Dýniyejýzilik tarih kóptegen otarshyldyq rejimderdi biledi. Olardyng eng tanymaldary: britandyqtar (Ýndistanda), fransuzdar (Soltýstik Afrikada) jәne basqalar. Olarmen salystyratyn bolsaq, Resey imperiyasynyng Qazaqstan jerindegi otarlau sayasatynyng týbegeyli aiyrmashylyghy nede boldy?

Erekshelikteri boldy. Eger europalyq memleketter úly geografiyalyq ashylular dәuirine deyin qorshaghan әlem turaly eshtene bilmese, tipti, jerding tegis ekenine sense, onda Ejelgi Rusi hristian dini shyqqan Vizantiyamen, Qyrymmen, Kavkazben, polovestermen tyghyz baylanysta boldy.

Orys knyazideri qypshaq handarymen әskery odaq jasasyp, tipti nekege túryp, qypshaq qyzdaryn әieldikke alghan (osynday 12 jaghday belgili). Kóptegen orys knyaziderding ata-babalary polovsylar boldy. Orys pen dalanyng otyryqshy jәne kóshpeli halyqtary birtútas simbiozdanyp, qarym-qatynas tili qypshaq tili boldy.

Orys elshileri, kópesteri men saudagerleri Qashghariya, Búhara, Hiua, Tashkent, Týrkistan siyaqty bay shyghys elderi men qalalaryn jaqsy biletin. Sonymen birge, býkil otarshyldyq tarihynda jer betinen birde-bir halyq joyylyp ketken joq, tipti eng kishkentaylary da aman qaldy. Mysaly, chukchalar, evenkter, yukagirlar, hantylar, mansiyler, t.b.

Olardyng keybireuleri otarlau kezinde әli tas dәuiri dengeyinde ómir sýrdi. Osy orayda europalyqtar ayausyz qyryp salghan astekterdin, mayyalar men inkterdin, Afrikanyn, Avstraliyanyn, Ontýstik Amerikanyng jәne Okeaniyanyng keybir taypalarynyng qayghyly taghdyryn eske týsiruge bolady. Reseyge baghynyshty kóptegen memleketterding bay jәne ejelgi mәdeny tarihy boldy.

Sondyqtan imperiyalyq biylik múnymen sanasugha mәjbýr boldy. Ol orystandyru men hristiandandyrudyng zorlyqsyz sayasatyn jýrgizip, músylman dinining yqpalyn shektep, orys tilinde zayyrly bilim berudi engizdi. Orystildi sheneunikter men ziyaly qauymdy qalyptastyrdy. Al onyng qazaq dalasyna qatysty sayasaty turaly naqty ne aitugha bolady?

Dala kenistigin orystandyru men hristiandandyru agentterining rólin memlekettik apparat, sheneunikter, shirkeu, әsker, mektep atqardy. Eng jyldam orystanghandar ejelden orystardyng qasynda ómir sýrgen, olardyng tilin jaqsy biletin, eginshilikpen, saudamen ainalysqan jelilik qazaqtar boldy. Ózining etnikalyq, tildik jәne diny bolmysyn úzaq uaqyt boyy saqtaghan, shekaradan jyraq ómir sýrgen erkin dala qauymdaryn assimilyasiyalau qiynyraq boldy.

Qazaqtardy orystyng bәrine qarsy qoyyp, olardyng senimin oyatpau ýshin metropoliya kóbinese nemisterdi, polyaktardy jәne basqa da europalyq últ ókilderin territoriyalardyng general-gubernatorlary, oblystardyng әskery gubernatorlary, okrug bastyqtary etip taghayyndady. Mysaly, búl Bezak, Blaramberg, Gasford, Geyns, Vrangeli, Duameli, IYgelistrom, Kapsevich, Kaufman, Kaulibars Kallaur, de Sen-Loran, Essen... Olardyng keybireuleri bayyrghy halyqtyng jaghdayyna adamy qamqorlyq kórsetti.

Patsha ýkimeti qazaqtardyng ózderi bodandyq súraydy, yaghni, olar ant sharttaryn oryndau kerek, imperiya zandaryna baghynu kerek dep eseptedi. Alghashynda Reseyding qúramynda keng avtonomiya qúqyghyna ie bolghan qazaqtar búl qadamnyng saldary últtyq memlekettilikti joghaltyp, ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan irgetasyn týbegeyli ózgertuge deyin olar ýshin auyr bolatynyn mýlde oilaghan joq.

