«Qyzyl gaolyan» syngha úshyraghan shygharma

Qytay últynyng ishinde Nobeli syilyghyn alghandar kóp. Biraq onyng bәri amerikalyq qytaylar bolatyn. Sonday-aq búl әlemdik syilyqty alghandar negizinen jaratylystanu ghylymynyng mamandary bolatyn. Al әdebiyettegi enbegi ýshin búl syilyqqa Mo Yani túnghysh ret jetip otyr. Mo Yani - Qytaydaghy myqty jazushynyng biri, sonday-aq býkil qytay qalamgerleri ony moyyndaydy. Onyng basqa qytay jazushylarynan ereksheligi, birinshiden, mahabbat taqyrybyna kóbirek qalam terbeydi. Ekinshiden, naqty ómirdi: dihandar tirshiligin, halyq túrmysyn jazady. Nobeli syilyghyn alghan kitaby «Qyzyl gaolyan» dep atalady. Múnda dihandar ómiri shynayy bayandalghan. Jalpy romannyng ózegi - Qytay elindegi qarapayym halyq túrmysy, búryn-songhy jýrgizilgen qytaydyng qyzyl sayasaty - bәri tolyq qamtylghan...

«Qyzyl gaolyan» syngha úshyraghan shygharma

Qytay últynyng ishinde Nobeli syilyghyn alghandar kóp. Biraq onyng bәri amerikalyq qytaylar bolatyn. Sonday-aq búl әlemdik syilyqty alghandar negizinen jaratylystanu ghylymynyng mamandary bolatyn. Al әdebiyettegi enbegi ýshin búl syilyqqa Mo Yani túnghysh ret jetip otyr. Mo Yani - Qytaydaghy myqty jazushynyng biri, sonday-aq býkil qytay qalamgerleri ony moyyndaydy. Onyng basqa qytay jazushylarynan ereksheligi, birinshiden, mahabbat taqyrybyna kóbirek qalam terbeydi. Ekinshiden, naqty ómirdi: dihandar tirshiligin, halyq túrmysyn jazady. Nobeli syilyghyn alghan kitaby «Qyzyl gaolyan» dep atalady. Múnda dihandar ómiri shynayy bayandalghan. Jalpy romannyng ózegi - Qytay elindegi qarapayym halyq túrmysy, búryn-songhy jýrgizilgen qytaydyng qyzyl sayasaty - bәri tolyq qamtylghan...

Bir sózben aitqanda, qytay synshylary Mo Yaninyng «Nobeli» syilyghyna layyqty boluyn onyng shynshyl jazushylyghymen týsindiredi. Óitkeni Qytayda ejelden el ishindegi is, ishki sayasat qúpiya saqtalady. Mәselen, qaysybir jyly «Tang Sәndegi» jer silkinisinen 5 adam óldi dep jariyalady. Al shyntuaytyna kelgende 270 myng halyq apatqa úshyrapty. Osynday mәseleler búghan deyin aitylmay, jabyq ústalyp kelgen bolatyn. Al qazir ashyq aityla bastady. «Qyzyl gaolyan» qytayda búghan deyin syngha úshyrap «qytaylardy qorlady» dep aiyptalghan-dy. Mәselen, romanda qytaylardyng araq ashytudaghy jabayy әdisi jazylady. Yaghny olar araq ashytarda, aldymen qúmyranyng týbine bir adam kishi dәretke otyrady eken. Dәretpen ashyghan araq dәmdi bolady-mys. Shygharma osy siyaqty qytaylardyng jabayy, nadan tirligin jazghany ýshin dýniyejýzilik syilyq aldy dep oilaymyn. Áytpese, ozyp túrghan týgi joq.

Qytay әdebiyeti ýshin tarihy taqyryp tansyq

Qytay әdebiyetining dengeyi keyingi jyldary damy bastady. Naqtyraq aitsam, eki týrli baghytta damyp otyr. Birinshisi, elikteuden tughan әdebiyet. Yaghny orys әdebiyetine, batys әdebiyetine elikteushilik basym. Mәselen, Gorkiydin «Ana» degen romany bar ghoy. Qytaylarda da «Ana» degen roman shyqty.

