Armyan qarpimen hatqa týsken qypshaq tilindegi qoljazbalardy zertteuge sanaly ghúmyryn arnaghan týrkolog ghalym, Halyqaralyq Qazaq-týrik uniyversiyteti Týrkologiya ghylymiy-zertteu institutynyng agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri QÚDASOV Seysenbay Jolayúlymen tildesuding orayy kelgenin aitqan edik. Búghan deyingi әngimemizde Gýrjistannyng qalyptasuyna qypshaqtardyng yqpaly sóz etilgen bolatyn.

– Qypshaqtar ontýstik Kavkazgha taban tiregende gýrjiler qauymdasyp qalghan el siyaqty kórinedi de, armyandar bytyranqy júrt tәrizdi bayqalady. Kóshpelilerding armyan jerine qaray yghysuynyng sebepteri ne?

– Onyng ras, ortaghasyr armyandar tarihyndaghy eng qaraly dәuir bolyp esepteledi. Áu basta Iran men Vizantiyanyng qolastyndaghy armyandardy VII ghasyrda arabtar jaulaydy, odan keyin músylman seljýkterding qarauyna ótedi. Gruzin patshasy David II qyryq myng qypshaq әskerining kýshimen seljýkterdi yghystyryp shygharghannan keyin, armyandardyng bir bóligi az uaqyt gruzinderge baghynyp túrady da, monghol shabuylynan keyin ilhandardyng bodandyghynda, jalayyrlardyn, aqqoyly, qaraqoylylardyn, keyin qyzylbas Sefeviylerding qúzyryna kóshedi. Derbes memleketi joq, jeke-jeke knyazdikterge bólinip vassaldyq ómir keshken olardyng jerin 1048 jyly Ertúghyryl, al 1064 jyly Alyp Aryslan bastaghan seljýkter jaulap, dәrgeyine alady. Seljýkter men Vizantiya arasyndaghy 1071 jylghy tamyzdaghy Manaskert shayqasynda grekter oisyray jeniledi. Hristian әlemi retinde údayy demeu bolghan Gresiyanyng qoldauynan aiyrylghan armyandar endigi tústa bosyp, jer-jerge tarap ketedi. Armyan tilinde «sýrgin» degen sóz әli kýnge deyin saqtalghan. Armyandardyng ghasyrlargha sozylghan sýrginnen dini men tilin, jazuyn joghaltpay býgingi kýnge jetui tanqalarlyq jaghday.

Endi qazirgi Armeniya jerindegi qypshaqtar jayyna kelsek, bizge mәlim mәseleler mynaday.

Ótkende Artyq hannyng elge oralyp, qalyng qypshaqtyng bir bóligining Qap tauynda qalyp qoyghanyn aittyq. Olardan basqa Davidting (ajyrasqan armyan әielinen tughan) úly Demetre I-shi patshalyq biylikti ústap túru ýshin, ógey sheshesi Turandot patshayymnyng kómegimen, on myng qypshaq әskerin patsha qyzmetine shaqyryp keltirgendigi tarihtan mәlim. Jalpy biylik qúrghan David patshanyng úrpaqtary qypshaqtardy naghashy júrty sanap, olarmen baylanystaryn ýzbegenin, ýnemi qypshaqtardyng kómegine jýginip otyrghanyn kóremiz. (David patshanyng Turandot patshayymnan tughan úly Vahtang patshazadanyng jastay opat bolghany jayynda mәlimet kezdesedi). Yaghni, qypshaqtar tolqyn-tolqyn bolyp Ontýstik Kavkazgha qonystanghan. Búl tek HII ghasyrdan keyingi jaghday.

Qypshaqtardyng kavkazsyrtyna keluin tarihshylardyng Batys Týrki qaghanatymen baylanystyra qaraytyndary da bar. Odan basqa, akademik A. Shiraliyev qypshaqtardyng Ázerbayjangha taban tireuin VIII ghasyrmen anyqtaydy da, әzerbayjan tilining qypshaq dialektisining payda boluynyng bastauyn sol dәuirmen baylanystyrady. Al gruzin jazbalarynda alghashqylaryna «buntýrkter», keyingilerine «jana qypshaqtar» degen atau bergen. Qap tauynyng arghy betine ontýstikten de, Derbent arqyly da jәne soltýstikten de ótip otyrghan qypshaqtardyng ólkedegi róli kýshti bolghan. Búghan Ýrgenishten qúldyqqa satylyp kelip, keyin qypshaq memleketin qúrghan Ildeniz atabekteri әuletining tarihy kuә.

HIII ghasyrda ómir sýrgen Kirakos Gandzakesiyding «Armeniya tarihy» enbegi osy kezendegi tarihy oqighalardy bayandaghan qúndy shygharmalar qatarynan oryn alady. Ol Gandzak qalasynda (qazirgi Ázirbayjannyng Gyandji) 1200-1202jj. tuyp, 1271 j. qaytys bolghan.