Estuimshe, kóshpeli babalarymyzdy otyryqshy ómir saltyna birinshi bolyp kóshiruge tyrysqandar bolishevikter emes. Tipti, patshalyq Reseyding ózinde otyryqshy halyqty basqaru onay bolatynyn týsingen ortalyq biylik múnday әreketterdi bir ret emes, birneshe ret jasady. (1731 jylghy qazaq-orys kelisimderinde múnday tarmaq bolmaghanymen).

Mysaly, 1822 jyly belgili liyberaldyq memleket qayratkeri M. Speranskiy әzirlegen Sibir qyrghyzdary turaly Jarghyda otyryqshy ómirge kóship, eginshilikpen ainalysqysy kelgen әrbir qazaqqa 15 desyatina jer uәde etilgen. Alayda, syzyqtyq jerlerdi qospaghanda, dalalar arasynda erikti jәne jappay qonystanu bayqalmady. Olar múnday jaghdayda barlyghyn sanap, salyq salyp, pravoslavie dinin qabyldaugha mәjbýrlep, balalaryn orys mektepterine jiberip, barlyghyn oryssha kiyindirip, jastardy әskerge alyp ketedi, t.b. dep qorqady. Qazaqtar últtyq bolmysynan, erkindiginen aiyrylyp, bodandyqqa ainalyp kete me dep qoryqty.

Aytpaqshy, qyzyq fakt: sol qújat dalada sharap satugha tyiym salghan. Múnday tyiymgha ne sebep bolghany belgisiz, biraq onyng engizilui tipti, jaqsy bolghan shyghar. HH ghasyrdyng basynda, Stolypin reformasy kezinde múnda Reseyden bir millionnan astam jersiz sharualar kóship keldi.

Sonymen qatar, olar tau etegindegi aimaqtarda jәne su aidyndaryna jaqyn jerlerde eng jaqsy oryndardy iyelendi. Olar ýshin búl iygilik boldy, al bayyrghy halyq ýshin búl tughan jerdegi túrmys jaghdayynyng nasharlauyna sebep boldy.

Otarshyldyq rejim qanshalyqty qatygez (nemese, kerisinshe, júmsaq) boldy? Ol qanday maqsattardy kózdedi? Metropoliyanyng negizgi maqsaty jergilikti halyqty imperiya qúramyna qosyp, olardy sayasy tәuelsizdikten aiyru jәne orys zandaryna baghyndyru, qazaqtardy assimilyasiyalau, territoriyany birtindep Resey guberniyalarynan qonys audarushylarmen tolyqtyru jәne demografiyalyq jaghdaydyng ózgeruine qol jetkizu boldy.

Biraq, qansha tyrysqanymen, patshalyq hristiandandyru jәne orystandyru sayasatyn, qazaqtardy otyryqshy ómirge tolyq kóshiru sayasatyn jýzege asyra almady. Degenmen biylikte, әriyne, múnday mýmkindikter boldy. Ol qazaqtardyng ózderi otyryqshy ómir men eginshilikting paydasyn týsinetin úzaq merzimdi tabighy evolusiyany sanasa kerek.

Patsha ýkimetining týpki maqsattary barlyq últtyq erekshelikterdi jong, úly orystarmen barlyq kelimsekterdi pravoslaviyelik Resey imperiyasynyng bir halqyna biriktiru boldy. Búl qanday da bir týrde kommunisterding birtútas sovet halqy turaly armandarymen ýndesedi - әriyne, orys halqynyn, onyng mәdeniyeti men tiline baylanysty.

Bir sózben aitqanda, Qazaqstandaghy patshalyq sayasat aiqyn otarshyldyq sipatqa ie boldy. Eng aldymen, orys әskeriy-feodaldyq imperializmining mýddesi ýshin, qolda bar barlyq әdister men qúraldar jýzege asyryldy. Onyng ýstine sansyz tabighy resurstary men keng baytaq territoriyasy bar Qazaqstan Resey ýshin erekshe qúndy boldy. Ýndistan Úlybritaniya ýshin qanday bolsa, Qazaqstan Resey imperiyasy ýshin solay boldy.