Ekinshisi, jasampazdyq әdebiyet. Búl baghytta tarihy taqyryptar qamtylghan. Mәselen, býkil Qytay әdebiyetining ansary auyp otyrghan taqyryp - Shynjang tarihy. Óitkeni qytaylar Shynjandy batys pen shyghys mәdeniyetining toghysqan jeri dep esepteydi. Sondyqtan osy ónirding jer astyndaghy myndaghan jyldyq bay tarihyn әdebiyetke әkelgileri keledi. «Qúm astyndaghy qala», «Qúm astyndaghy adam» degen siyaqty taqyryptar olar ýshin tosyn, oqyrmandargha da qyzyqty.

«Qúm» dep Tarym qúmyn aityp otyrmyn. Tarym kәdimgi Takla-Makan shóli ghoy. Takla-Makan degen ataudy úighyrlar - «Tәtti Makan» dep týsindiredi, yaghny Tarym qúmynyng astynda «Tәtti meken» bolghan dep boljaydy.

Qytay әdebiyeti ýshin ghana emes, tarihy ýshin de batys, yaghny Shynjandaghy jer asty tarihy qúndy jәdiger sanalady. Mәselen, Ýrimji qalasynyng manyndaghy «Jemsary» audanynyng astynan jer asty orman beldeui tabyldy. Sonday-aq Aziya kóleminde eng ýlken dinazavrdyn tasqa ainalghan sýiegi de osy ónirden qazyp alyndy. Al «Jemsary» audany - ejelgi týrkilerdin, ghúndardyng astanasy bolghan, ony Besbalyq dep ataghan. Besbalyq - Besshahar degen sóz. Beyjindi de «Úlubalyq» dep ataghan ghoy.

Týrki zamanynda Shynjannyng kóp jerinde tarihy qala bolghan. Aytalyq, qazirding ózinde Qúmylda «Aratýrik» degen jer bar. Jazushy-tarihshy Nyghymet Mynjan aghamyz: «Aratýrik» degenimiz - Batys Týrik pen Shyghys Týrikting arasyndaghy jer», - deytin. Tarihy derekterge sýiensek, osy manda bizding zamanymyzdan búrynghy H ghasyr men bizding zamanymyzdyng H ghasyry aralyghyndaghy jiyrma ghasyr boyy týrkiler men qytaylar qoyanqoltyq ómir sýrgen. Ol zamanda týrki halyqtary Úly qorghannyng syrtynda, qytaylar ishinde bolady. Sol sebepti búl eki halyq jiyrma ghasyr boyy birde Qorghannyng ishinde, birde syrtynda soghysyp, birin-biri ala almay kelgen. Alayda týrkilerde bereke-birlik bolmaydy, jenilgen týrkiler Qytay patshasynyng qoltyghyn panalap, birte-birte jalpy týrki memleketi ydyray bastaydy. Sóitip bir kezderi Saryózen manyn, Qytay qorghanynyng ainalasyn panalaghan týrki halyqtary Shynjangha, odan beri Jetisugha sheyin yghysqan. Al batys jaghymyzdaghy Toqtamyshan da berekeli bolmady ghoy, ony orystar yghystyrady. Eng sonynda Europa men Aziyanyng ortasyn jaylaghan Úly Týrki halqy azayyp, jeri tarylyp býgingi kýige týsken. Sondyqtan da bizding týrki halyqtarynyng kóptegen tarihy jazbalary, múraghaty Qytay jazbalarynda, múraghattarynda jatyr. Mәselen, Qytayda «Batys ónirdegi aqyn-jyrlar» degen kitap shyqty. Sol kitapta 70-80 týrki aqynynyng óleni jariyalandy. Kitap «Han ana» degen jyrdan bastalady, qytaylar ony «Batys patshalarynyng anasy» dep aitady. Al Nyghymet Mynjan aghamyz múny «Saq ana» dep alyndar degen.