Gandzakesy enbegining 12-tarauynda qypshaqtardyng Gruziya patshasy Lasha Georgiyden (Tamar patshayymnyng úly, 1213-1222 jyldary patshalyq qúrghan) qonys súraghany, tilekteri oryndalmaghan son, olardyng Gandzak qalasynyng manyna oryn tepkenderi, sol jerding armyandary olardy ózderin gruzinderden qorghaytyn kýsh retinde baghalap, olargha azyq-týlikpen kómekteskeni turaly aitylady.

Gruzin patshasy búghan túlan tútyp, qypshaqtargha qarsy Ivane bastaghan qalyng qol attandyrady. Qypshaqtardan kýl-talqany shyqqan gruzin әskerlerining qyrylghany qyrylyp, qalghany qolgha týsedi. Qolgha týskenderin qypshaqtar qúldyqqa satatyny turaly da derekter bar.

Ekinshiden, búlar Soltýstik Kavkazgha engen monghol әskerlerinen yghysyp kelgen qypshaqtar boluy әbden yqtimal. Mongholdardyng basty jaulary da qypshaqtar edi. Qypshaqtardyng yghysuynyng negizgi sebebi de osy jayttan tuyndauy yqtimal.

Qypshaqtardyng saghyn syndyrmay jeniske ie bolu mýmkin emes ekenin monghol әskerbasylary tereng úghynyp, qypshaqtardy jong sayasatyn ústanghanymen, uaqyt óte kele olardyng ózderining qypshaqtanyp ketkeni tarihy shyndyq.

– Qypshaqtar Gýrjistandaghyday múnda da memleket isine aralasa ma?

– Joq. Ol kezde, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, armyandardyng memleketi bolmaghan. Armyan tarihshylarynyng enbekterinde qypshaqtar men armyandar arasyndaghy soghystar jayynda derekter kezdespeuine qaraghanda, olar ózara tatu tirlik keshken dep qorytugha bolady.

Býgingi Armeniya aumaghyn mekendegen qypshaqtargha toqtalar bolsaq, David patsha 45 myng ýili qypshaqty qazirgi Armeniyanyng Dilijan ólkesinen bastau alyp, Gruziya jәne Ázerbayjan memleketterining jerimen ótetin Aghystafa ózenining angharyna ornalastyrghany mәlim. Ózenning búl angharynda atalghan ýsh el de shektesip jatqanymen, negizgi bóligi Ázerbayjannyng Qazaq audanyna qarasty. Aghystafa ózenin boylap, armyan jerine ótseng Qypshaq auyly túrghan Artyq audany tayaq tastam jer. Armyan tarihshysy T.S. Eremyan qypshaqtardyng búl ólkege qonystanuyn Georgiy III-shi men Tamar patshayym biylik qúrghan kezenmen baylanysta qarastyrady.

Tamar patshayymnyng biylik qúrghan kezinde onyng әskerbasy bolghan Zakare qypshaqtar qalyng mekendegen osy jerdi satyp alyp, 1206 jyly Ghypchahavank (hypchaq+avang (avang – monastyri, naqty aitqanda «qypshaq monastyry» degen úghymdy bildiredi) monastyryn saldyrady.

Búl qazirgi Armeniya Respublikasynyng Týrkiyamen shektesetin Shiraq oblysyndaghy Artyq degen audanynyng aumaghy. Audan ortalyghy Artik (qazirgi atauy) qalasynyng kýnshyghysynda 2-2,5 shaqyrymday jerde, taudyng baurayyna qonys tepken Qypshaq degen shaghyn auyl túr. Auyldyng atyn 1946 jyly Arich dep resmy týrde ózgertkenimen, jergilikti túrghyndar kýni býginge deyin búrynghysha hypchagh dep ataytyndaryn kórdik.

Osy kesenening qabyrghasynda 1304 jyly armyan tilinde jazylghan: «...ilhan Ghazan hannyn әlemdi biylegen kezinde, men Elhútlú Chaghan úly jәne menin úlym Abash pen menin qatynym Hutlu әuliye Astavasasinge qosylyp, osy shirkeudin qazynasyna bizdin ýlesimizde qalghan may shayqaytyn oryndy syiladyq...kim de kim dau shygharatyn bolsa qúday men payghambardyn qarghysyna úshyrasyn. Oryndaushylar qúdaydyng alghysyna bólensin. 753 (=1304) jyldyng jaz aiy» degen aqparat bar. T.S. Eremyan jazylghan jyly kórsetilmegen «Men Tritur, qúdaydyng kýnahar qúly, Hupasarensterding jýzimdigining shiyrek bóligin óz enbegimmen satyp aldym da ony qasiyetti shirkeuge berdim. (Sol ýshin) shirkeu qyzmetkeri Amazasp apostol Andrey meyramy kezinde ýsh kýn liturgiya oqyluyn belgiledi. Kim de kim múny búzsa Hristing qaharyna úshyrasyn» degen jazudy mysalgha keltirip, әulet atynda qoldanylghan «Hupasarenster» – qypshaqtar, yaghny 1178-1185 jyldary biylik qúrghan gruzin patshasy Georgiy III-ning bas qolbasshysy (amirspasalar) jәne ishki ister ministri dәrgeyindegi uәziri (mandaturtuhusesi) bolghan qypshaq Qúbasardyng úrpaqtary degen toqtam jasaydy.

