SEMEY ShAHARYNDAGhY ÁYGILI KÓPES TYNYBAY QAJY KÁUKENÚLY KIM?

Biyl elimizdegi tarihy meshitterding biri - Semey qalasyndaghy Tynybay meshitine 190 jyl tolady. Osy ghibadat ýiin saldyrghan Tynybay Kәukenúly kim? Osy saualdyng jauabyn izdep birneshe tarihy enbekterge jýgindik...

Tynybay Kәukenov - qazaq ortasynan shyqqan alghashqy ekinshi gilidiyaly kópes. Ruy – Uaq, Kóken bolysynyng starshyny bolghan. 1789 jyly dýniyege kelip, 1887 jyly 98 jasynda qaytys bolghan.

Tynybay qajy tek baylyqtyng iyesi bolmaghan. Sol kezdegi aldynghy qatarly tarihy túlghalarmen tyghyz baylanys ornatqan kóziqaraqty, kókiregi oyau túlgha. 1854 jyly Semey oblysynyng ashyluyna baylanysty oblys prokurory bolyp saylanghan baron Vrangeli ózining enbekterinde belgili orys jazushysy Fedor Dostoevskiy ekeui Tynybay ýiinde bolyp, dastarhanynan dәm tatqandaryn aita kelip, әkeli-balaly semeylik kópester Tynybay men Mendibaygha degen erekshe rizashylyghyn bildiredi.

1855 jyly Semeyge kelgen Shoqan Uәlihanov Tynybay qajymen kezdesip, Tynybay meshitining suretin qaryndashpen salghan. Sonymen qatar Tynybay Kәukenúly agha súltan Qúnanbay Óskenbayúlymen jәne Jetisuda әigili Mamaniya mektebin ashyp, ózining aghartushylyq qyzmetimen qazaq dalasyna tanymal bolghan Maman әuletimen de qúda bolghan eken. Qapaldaghy bes meshitting birin Tynybay Kәukenúly saldyrghan degen derekter de bar. 1874 jyly Qúnanbay myrza qajylyqqa qúdasy Tynybay kópes saldyrghan meshitten attanady.

Qytaymen ortagha keruen jýrgizip, saudagha myndap mal aidaghan Tynybay qajy Semey kópester qoghamyna mýshe bolyp, meshan atanghan qazaqtardyng biri. Meshandargha qala túrghyndarynan qol ónershiler, úsaq saudagerler, úsaq ýy iyeleri t.b. jatady. 1775 jyldan bastap kapitaly 500 somnan kem emes qala túrghyndary jatqyzyldy. Meshandyq ataqqa ie bolghandar úsaq burjuaziyalyq ókilderden qúralghan әleumettik top. Olardyng mýddesi zang jýzinde qorghalyp, meshandyq ataq әkeden balagha mirasqorlyqpen jalghasqan.

HIH ghasyrdyng ortasyna taman Semey qalasynyng sauda ortalyghy retinde atqaratyn qyzmeti manyzdy boldy. Semey saudagerleri, kópesteri batysta Qytay qalalarymen, soltýstikte Reseymen syrtqy sauda baylanysyn damytty. Osylaysha HVIII ghasyrdyng ayaghynda Semey qalasy  iri sauda ortalyghyna ainaldy.

Jastay saudagha aralasqan Tynybay Kaukenúly ekinshi gilidiya kópesi atandy. Resey Senaty 1760 jyly saudagerlerden basqa eshkimge orys jәne sheteldik tauarlarmen sauda jasaugha tyiym salatyn Jarlyq shyghardy. 1785 jyly Ekaterina II qol qoyghan «Qalalargha hattar» shygharyldy, onda gilidiyalar arasynda naqty shekara berilgen. Dәl osy qújat kópes klasyna sauda jýrgizuge monopoliyalyq qúqyq berdi.

Shoqan salghan suret / Suret avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy

Birinshi gilidiya saudagerleri teniz kemelerine iyelik ete alady, óz óndirisi (zauyttary, fabrikalary), sonday-aq syrtqy saudany jýrgizu qúqyghyna ie boldy, pasporttyq artyqshylyqqa ie boldy. Olar әskery qyzmetten jәne dene jazasynan bosatyldy. Al ekinshi gilidiyanyng kópesterinde ózen kemeleri  boluy mýmkin. Olar sonday-aq zauyttar men fabrikalardy iyelene alady. Ýshinshi gilidiyadaghylar dýkenderge jәne qonaq ýilerge iyelik ete alady. Basqasha aitqanda, bólshek saudamen ainalysady. Qarap otyrsaq ekinshi gildiyadyng  kópesting baylyghy 10 myng rublding shamasynda bolghan. Sol kezdegi qazaq dalasyndaghy  bazar naryghynda  bir  qoydyng qúny 0,5-1 rubliding shamasynda bolghan eken. Osyghan qarap shamalauymyzsha Tynybay qajy ýlken dәuletting iyesi bolghan.