Tughan jerding jusany

Qytaydyng qazirgi oqyrmandary qazaq әdebiyetindegi qúrt-qúmyrsqa, iyt-qús siyaqty jan-januarlar taqyrybyna qatty qazyghady. Óitkeni olar ýshin búl taqyryp tansyq qoy. Mening «Auyl saghynyshy» degen әngimem qytay tiline audarylyp «Altyn ordenmen» syilandy. Onda Týrkiyagha qashyp barghan tórt shaldyng ómiri bayandalady. Olar tughan jerden bir uys topyraq, eki tal jusan aldyrady. Sóitip topyraqty iyiskep, eki tal jusandy bólip jep qoyady tórteui. Osy shygharmam qytay әdebiyetshilerining de, qarapayym oqyrmandardyng da jaqsy baghasyn aldy. Qytay әdebiyeti ýshin dala mәdeniyeti, ózderine tansyq taqyryp kerek.

Kýng Fuz týrki túqymynan taraghan

1935 jyly Beyjing men Shanhayda shyghatyn eki әdeby jurnalda Ly Bay, Bәy Jýy (arghy tegi Qanly), Shýy Moguang degen aqyndardyng arghy tegi týrki dep jariyalandy, yaghny osy aqyndar týrki tekti qytay aqyndary dep aityldy. Búl jazba 1960 jyly Shanhayda shyghatyn «Ádebiyet» gazetinde talasqa týsedi, qytay әdebiyetshileri Ly Baydy týrki tekti aqyn dap tanydy. Biraq halyqtyng narazylyghyn basu ýshin qytay ýkimeti búl mәselege Gomorony aralastyrady, ol: «Eger Ly Bay týrki túqymy bolsa, onda biz býkil Qytay әdebiyetinen aiyrylyp qalamyz», - dep mәseleni jauyp tastaydy.

Songhy jyldardaghy zertteulerge qaraghanda, qytay әdebiyetining ozyq qalamgeri Bay Jýy Shynjannyng Kýshәl, Korla ónirinde dýniyege keleni anyqtalghan. Al búl ónirde ejelgi Qanlylar ómir sýredi. Bay Jýiding «Qanly qyzyna», «Pipa» degen muzyka aspapqa arnaghan óleni bar...

Qazir Qytayda tarih ashyq jazylyp, ashyq aityla bastady. Ashyq qogham ornay bastady. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde, qytay mәdeniyetining teng jartysy týrki halyqtarynan singen dep aityluda. Áueli osy kýni qytay iydeologiyasynyng atasy Kýng Fuzynyng arghy tegi týrki degenge deyin bardy. Óitkeni onyng jazbalarynyng deni týrki ghúlamalarynyng oiyna sәikes keledi. Kýng Fuzyny men de audardym. Sonda týsingenim, onyng oiy arghy zamandaghy әl Farabiydin, múndaghy Abaydyng aqyliyalaryna úqsas keledi eken.

Qorytyp aitqanda, qytay múraghattarynda arghy tegimiz, týrki tarihy saf altynday saqtalghan, bizge sony zertteu kerek. Óitkeni ol bizding kim ekenimizdi bildiredi, tegimizdi tanytady. Mening bir qayran qalatynym, arap, parsy tilinde jazylghan, nemese orys tilinde jazylghan qazaq tarihyna qatysty derek bolsa joghalghanymyz tabylghanday quanamyz. Al qytay tilindegi dýniyege kelgende kókjelkemiz tartyp qalady. Múnday әdetpen qalay sanaly últ, ozyq el bolmaqpyz?..

2009 jyly «Qazaqtyng qysqasha tarihy» degen kitap jazdym. Búl kitap tarihshy aghamyz Nyghymet Mynjan zerttegen enbekten de tolyghyraq. Qazaqstan tarihshylary zerttegen dýniyelerden kemeldi boldy dep aita alamyn. Óitkeni múnyng ishinde qytay jazbalarynan alynghan tyng dýnie bar.

Týrki tekti Shynghyshan

Shynghyshandy zerttegenime birneshe jyl boldy. 2000 jyly Shynghyshannyng ógey әkesi «Túghyryl han» turaly tarihy kitap jazdym. Túghyryl han Shynghyshandy adam qylghan, tәrbiyelegen adam. Búdan aitpaghym mynau: mongholdar patshalaryn «qontayshy» dep ataydy. Al týrki halyqtary patshalaryn «han» dep ataydy. Sondyqtan Shynghystyng «qontayshy» bolmay, «han» ataluynda syr bar dep oilaymyn. Búl - bir.