Armyan tarihshylarynyng jazbalarynda hundardan bastap, barlyq týrki halyqtaryn keyde hon degen jalpy ataumen, keyde ózderining ataularymen berip otyrghan. «Soltýstiktegi halyqtar» dep te ataghan.

– Bir qyzyghy qypshaq monastyrynyng tóbesi әdettegi shirkeudegidey sýngi tektes ýshkildenip jabylmaghan, kýmbezben salynghan eken. Ony 1890 jylghy týsirilgen suretten anyq kóresiz. Keyinnen týpnúsqalyq әlpetin ózgertip, ózderining ýlgisine ainaldyryp jibergen. Tek kireberis esik mýjilip tozghan bolsa da eng әuelgi pishini men qoldanylghan qúrylys jaraghyn sol qalpy saqtaghan.

– Shirkeuding shyraqshysy Gachik Hachaturyannyng aituynsha monastyrdyng tóbesinde kýmbez ispetti múnarasy boy týzegen. Qazir shirkeu birneshe ret jóndeuden ótken de, syrt jaghyndaghy kireberisi bolmasa, búrynghy kýmbezding qalpy tolyq saqtalmaghan.

Búl jerde basy ashylmay jatqan mәseleler barshylyq: aghayyndy Ivane men Zakareler qay últtyng ókili, auyl nege Qypshaq atalghan, aimaqtyng Artyq ataluynyng sol dәuirde Gruziya patshasy Davidke Donnyng boyynan 45 000 әskermen kómekke barghan Artyq batyrmen tarihy baylanysy qanday, Shirkeuding kezinde kýmbezdelip, shyghystyng ýlgisimen jabyluy nelikten, keyin ol qypshaqtar qayda ketti, armyan-qypshaqtarmen baylanystary bar ma degen siyaqty qoya berseng shygha beretin súraqtar kóp. Aytularyna qaraghanda, auylda XIII-XIV ghasyrlarda qypshaqtardyng jasaqtary meken etken eken. Oghan sol jerdegi shashylyp jatqan qorymdaghy qoytastar men sandyqtastar kuә.

Gruziyada biylik basynda bolghan Qubasardyng úrpaqtary atalarynyng atymen ataluyn zandy qúbylys, qazaqqa tәn dýnie dep qaraghan jón. Artyq atauyn da, kezinde Deshti Qypshaqtan Artyq hanmen birge Gruziyagha ótip, bir ghasyrdan keyin (әlde erterek) Armeniyagha qonys tepken Artyq hannyng qosynymen baylanysty qaraugha әbden negiz bar.

– IYә, sonday bir qisyndylyq kózge úryp túrady. «Artyq qalasy men Qypshaq auyly nege qonsy ornalasqan?» degen saual eriksiz boy kóteredi. Óitkeni kóshpeliler bir jerge shoghyrlanghan.

Sonymen qatar, búl ónirde qypshaqtar mәdeniyeti, tili saqtalyp qana qoymay ózge etnikalyq toptyng ortasynda moyyny ozyq qalpy oqshaulanyp, damuy tanqalarlyq.

– Armyandardyng sayasiy-әleumettik ómirinde qypshaqtardyng yqpaly bolghany sózsiz. Olardyng Armeniyadaghy tarihiy-mәdeny izderi sayrap jatyr. Armyan tilindegi túrmystyq ataular men keybir etnografiyalyq erekshelikterden berisi qypshaqi, әrisi jalpytýrkilik baylanystardy anyqtaugha bolady. Mysaly, armyandardyng 7 atagha deyin qyz alyspauy 11-12 ghasyrlardan bastalypty. Keyin, shirkeu armyan halqyna bes atagha tolghan song qyz alysugha rúqsat bergenimen, mýmkindiginshe qan aralastyrmaugha әli kýnge deyin tyrysady. Al endi qaranyz, Qap tauynyng ontýstiginde armyandargha biylik jýrgizgen parsylarda, arabtarda, oghyz-seljýkter men osmanlylarda, tipti әzerbayjandarda jeti atagha tolmay qyz alyspau dәstýri joq. Sonda búl kimning әseri? Áriyne qypshaqtaryng әseri bolyp shyghady. Armyandarda jigitke qalyndyqty ata-anasy tandap, qúda týsip alyp beru әli kýnge sheyin saqtalyp keledi eken.

Qorjyn men alashanyng týr-týri jasaluymen ghana emes, ataluymen men úqsas (hordjun, alacha), kat – sýt (qatyq sózimen salystyrynyz), sudjuk (shújyq) – janghaqtyng dәnderin úzyndyghy 60 sm-dey etip jipke tizip, qaynap qoyytylghan jýzim shyrynyna malyp alyp (qoy shyryn janghaq dәnderining syrtyna ishektey jabysyp, aua jibermeydi) jasalghan tagham týri, syrt nobayy shújyqqa úqsaydy; hash – as, hashlama – qoy etinen búqtyrylyp әzirlengen tagham, sonymen birge malshylardyng tasqoryghy, sorpany tomyrtqalap ishu, dalada sirne pisiru, shiyki etten bastyrma, airannan, qatyqtan sorpa jasau, qúrt, irimshik qaynatu t.b. siyaqty tagham dayyndaudyng alshaqtyqtan ortaqtyghy basym.