Kenes ókimeti túsynda qazaq dalasyna qatysty metropoliya sayasaty qanshalyqty ózgerdi? Múny sózding klassikalyq maghynasynda otarshyldyq dep ataugha bola ma? Álde basqa nәrse boldy ma? Ashyghyn aitayyq: 1917 jylghy oqigha qazaqtardy 1916 jylghy kóterilisten keyin tolyq assimilyasiyadan, fizikalyq qyryludan qútqardy.

Eger Resey imperiyasynyng joyyluyna әkelgen revolusiya bolmasa, onda olar HH ghasyrdyng ayaghynda slavyan jәne basqa kórshi halyqtar arasynda ydyrap, etnikalyq top retinde joyylyp ketui mýmkin boldy nemese Qytaygha, Irangha, Týrkiyagha qonys audaratyn edi.

Biraq qazaqtar biylikting auysuy nәtiyjesinde olardy ne kýtip túrghanyn elestetken de joq. Kenes ýkimeti ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan dәstýrlerdi, jergilikti erekshelikter men kóshpeliler ómirining erekshelikterin mýlde elemey, kapitalizmdi ainalyp ótip, búryn artta qalghan halyqtardyng sosializmge jedel kóshu teoriyasyn qabyldady.

Bolishevikter múnday oilanbaghan, asyghys sayasattyng saldaryn týsinbey túra almady, biraq soghan qaramastan soghan bardy. Kýshtep újymdastyrudyn, maldy tәrkileuding jәne otyryqshy ómirge kýshtep kóshiruding nәtiyjesi әrtýrli derekter boyynsha 1,8 millionnan 2,5 milliongha deyin qazaqtardyng qyryluyna әkelip soqtyrghan jappay asharshylyq boldy.

Taghy bir milliongha juyq adam shetelge (Qytaygha, Mongholiyagha, Irangha, Aughanstangha) nemese kórshiles Resey provinsiyalaryna qashyp ketti. Onyng ornyn basqan, bir kezderi Qazaqstanda júmys istep, oghan jaqsylyq jasaghan L. Brejnev, sol kezdegi respublika basshylary D. Qonaev, B. Áshimov jәne basqalary onyng bedelin kótere bildi.

1991 jyly Odaq ydyraghan tústa Qazaq KSR ekonomikalyq әleueti jóninen RKFSR men Ukraina KSR-lardan keyin 3-shi orynda boldy. Soghan qaramastan Qazaqstan, eng aldymen, agrarlyq-shiykizattyq qosymsha jәne alyp әskery poligon retinde qarastyryldy. Áriyne, KSRO-nyng shettegi últtyq sayasaty Afrikada nemese Aziyada jýrgizilgen klassikalyq europalyq otarshyldyq emes.

Sonda da Kommunistik partiya ózining baghdarlamasyna sәikes internasionalizm prinsipterin ústanugha mәjbýr boldy. Halyqqa bilim beru salasynda jetistikter boldy, orta mektepter men joghary oqu oryndary ashyldy, óz ghylym akademiyasy payda boldy, últtyq gumanitarlyq, ghylymy jәne injenerlik ziyaly qauym qalyptasty, til, teatr, óner, kino, sport damydy.

Búl rette klassikalyq otarshyldyq rejimderge ortaq nәrse boldy: búl ólkege ​​orystildi halyqty qonystandyru, Qazaqstandy slavyan respublikalarynyng agrarlyq-shiykizattyq qosymshasyna ainaldyru, ruhany ómirge qatang baqylau, últtyq intelliygensiyagha qarsy repressiyalyq sharalar.

Úly derjavalyq sayasattyng songhy qaytalanuy - búl Mәskeuding Qazaqstangha el basyna belgisiz G. Kolbinning taghayyndauy qazaqtardyng narazylyghyn tudyryp, jastardyng Jeltoqsan kóterilisimen ayaqtaldy. 1991 jyly KSRO-nyng ydyrauy patshalyq, odan keyin Kenestik Reseyding ónirimizdegi ýsh ghasyrgha juyq otarshyldyq ekspansiyasyna nýkte qoydy.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov

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