Ekinshi, Shynghyshan 40 myng qiyattyng úrpaghy dep aitylady. Sonda qiyat kim? Mongholda onday taypa joq. Qiyattyng qazirgi úrpaghynyng kim ekenin zertteuimiz kerek. Meninshe, qiyattyng qazirgi túqymdary qazaqtyng ishindegi bir ru boluy әdben mýmkin. Búl turaly naqty deregim bar.

Ýshinshi, Shynghyshannyng negizgi sanattaghy 4 әieli bolghan. Bәri monghol emes, týrki halqynyng qyzdary. Al balalaryna da әieldi týrki halqynan alyp bergen. Búl onyng týrki ekenin aighaqtamay ma?

Tórtinshi, Shynghyshannyng toghyz órligi(uәziri) bolady, bәri týrki halqynan. Besinshi, «Mongholdardyng qúpiya shejiresin» mongholdar jazbaghan degen sóz bar, múny maghan Ýrimjidegi mongholdyng tarihshylary, jazushylary aitty. «Qúpiya shejireni» Shynghyshannyng hatshysy «Nayman Tәtet Ongha» jazghan boluy kerek. Tәtet Ongha degen kim? Shymkenttikter men jambyldyqtar aghany «tәte» dep shaqyrady eken. Tәte qazaq sózi bolsa, demek, Tәtet Ongha týrki túqymy.

Altynshy, «Qúpiya shejirede» mongholdardyng ózderi týsinbeytin 700-ge juyq sóz bar eken. Monghol ghalymdary sol 700 sózding derliktey qazaqsha ekenin aitady. «Qúpiya shejirede» «soyyp sal», «múryndyq» degen sózder bar, ony mongholdar taba almapty. Al bizde bar ghoy búl eki sóz de.

Jetinshi, Shynghyshannyng handyq basqaru jýiesi Nayman hanynyng taktikasyna úqsas bolghan.

Segizinshi, Shynghyshandy joryqqa dayyndap, aldyn-ala soghysqa boljau aitatyn Kerey Kókshe Áulie men Nayman Búqa bolypty. Ekeui de monghol túqymynan emes.

Jalpy, Shynghyshan tóniregindegi әngimening deni qazaqpen baylanysty bolghan, soghan qarap búl mәseleni әli de zerttey týsuimiz kerek dep oilaymyn.

Qytay múraghattarynda qorymyz kóp

Qytaydyng «Tan» patshalyghy men «Sýi» patshalyghyn bes ghasyr boyy týrkiler biyleydi. Shynghyshannyng ózi qytaylardy bir ghasyrdan artyq basqardy. Odan keyin mәnjuler eki ghasyr biylik jýrgizedi. Sonda Qytaydy on ghasyrgha juyq qytaylar emes, týrki tekti, monghol tekti halyq biylegen. Sondyqtan da qytay tarihyna, әdebiyetine týrki mәdeniyeti әbden sinisip ketken deuge bolady. Osynyng bәri zertteluge tiyisti tarih dep oilaymyn.

Birneshe jyldyq tarihy zertteulerime sýienip aitarym, qazaq tarihyn orys múraghatynan izdegennen góri, qytay jazbalaryn aqtarghan paydaly bolar edi dep oilaymyn. Óitkeni salystyrmaly týrde aitsaq, bizding arghy, bergi tarihymyz negizinen qytaylarmen baylanysty ghoy, oryspen qonsylyghymyz bergi jyldardaghy әngime bolyp qalady. Orys múraghattaryndaghy qazaq tarihy turaly derekterdi ghalymdarymyz әldeqashan sarqyp boldy, al ýlken baylyq qytay múraghattarynda jatyr.

Últtyq qúndylyqqa nege qúlyqsyzbyz?