– Býgingi armyandardyng qoldanystaghy tilderinde qypshaq tilinen sinisti bolyp qalghan qanday sózder bar? Men arnayy Artyq qalasy men Qypshaq auylyn kóru ýshin Armeniyagha barghanymda kýni býginge deyin qazaqtyng keybir sózderi tura sol maghynasynda qoldanylatynyn bilip, qayran qaldym. Mysaly «bala», «jan», «shalbar», «sabyn», «aqymaq», «ayuan», «araq» jәne ózge de sózder. Sonday-aq olar adamnyng esimine «jandy» qosyp sóilegendi únatady. «Robertjan, Armenjan...» Tanymaytyn er adamdy «aqperjan», әiel adamdy «kurikjan» dep, ishtarta ýn qatady. Kavkazdy olar da Qap tauy dey me?

– Kavkazdy olar Kaphok deydi. Búl jerdegi «hok» parsynyng «tau» degen sózi. Sonda Qap tauy bolyp shyghady. Al armyan tilinde saqtalghan qypshaq tilining izderi arnayy ghylymiy-zertteuding nysany bolghan joq. Degenmen, birden kózge týsip, qúlaqqa jyly estiletin «oshhar» – qoshqar (búl sóz erte dәuirlerde engen), «hoy» – qoy t.b. siyaqty sózderden tys, armyan tilindegi antroponimderde, yaghni, adam attarynyng qúramynda әrtýrli dәuirlerden habar beretin týrkilik qabat óte mol. Patronimderding qúrylymdyq negizi týrki tilderindegidey bolyp keledi de, sonyna -yan, -s, -esy (songhy -esy qosymshasy shyqqan aimaghyn, mekenin bildiredi) qosymshalary qosylyp, erler men әielderding teginde birdey bolyp keledi. Mysal keltirer bolsaq, Igityan, Cholahyan, Hatunyan, Sadahyan, Ghazahyan, Koshkaryan, Ormanyan, Kuchukyan, Hangeldyan, Karakozyan, Hadjiybekyan, Hudaverdyan, Hanlaryan, Halpahchyan, Karahanyan, Chopchuns, Djangeldyan, Ormanchyan, Etikchyan, Badrakyan, Seldjukyan, Turkmenyan, Ghazaryans, Ghazahesyan, Alashkertyan, Abdalyan, Amirbekyan, Yahshiybekyan, Asliybekyan, Sarybegyan, Ahsahalyan, Ahkashyan, Hashkayan, Chanahchyan, Paltachyan, Charuhchyan jәne s.s.

Belgili bir aumaqtarda shoghyrlanyp qonystanghan irredentter geografiyalyq ataulardy ana tilderinde belgiley otyryp, ózderine tәn toponimiya jýiesin jasaydy, olardy zertteu ghylymy túrghydan nazar audarudy sózsiz qajet etedi. Dýnie jýzining kóptegen memleketterining iydeologiyasy irredentterdi assimilyasiyalaugha baghyttalghan. Etnostyng dilin, mәdeniyeti men ruhany baylyghyn kórsetetin ózine tәn tildik toponimiyalyq jýieni qúrushy jәne ony saqtaushy halyqtyng etnikalyq erekshelikterin joi maqsatynda transformasiyagha úshyratu arqyly assimilyasiyalau prosesi toponimiyany da qamtidy.

Ol qúbylysty «Administrativno-territorialinoe delenie Armyanskoy SSR» atty enbekterden, qay jyly qanday ataulardyng qalay dep auystyrylghandyghyn naqty kóruge bolady.

Armeniya men Ázerbayjan arasynda HH ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray oryn alghan sayasy qaqtyghystardyng saldarynan әzerbayjandar meken etken jerlerin tastap shyghugha mәjbýr boldy. Nәtiyjesinde búrynghy týrkilik toponimderge janasha ataular berildi.

– Qypshaqtardyng jauyngerligimen qatar, olarda ruhany sana men etnogendik immuniytet óte әriden әri ghajayyp әleuettilikpen bolmystaryna tastay batqan. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde tildik yqpaldylyqqa ie bolyp, ózge nәsilderdi qypshaq tilinde sóiletip qoyghan synayly.

– Monghol shapqynshylyghyna deyingi kezende Shyghysynda Ertisten bastap, Batysynda Dunaygha deyingi aralyqta qypshaq tili halyqaralyq til bolghanyn sol kezdegi jihangerler jazyp ketken. Búl jaghday mongholdardyng shapqynshylyghynan keyin de taralu aimaghyn keneytpese, búrynghy qalpyn búzbaghany belgili. Shyghystanushy ghalymdar europa jәne arab ghalymdarynyng jazbalaryna sýiene otyryp, mongholdardyng qypshaq ortasynda assimilyasiyalanyp ketkendikterin jazady.

