge tiyis kýrdeli mәsele. Á. Marghúlan, B. Sarybaev, S. Amanovalar qobyzdyng syrtqy pishini qús perishtesi aqqudy beyneleytinin aitsa, V. N. Basilov qobyzdy minis kóligine úqsatady jәne ony týie maly dep dәleldeydi. Sóitip, oghan qobyzdyng shanaghyna týie moynaghynyng taghyluyn kuәlikke tartady. Ras, qazaq baqsylarynyng qolyndaghy danghyra turaly Andreev, Spasskiy, Bronevskiy, Tronov, Hodyrev siyaqty orys ghalymdarynyng birshama jazyp, ter tókkenderine qaramastan, kýni býginge deyin qobyz ben danghyra aspabynyng ortaqtyghyna jetkilikti nazar audarylmay keledi. Bir belgili aqiqat, qobyz ózining bastapqy keyip-qalybyn danghyradan aluy әbden mýmkin ekeni jәne búl pishin úqsastyghyn ilki sanada adam tәnining (anatomiya) kóshirmesi esebinde payda boldy deuge negiz jeterlik.

Sibir halyqtarynda baqsy ólgen song onyng danghyrasy men kiyimin ormangha aparyp, qayyng aghashynyng basyna ilip qoyatyn rәsim bolghan. Býginde úmytyla bastaghanymen, qazaq halqynda ólgen adamnyng dombyrasy men qobyzyn teris qaratyp iletin salt kýni keshege deyin saqtalyp keldi. Al bizding júrtta baqsynyng molasyn basqa moladan bólektegeni ekining birine belgili. «Molasynday baqsynyng / Jalghyz qaldym – tap shynym!» dep, búl oiymyzdy Abay da rastaydy. Osynday jayttardy zerdeley kele, búlghar ghalymy Donchev qiyaqty aspaptar Europagha týrik-búlgharlardan kelgen degen boljam jasady. Oghan bir dәlel, atalmysh aspaptyng әli kýnge deyin ukrain tilinde «kobza», nemiste «koba», týrikte «kopus», vengrlerde «kopus», polyaktarda «kopa», serb-horvattarda «kopus», rumyndarda «kobza» dep atalatyndyghy.

Demek, býgingi aspapty muzyka әuelde baqsylyq zikir – meditasiya esebinde payda bolghany turaly oidyng tinin tiriltip, tekteuge negizder jetkilikti. Muzykanyng ilki mindeti týrli dúgha, jasyryn kýshter arqyly tabighatqa әser etetin siqyr esebinde payda bolghany da dәleldeudi qajet etpeytin qaghida. Basynda synar ishekti sadaqty aspapqa ainaldyryp, damytqan da baqsylar edi. Óitkeni, baqsy muzykanyng sýiemeldeuimen tabighat kýshterin ózine qaratty, ózining kómekshi ruhtaryn da muzyka ýnimen shaqyra bildi. Demek, muzykanyng kәsiby halyq emshiliginde osy kýnge deyin qyzmet etip kele jatqany da sondyqtan. Emshi de, emdelushi erekshe trans jaghdayyna muzykanyng kómegimen ghana týsedi.

Qobyz muzykasyn Yqylasqa deyin kәsiby emes, ghúryptyq muzyka retinde baghalaytyn birjaqty kózqaras últtyq muzykatanushylar arasynda qazir de bar. Bizding oiymyzsha, qobyz muzykasynyng kәsibi, ghúryptyq jәne joghary estetikalyq qasiyeti әuel bastan-aq bólinbes tútastyqta bolghan. Múnday qasiyetterding negizinde muzykanyng adamdy erekshe jaghdaygha týsire alatyn siqyrgha bergisiz tylsym kýsh jatyr. Kamarov atty ghalym qazaq baqsysynyng bedeu әielding ishin jaryp, sarysu alyp bergenin, әlgining sodan song ýbirli-shýbirli әuletke ainalghanyn jazady. Endeshe, Europa men orys ghalymdarynyng baqsy jәne baqsylyq turaly aitqan boljamdaryn qazaq baqsylaryna sol qalpynda qaptay salugha asyqpaghan jón. Mysaly, V. N. Basilov baqsy jasaytyn keremetterdi, «Óz denesin erkin mengerui (pyshaq salu, atu, úru), sezim mýshelerin rettep otyru (ketpen jalau, jalang ayaq shoq keshu), qoldyng eptiligi, gipnoz jasau» dep ýsh topqa bóledi. Osy ghajayyptardyng shet-shepiri baqsylyq joldy berik tútynghan qazirgi kәsiby halyq emshiliginde de kezdesedi. Alayda, sol dýley kýshting býgingilerding boyynda birkelki emestigi ókinishti, әriyne.

Baqsylyq quat – joyylyp ketetin belgisiz kýshke nemese ghayyptan darityn tuma qasiyetke teluge kelmeytin túnghiyq tylsym. Baqsy ózine jýgingen adam-pendening aldymen jýregine ýmit sәulesin týsirip, sodan song onyng sanasyna senim úyalatady. Qara ormanday qarauytyp, týnere tenselgen ordaly oidan payda bolghan kókirek qayghysyn seyiltip, aqyldy sanagha qyzmet etkize bastaghanda ghana tәn qojalyghy azaptan arylyp, sauyghyp, kәdimgidey tazara bastaydy. Baqsy – ruh, ýmit, senim sekildi myzghymaytyn ýshtaghan iyesi. Al ol jasaghan shipanyng dauasy Jaratushy jalghyzdan.
Anyghy soghan ghana ayan!

Berik Jýsipov,
foliklortanushy

Abai.kz