Qytaydaghy qazirgi qazaq mәdeniyetining arghy tegi atajúrttaghy aghayynmen tyghyz baylanysty. Óitkeni 1883 jyly orys-qytay shakarasy belgilengende jarty qazaq Altaydyng arghy betinde, jartysy bergi jaghynda qaldyq. Odan keyingi qughyn-sýrgin jyldary arghy betke búl jaqtan qazaqtyng qaymaghy ótti. Biz sol ziyalylardan bilim aldyq. Abaygha búl jaqta tyiym salynyp jatqan kezde, ol jaqta biz kemengerding aqyliyalaryn oqyp óstik. Qytayda Baytúrsynúlynyng emilesimen eng alghash oqulyq jasaghan Núrtaza ýkirday degen oqyghan kisi bizding auylda bala tәrbiyelegen eken. Sonda Abaydyng kitabynyng syrtyna mynaday bir shumaq óleng jazypty:

Qadirli múny jazghan hәkim Abay,

Syryn bil, syrtyn qarap deme qalay.

Kókirek kózben oilasang kómeskisin,

Maghyna bir sózinen shyghar talay.

Qazaqqa ózi rasul, sózi paryz

Sókseng de, moldake, jazdym solay - depti. Múndaghy aitpaghym, biz osy jaqtan barghan qazaqtyng ýlken ziyalylarynan bilim aldyq demekshimin...

Qytay qazaqtarynda qazaqtyng anyz-jyrlarynyng tolyq núsqasy saqtalghan, tipti múnda saqtalmaghan jyrlar da bar. Mysaly, múndaghy eshkim estimegen «Ýisin aughan» degen dastan bar el ishinde.

Qytayda qazaq jazushylarynyng jýzden astam romandary basylyp shyqty. Sonday-aq әr audannyng anyz-jyrlary jinaqtalyp jeke-jeke kitap bolyp jaryq kórdi. Biraq osynyng bәri Qazaqstanda aitylmaydy. Al bizdegi janalyq saghat-minut sayyn qytaydaghy qazaqtardyng sayttarynda jariyalanyp, myndaghan oqyrman oqidy. Qazaqstan jazushylarynyng kitaptary búl elde ómiri bolmaghan taralymmen taralyp jatady...

Qytay qazaqtary qolóner: kesteshilik, tiginshilik, ústashylyq siyaqty salt-dәstýrimizdi nasihattaytyn ónerdi óristetip otyr. Tipti bizding elden últtyq ónerimizdi damytugha kómek súrasa, biz ýndemey otyramyz. Mysaly, qytay qazaqtary qyrghyzdarmen birigip «Manas jyryn» Ginnesting rekordtar kitabyna engizdi. Al óz dýniyemizge kelgende atajúrttaghy aghayyn qolyn qusyrghannan basqa týk qylmaydy. Áytpese, saf óner aqyndar aitysy túr ghoy. Bizding osy peyilsizdigimizding saldarynan, qymyz ashytu ónerimizdi nemister iyelenip ketti. Kókpar men jylqy baptaudy qyrghyz әketti. Tóbet asyraudy orystar iyelendi. Barynnan aiyrylghan qiyn ghoy.

Tarihy taqyrypqa derek kerek

1986 jyly Qytayda «Qarakerey Qabanbay» degen kitabym shyqty. Ol negizinen el ishindegi anyzgha qúrylghan-dy. Odan keyin qazaqtyng has batyry turaly ekinshi, ýshinshi kitabymdy jazdym. Osy songhy eki kitabym derek negizinde jazylghan. Qabanbay batyr turaly Qabdesh Júmadilov te «Daraboz» degen roman jazdy. Alayda keybir jazushylar keyipkerimiz Qabanbay batyr arqyly bizding aramyzgha ot salyp, shygharmalarymyzdy qarama-qarsy qoyghylary keledi. Ol dúrys emes. Qabdesh kórkemdik túrghyda jazsa, meniki derekti roman.

Derekti roman degennen shyghady, Qytayda «Qabanbay shyny» degen tau bar. Búl turaly orys múraghaty ne deydi, qytay jazbalary ne jazdy? Men osyny zerttep bir kitap jazyp shyqtym. Múndaghy aitpaghym, Qazaqstan jazushylary tarihy shygharmalaryn el ishindegi anyzgha sýienip jazady, derek-dәiegi az. Tereng emes. Al tarihy taqyryp ýshin derek pen dәiek, terendik auaday qajet.