Monghol jaulap alushylyghy jәne sonyng negizinde payda bolghan memlekettik qúrylymdargha baylanysty qypshaq tilining qoldanylu ayasy úlghayyp, Mysyr, Sham, Ýndi elderine taralady. Altyn Orda handarynyng jarlyqtary men Mysyr súltandarynyng jazbalary, Ýndi súltanatynyng jәdigerlikteri, Horezmdegi әdeby shygharmalar men armyan-qypshaqtardyng týrli tarihiy-filologiyalyq enbekteri osy tilde, yaghni, qypshaq tilinde jazylady. Qypshaq tili Euraziyanyng apaytós dalasy men Qap tauynyng arghy-bergi jaghynda halyqaralyq til dengeyinde qoldanylghan.

Mongholdar qypshaqtardyng sayasy ýstemdigin joyyp, birtútas bolyp qalyptasyp kele jatqan qypshaq memleketin ydyratyp jibergenimen qypshaq tilining ýstemdigin yryqtay almady. Qypshaq dalasyn mekendegen qypshaq tildes týrki halyqtarynyng arasyna ózderi de sinisip ketti.

HIII ghasyrda qypshaqtar Europa elderi men mongholdardyng ordasy túrghan Qaraqorym arasyn jalghastyryp jatqan «altyn kópir» bolghany ayan. Altyn Orda jerin attap basqan ózge últ ókilderine qypshaq tilin bilu qajettigi tuyndap, olar ózderine tilmashtar jaldaghan. Til ýirenu ýshin sózdikter men tilasharlar jasaugha mәjbýr bolghan. Qypshaq tildes әleumettik ortagha týsken ózge etnos ókilderi tilderin úmytyp, qypshaq tilinde sóileuge kóshken. Búl, әsirese, Úly Jibek joly boyymen sauda-sattyq jasaushy saudagerlerge tәn renk. Dinderin úmytpaulary ýshin hristian dinining kanondary men uaghyzdaryn qypshaq tiline audaryp, paydalanyp otyrdy. Is qaghazdary qypshaq tilinde jýrgizildi. Qypshaq tili otbasylyq qoldanystan bastap, memlekettik til dengeyinde qyzmet atqardy.

Tek Kavkaz ónirindegi qypshaq tilining ahualy ghana emes, batys, shyghys europadaghy qypshaqtyng tili slavyan tilderining qorshauynda bola túra әleumettik qoldanys әleuettiligin joymaghan.

Armyan-qypshaq eskertkishteri tiline qatysty T.I. Gruniyn, E.V. Sevortyan, Dj. Kloson, J. Deni, I. Abdullinder tarapynan qúndy pikirler aityldy. Mysaly, akademik E.V. Sevortyannyng pikirinde: «Senneyshim pamyatnikom razgovornyh kypchakskih yazykov ily dialektov konsa XIII – nachala XIVv. po-prejnomu ostaetsya «Codex Cumanicus» (SS). Sudebnye akty iz Kamensa sostavlyait drugoy vajneyshiy istochniyk, iz kotorogo otnyne mojno cherpati svedeniya ob odnom iz starokypchakskih razgovornyh yazykov bolee pozdnego po sravnenii s SS vremeni. Drugie armyano-kypchakskie teksty mojno bylo by otnesty k pamyatnikam armyano-kypchakskogo liyteraturnogo yazyka, v kotorom my vprave razlichati yazyk chisto religioznyh sochiyneniy, yazyk sudebno-pravovyh dokumentov y nachatkov hudojestvennoy liyteratury nazidatelino-apokrificheskogo napravleniya» degen ornyqty payymmen jan-jaqtylyghy kórinedi.

Qypshaq tili әrbaghyttylyghymen qúndy. Ol memlekettik basqarudaghy burokratiyalyq til de bola alghan, yaghni, is jýrgizu men sot tili. Kýndelikti qarym-qatynas qúraly retindegi róli óz aldyna, sonymen qatar, kórkem әdeby til, diny uaghyz tili qyzmetin atqarghan.

– Qypshaqtar ýnemi er ýstinde jaugershilikte jýrip, tútastay bir aimaqtaghy tildik basymdyghyn saqtap qana qoymay, sonymen qatar jazu mәdeny ýrdisin qalay qalyptastyra, ilgerlete alghan?

– Qypshaqtar nayzanyng úshy, bilekting kýshi basym jaugershilik etnikalyq qauym retinde kóringenimen, jazugha erte әuestengen halyq. Sondyqtan olar qiyametqayym kýnderde de jazu mәdeniyetine salghyrt qaray alghan joq.

Armyan tarihshylarynyng ortaghasyrlyq enbekterinde qypshaqtar jayynda derekter kóp kezdesip otyrady. Sonymen qatar armyan әlipbiyimen qypshaq tilinde jazylghan, sipaty jaghynan әrtýrli, kólemi mol jazbalar bar. Týrkitanu ghylymynda olardy «armyan-qypshaq» eskertkishteri dep ataydy. Búl múralar Armeniyada emes, negizinen qazirgi Ukrainanyng Kamenes-Podolisk, Livov qalalarynda jazylghan. Erevan qalasyndaghy kóne qoljazbalar kitaphanasy Matenadaranda saqtauly «Qypshaq tilining grammatikasy», armyansha-qypshaqsha sózdikter, jyl qayyru, diny enbekter Ukraina jerinde jazylyp, Armeniyagha keyinnen әkelingen dýniyeler.