Tynybay Kәukenúly men Jolaman by meshit-medrese salu kezinde kóptegen qiyndyqtardy bastan ótkeredi.1820 jyldardyng ayaghynda qarapayym ghibadat ýiin ashugha jergilikti patsha әkimderinen әreng degende rúqsat alghan olar keyinde meshit salugha baylanysty týrli qiyndyqtar men kedergilerge dushar bolghany bayqalady. Mәselen, Jolaman meshitining salynu tarihyna qatysty myna bir resmy qújatta: «Kirgizskiy starshina Djolaman Djandarbekov pokazal, chto nyneshnei vesnoi, posle vskrytiya lidu, on nachal stroiti mecheti, no ne okonchil ee sovershenno (ne pokryl kryshei), po sluchai zapresheniya gorodnichiym, kotoryy priyezjal letom za reku y vzyal s nego podpisku, chtob bolee ne proizvodily postroek.
…nazad chetyre goda prosil ot grafa Benkendorfa ob otvode emu zemly dlya postroeniya mechety y vsledstvie sego v 1839 g. Tomskim zemlemerom otvedena emu zemlya…» [SGA RK, f. 64 y 478, op. 01, d. 938 y 1], – dep jazylghan. Aqyr sonynda Tynybay Kәukenov 1834 jyly, al  Jolaman Jandarbekov 1841 jyly óz meshitterin tolyqtay salyp bitirgen.

Ol kezde patshalyq biylikting tarapynan Ertis jaghalauynan on shaqyrymday jerge jergilikti halyqtyng yaghny qazaqtardyng qonystanuyna rúqsat bolmady. Degenmen Kóken bolysynyng starshyny Tynybay Kәukenov pen Teristanbaly bolysynyng starshyny Jolaman Jandarbekov siyaqty adamdar ghana óz bedelimen jer alyp, aghash ýy túrghyzdy. Ekeui de meshit, medrese saldy. Ózderine qarasty slobodkalary boldy. 1917-1927 jyldary Alash arystary tu tikken  Alash qalasy atanghan qazirgi Semey qalasynyng sol jaghalaudaghy bóligi sol kezdegi eki slobodkanyng negizinde qúrylghan edi.

«HIH ghasyrdyng basynda qazaq jerine patshalyq Reseyding ishkeri aimaqtarynan jappay qonys audarghan qarashekpendilermen qosa diny missionerler de qaptap kele bastaydy. Orys pravoslaviyelik shirkeuining Qasiyetti Sinodynyng jarlyghymen 1829 jyly Sibir halyqtaryn shoqyndyru maqsatynda arnayy Altay missiyasy ashyldy. Keyinde ol óz diny qyzmet ayasyn keneytip, Altaydy mekendegen qazaqtar arasynda 1871 jyly Qosaghash missiyasyn ashty. Sóitip, diny missionerler qazaq jerine ayaq basty. 1882 jyly Qasiyetti Sinod Semey missiyasyn ashyp, oghan basshy etip, sveshenik Filaret Sinikovskiy taghayyndalady. 1894 jyly Ertisting sol jaghalauyndaghy qalyng qazaq ortasyna Qyrghyz missiyasynyng shirkeuin әkep salady» - dep jazady tarihshy M.Kenemoldiyn.

Mine osynday syn saghatynda basqynshylardyng shoqyndyru sayasatyna jol bermey el ortasynda Islam dinin saqtap qalu ýshin qazaqtyng belgili túlghalary qarsy әreket jasay bastady. Agha súltan Qúnanbay Shynghystaugha  múghalim aparyp, jastardy oqytsa, Semeyde Tynybay, Jolaman Jandarbekov siyaqty kókiregi oyau azamattar meshit salyp, qazaq balalarynyng bilim aluyna jol ashty. 1930 jyldary belgisiz jaghdayda Jolaman meshiti órtenip ketedi.

Múhtar Áuezovtyng әigili «Abay joly» epopeyasyndaghy qalalyq saudager Tynybek degen keyipkerding protatiyvi bolghan Tynybay qajy Qúnanbay Óskenbayúlynyng basyna kýn tughan sәtte janynan tabylyp, qol úshyn sozghan. Ombydaghy týrmeden bosap kelgen agha súltan Qúnanbay: «Osy joly Qúdaydan songhy quatym qúdalarym boldy. Adal dostyqty, shyn bedeldi solardan kórdim. Atap aitqanda Alshynbay men Tynybek» dep aituy eki tarihy túlghagha degen airyqsha qúrmeti edi.

Qazaq arasynan shyqqan túnghysh kәsipkerlerding biri, ekinshi gildiyaly kópes, últ janashyry Tynybay Kәukenúly 1887 jyly 98 jasynda qaytys bolady. Ózining kindiginen ýsh úl, bir qyzy bolghan eken. Úldary ózinen búryn dýniyeden ótedi. Ýlken úly Mendibaydyng esimi tarihy qújattarda kóp atalady. Shamasy әke kәsibin jalghastyrghan isker azamat bolghan siyaqty. Tynybay qajy qaytys bolarynyng aldynda ózine tiyisti ýiin, qora-jayyn, qambasyn meshit qaramaghyna ótkizgen eken. Kónekóz qariyalardyng aituynsha,  marqúmnyng ziraty sol jaghalaudaghy qorymda  bolghan. Keyinen qabyrstan sýrilip, ornyna kóp qabatty ýiler salynghan eken. Sonymen qatar mesanattyng fotosuretin de kezdestirmedik. Ýlken qalada túrghan belgili tarihy túlgha, birneshe ataghy bar әigili kópes Tynybay Kaukenúlynyng fotosureti bolu kerek, ony izdep tabu aldaghy uaqyttyng enshisinde dep bilemiz.

Sóz sonynda aitarymyz, kezinde óz enbegimen dәulet jinap, elining iygiligine júmsaghan Tynybay qajynyng esimi semeylikterding jadynda mәngi saqtau maqsatynda iygilikti sharalar jýrgizip, kezinde ózi irgetasyn qalaghan sol jaghalaudaghy qalanyng bóliginen bir ýlken móltek audangha nemese kóshege belgili kәsipkerding esimin berse, tarihy túlghagha degen qúrmet bolar edi.

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