20 jyl aidauda boldym

Maonyng 10 jyldyq solaqay sayasaty túsynda kórmegendi kórdik. Otbasymmen on jyl Ýrimjide «qalpaq kiydik», qalghan on jyl jarymmen, ýsh balammen «enbekpen ózgertu alanynda» (aydauda-avt) boldyq. Qinalghanda ólim turaly oilaghan kezderimiz de boldy. 1955-62 jyldary el atajúrtqa kóshkende men Ýrimjide bolyp, júrtta qalyp qoydym ghoy. Áytpese sol kezde-aq ketip qalar ma edim elge.

1962 jyly tuys-tughandarym Qazaqstangha ótip ketken son, art jaqta qalghan bizge Qytay biyligi bilgenin qyldy. Qalpaq kiygizu, aidaludy aitpaghanda, kóshege shygharyp masqaralau, betke qarap kýie jaghu, jalghan aiyp taghyp qinau, «Sovet ýkimetining jansyzy» degen jala jabu janymyzgha qatty batty. Mening ghana emes, sol zamanda qytay biyligi jýrgizgen solaqay sayasattyng salqyny qanshama qarakózdi otbasynan, bala-shaghasynan aiyrdy, ómirin óksitti. Qazirgi ýkimet sol zúlmat jyldardy qansha juyp-shayghysy kelgenimen, jýrektegi jaranyng orny jazyla ma?

Qytay ýkimetining qyryna ilikkender sol kezde ýsh týrli dәrejege bólinip aiyptaldy. Birinshi dәrejeli «qylmyskerler» týrmege jabyldy. Ekinshi satydaghylardy Tarymgha aidady. Ýshinshi taptaghy jazalanushylar, bizdi, auyl-auyldargha jiberip, qara júmysqa saldy. Búl - «enbekpen ózgertu» dep ataldy.

Men otbasymmen Jyng degen audannyng qiyryndaghy bir qystaqta qara júmysqa jegildim. Auyldyng esepshisi Slamhan degen jigitting jaqsylyghyn kóp kórdik. Ol kisi әnshi Ádil Slamhannyng әkesi. Balasyn kórgen sayyn әkesining jaqsylyghy ýshin mandayynan sýiip, raqmetimdi aitqym keledi de túrady. Biz bas-ayaghy jiyrma jylghy qudalaudan, aiyptaludan song qúlan-taza aqtaldyq. Júmysymyz, búrynghy ghylmy ataghymyz, enbekaqymyzdyng bәri qalpyna keldi. On jyl boyy auylda jýrip kónekózderden estigen, kórgen dýniyemizdi shygharmashylyghymyzda paydalandyq.

Men siyaqty jala jabylghan qanshama bilikti, bilimdi azamattar opat boldy desenizshi. Osy kýni sol esil erlerdi eske alsam, qabyrgham qayysady. Mysaly, Tarym qúmynda aidauda jýrip ólgen aqyn Toqtarhan Jekibaev qanday azamat edi! Qajyghúmar Shabdanúly, Orazhan Ahmetov siyaqty qazaq әdebiyetining qara narday jazushylary sol Tarymda tozdy. Tarymdaghy jyldarynan Qajyghúmar aghamyz talay estelik aitatyn. «Tarym ystyq jer. Qara júmysqa jegilgen adam ystyqtan isinip ketedi eken. Qoy da baghatynbyz. Bir kýni ólgen qoydyng terisine isingen jigitterdi salyp, qatqan terini qaynatyp sorpa ishken kýnderimiz de boldy. Tipti keyde ashyqqanda tyshqannyng inin qazyp, izin quyp jýrip biday, tary tauyp jep jan shaqyrghan kezderim bolghan», - dep estelik aitatyn Qajeken.

Qazir ýsh qyz, bir úl ósirip otyrmyn. Bir qyzym túrmysqa shyghyp, qytay jerinde qaldy. Eki qyzym men úlym osy Almatyda túrady. Úldan da, qyzdan da nemere-jiyen sýidik. Joldasym Shәmshabanu bir joghary oqu orynnyng professory, aqyn. Ekeuimiz de zeynetke shyghyp, osynda - Almatyda túryp jatqan jayymyz bar.

Jazyp alghan -

Jaras KEMELJAN

«Abai.kz»