– Tarihy derek kózderining mәlimetine jýginsek, XIII ghasyrda monghol shapqynshylyghynan yghysqan armyandar (300 ýy shamasynda) Kavkaz pen Qyrym ónirin jaylaghan qypshaqtarmen birge koroli Leo I-ning shaqyruymen Batys Ukrainagha, Galisiyagha, Podoliege, onyng ishinde Kameneske qonys audaryp kóship kelgen.

– IYә, onda armyandardyng derbes qúqyghy bar qauymy (koloniyasy) qúrylyp, is qaghazdary ýsh tilde – armyan, qypshaq, polyak tilderinde jýrgizilgen. HV ghasyrda (1496 jyldan bastap) ortalyghy Kamenes-Podolisk qalasy bolghan. Armyan әlipbiyimen sol kezdegi qypshaq tilinde nemese qypshaq tili turaly armyan tilinde jazylghan materialdar bar. Biren-sarany ghana bolmasa, olar әli baspa jýzin kórgen joq.

– Búl jazbalardyng qypshaqtardyki ekenine kim naqty baylam aita alady?

– Qypshaq tilinde sóilep, hristian dinining armyan-grigorian bútaghyn tútynghan, qauym bolyp ómir sýrgen búl etnikalyq toptyng qay halyqqa tәn ekendigi ghylymda basy ashyq qalyp keledi. Osy mәselege baylanysty pikir-talastarda: «Eger olar qypshaqtar bolsa, onda hristian dinin qabyldaghan kýnning ózinde últtyq, rulyq dilderin joghaltugha ne sebep boldy? Álemning jartysyn biylegen qypshaqtargha armyandardyng dini, sayasy әseri onday dәrejede bola almaghan. Sondyqtan olar (qypshaq tilinde sóilegender) qypshaqtar emes, Qyrymda assimilyasiyalanghan armyandar» degen pikirler de bar. Ári, múnymen qatar, lingvistikalyq, yaghni, tildik túrghydan zertteushiler tarapynan: «bir halyqtyng tilin ekinshi bir halyqtyng armyan-qypshaqtar siyaqty tereng mengerui mýmkin emes, sondyqtan olar – qypshaqtar boluy kerek» degen pikirler aityluda. Búl mәseleni әli de týbegeyli týrde, etnolingvistikalyq, ekstralingvistikalyq, tarihi-etnografiyalyq túrghydan zertteu qajet.

– Qypshaqtar jazba eskertkishterin qay kezden qalyptastyra bastady?

– Bizding dәuirimizge jetken jazbalar HVI ghasyrdyng 20 jyldary men HVII ghasyrdyng ayaghyn qamtidy. Odan búrynghy kezende jazylghandary joghalghan, әzirshe taghdyrlary belgisiz. Degenmen, keyingi kezderde tabylghan qoljazba kitaptar «búl mol múranyng erte dәuirinen habar beretin jazbalardyng bir jerlerde saqtaluy da mýmkin-au» degen oilargha jeteleydi.

Armyan-qypshaq eskertkishteri Armeniyanyng Erevan qalasyndaghy kóne qoljazbalar kitaphanasy Matenadaran qorynda, Mәskeu, Sankt-Peterburg kitaphanalarynda, Kiyev, Livov qalalarynyng múrajaylarynda, sonday-aq Polisha, Fransiya, Rumyniya, Niyderlandy, Italiya, Avstriya elderindegi múrajaylar men muzeylerde, sonymen qatar, jeke adamdardyng qoldarynda saqtauly.

Armyan-qypshaqtardyng jazba múralary olardyng ekonomikalyq, sayasiy-әlumettik, mәdeny ómirinen mol maghlúmat beretin, janry men stiyli jaghynan әr týrli, kólemi ýlken jadyghattar. Osy saladaghy keyingi zertteulerde búl jazba múralar alty topqa bólinip qarastyrylyp jýr: 1) tarihy jazbalar; 2) zang kodeksteri men akt qújattary; 3) filologiyalyq enbekter; 4) diny әdebiyetter; 5) kórkem shygharmalar; 6) jaratylystanu-ghylymy әdebiyetter.

Armyan-qypshaq eskertkishterin jariyalauda G. Alishan, J. Deni, E. Shuts, E. Tryyarski, I. Vashari, M. Leviskiy, R. Kon jәne t.b. shet el ghalymdarymen qatar, búrynghy Kenester Odaghynyng aumaghyndaghy T.I. Gruniyn, A.N. Garkaves, I. Abdulliyn, Ya.R. Dashkevich siyaqty ghalymdar kóp enbek sinirdi.

– Armyan jazuly qypshaq eskertkishterinen «Dana Hikar sózi» túnghysh ret qazaq tilinde tikeley sizding baspagha әzirlep, jariyalauynyzben 1990 jyly jaryq kórgenin bilemiz. Osy qúndy jazbalardy zertteude kimning enbegi orasan dep sanaysyz?

– Jalpy armyan jazuly qypshaq eskertkishterining arasynda kórkem audarma stiyline jatatyn «Dana Hikar sózi» shygharmasynyng orny biyik. Hristian jyl sanauynan jeti ghasyr búryn Assiriya-Vaviloniyada dýniyege kelgen búl moralidyq-didaktikalyq shygharma әu basta aramey tilinde jazylyp, keyin býkil shyghys elderine, ortaghasyrlarda europalyqtargha deyin taralghan. Qypshaqtar týrki әleminde túnghysh ret búl shygharmany armyansha núsqasynan óz tilderine qysqartyp audarghan. Tili kórkem, mazmúndy, nasihaty mol bolghandyqtan osy shygharmamen qazaq oqyrmanyn tanystyrudy múrat tútqan edik. Shygharma jelisi men ondaghy qanatty sózder әrisi Injilde, «Kalila men Dimnada», «Myng bir týn» shygharmasynda kórinis tapqan jәne teologtar, filosoftar tarapynan әlemdik dengeyde zerttelude. Tek bizding qazaq әdebiyetshi, filosof ghalymdarynyng ýn-týnsiz jatqandary jangha batady.

Armyan jazuly qypshaq eskertkishterin zerttep, jariyalauda, jogharyda attary atalghan ghalymdardan basqa, osy salanyng ýlken mamany, qazaqstandyq týrkolog-ghalym, mening qúrmetti ústazym Aleksandr Nikolaevich Garkavesting atqarghan qyzmeti men eren enbegin qypshaqtanu salasyna qosylghan zor ýles dep baghalaymyz.

A.N. Garkaves dýnie jýzi kitaphanalary men týrli múraghattargha tarap ketken armyan-qypshaq tilindegi jazba múralardy, atap aitqanda «Armyansha-qypshaqsha dúghalyqtyng (Psaltiyr)» (1575-1580) eki núsqasy men oghan arnalghan armyansha-qypshaqsha sózdikti transkripsiyalap jariyalady (2001j.).

2002 jyly Almatydaghy «Desht-y Qypshaq» Evraziyalyq zertteu ortalyghynan «Kypchakskoe pisimennoe naslediye: Katalog y teksty pamyatnikov armyanskim pisimom» (1 tom) degen atpen kólemi 1084 bettik enbek jaryq kórdi. Búnday enbek qypshaqtanu salasynda búryn-sondy jasalmaghan bagha jetpes qúndy dýnie bolyp tabylady. Óitkeni onda 1519-1628 jyldar aralyghynda jazylyp saqtalghan 109 qoljazba men 1618 jyly qypshaq tilinde armyan jazuymen baspadan basylyp shyqqan «Alghysh bitiki»- dúghalyqtar kitabynyng mәtinderi transkripsiyalanyp, kópshiligi orys tiline audarylyp berilgen, akt kitaptarynyng mazmúndalghan katalogy men mәtin ýlgileri kórinis tapqan. Enbekting qúndylyghy – әlemning týkpir-týkpirine shashylyp ketken, әr kezde әr elde jaryq kórgen, әli jaryq kórmegen qypshaq jazba múralaryn bir jerge jinaqtap, zertteushilerge eki ghasyrgha juyq mezgildi qamtyghan, týrli janrdaghy mol materialmen júmys isteu mýmkindigin jasaghandyghynda.

2003 jyly «Armyan tóre bitigining qypshaq-polyak versiyasy jәne armyan-qypshaq is jýrgizu kodeksi», Livov, Kamenes-Podoliskiy, 1519-1594jj. degen enbek qazaq jәne orys tilderinde jariyalandy. Onda armyan-qypshaq, latyn tilindegi mәtinder transkripsiyalanyp, qazaq, orys, ukrain tilderine audarylyp, qypshaqsha – qazaqsha, qypshaqsha – oryssha terminologiyalyq sózdik berilgen. Enbekti baspagha dayyndap, orys tilindegi audarmasy men ghylymy redaksiyasyn A.N. Garkaves jasaghan da, al qazaqshagha tarihshy ghalym, QR ÚGhA akademiygi Gh. Saparghaliyev aghamyz tәrjimalaghan. Sonday-aq «Tóre bitikinin» latynsha núsqasyn ukrain tiline audaryp jariyalaghan M. Kapraliding enbegi, armyan-qypshaqtary men olardyng jazba múralary jayyndaghy sholu maqala jәne әdebiyetterding bibliografiyasy atalghan jinaqtyng manyzdylyghyn jogharylata týsken.

A.N. Garkaves jariyalaghan búl múralar qypshaqtanu salasyna qosylghan zor ýles, sonymen qatar qypshaqtanu salasyndaghy sony izdenisterge, tarihiy-salystyrmaly zertteulerge jol ashatyn enbek ekendigi aqiqat.

– Ómirding kez kelgen salasyna ishki, tysqy yqpalmen ózgerister enip, uaqyt auanyna beyimdelip otyratyny belgili. Qypshaq tili de әleumettik aghymgha say qanshalyqty ózgeriske úshyraghan?

– Armyan-qypshaqtardyng jazba múralary olardyng ekonomikalyq, sayasiy-әlumettik, mәdeny ómirinen mol maghlúmat beretin, janry men stiyli jaghynan әr týrli, kólemi ýlken jazbalar dedik. Al shygharmalar tilining erekshelikterine keler bolsaq, әriyne, arada jatqan bes ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt pen slavyan tilderining qorshauynda boluy, Rechi Pospolita memleketine sayasi-ekonomikalyq tәueldilik «armyan-qypshaq» eskertkishterining sózdik qúramyna tereng iz qaldyrghany ras. Ortaghasyr jazba múralarynyng arasynda armyan jazuly qypshaq eskertkishteri sóilemning qúrylysy men sózdik qúramynda armyan, slavyan, latyn tilderining yqpaly moldyghymen erekshelenedi. Búl tilding damuy jaghdayynda bolatyn zandy qúbylys. Mysalgha, keshegi HIH ghasyrdaghy Ybyray Altynsarinning shygharmalarynyng tili men qazirgi qazaq tili birdey emes qoy, dybystaluy, sóz maghynasynyng ózgerui, sóilem qúrauy siyaqty ózindik aiyrmashylyqtary bar.

Zertteushilerding kópshiligi «Codex Cumanicus» («Kodeks Kumanikus») tilining armyan-qypshaq eskertkishteri tilimen sabaqtas, negizi bir ekendigin jәne keyingisi «Codex Cumanicus» tili men qazirgi qypshaq tilderining arasyn jalghastyryp jatqanyn aitady.

Mysalgha sol kezdegi qypshaqtyng sózi mynaday: «Tenridən avaz keldi, iyemge ketmək oiym bar». Qazirgi qazaq tilinen qanshalyqty alys? Býgingi ýnge iykemdesek «Tənirden əuez keldi, iyeme (o dýniyege) ketpek oiym bar» bolyp shyghady. «Oghlum, yahshi dosdundan yyrahlanma, egәr yyrahlandyng esә yә taparsen anyng ki dosd yә tapmasen» – «Úlym, jaqsy dosynnan jyraqtama, eger jyraqtansang onday dosty jә tabarsyn, jә tappassyn»; «Oghlum, egәr óvýng biyik, uzun esә yeti hulach boyunnu egip kir» – «Úlym, ýiing biyik, úzyn bolsa da jeti qúlash byyndy iyip kir». Sonda, arada bәlenbay ghasyr ótse de tilimiz asa ózgere qoymaghan. Múny audarma dep qarau qisyngha kelmeydi. Sóilemdi qypshaq tilinen qazirgi qazaq tilining qalpyna týsiru degenimiz dúrystau bolar.

– «Kodeks Kumanikus» XIII-XIV gh.gh. qypshaq tilindegi alghash jazba ekeni mәlim. Ol 164 betten túratyn qypshaq halqynyng sózdigi. Ár sózding audarmasy latyn, italyan jәne parsy tilinde berilgen. Búl kitaptyng Marchiana kitaphanasyna kelip týsui de taghdyrly.

1362 jyldyng tamyzynda Qayta órleu dәuirining ataqty aqyny Franchesko Petrarka qatty nauqastanghan balasynyng sonynan Venesiyagha attanady. Shahargha at basyn tiregen song baspana satyp alugha tura keledi. Aqshasy joq aqyn ózimen ala kelgen «Kodeks Kumanikus» kitabyn ýige aiyrbastaydy. Sol zamandaghy kitaptyng qúny qanday bolghan desenizshi... Sóitip, Venesiyadaghy Áulie Marktyng hramyna avtory kórsetilmegen kitap kete barady.

Mamandardyng pikirinshe, búl kitap Qara teniz manyndaghy qypshaqtardyng qalamynan tuyndaghan. Mening oiymsha Úly Jibek joly boyynda sauda jasaghan europalyq kópesterding sharuasyn dóngeletu qajettiginen til ýirenu ýshin ózderine arnap jasap alghan sózdigi tәrizdi.

VIII ghasyrda-aq qypshaqtardy Shyghys Europanyng slavyan halyqtary «polovester» nemese «pechenegter», Batys Europanyng latyn tildi halyqtary «qúmandar», shyghysta – «qypshaqtar», arab elderinde «mәmlýkter» dep ataghanyn bilemiz. Sonymen, «Kodeks Kumanikusti» qazaqshalasaq «Qúmandar kitaby» «Qúmandar sózderining jinaghy» bolyp shyghady.

– IYә, qypshaqtardyng jazba múrasy óte bay. Olay bolatyny olar san aluan etnikalyq toptardyng basyn qosyp, birtekti jýie jasay aldy. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde jogharyda atap ótkenimizdey Altay men Dunay arasyn mekendegen halyqtyng bәri osydan 700 jyl búryn qypshaq tilinde sóilegeni ayan. Sonday-aq, Vizantiya men Skifiyada is-qaghazdary bes ghasyrgha juyq osy tilde jýrgizilgeni aqiqat.

Mәmlýkter biylik basyna kelgennen keyin, 1517 jyldan 1811 jyldar aralyghynda Mysyrda da qypshaq tili arab tilimen teng qoldanylghany tarihy shyndyq.

Osynyng bәri erjýrek babalarymyzdyng ana tiline adaldyghynan әri etnostyq qúndylyqqa aiyryqsha qarau kerektigi jónindegi es-jadysynyng bolattay beriktiginen tuyndaghan ghalamat kórinister.

– Ángimenizge raqmet! Últtyq qúndylyqtardy ardaqtap qana qoymay, basty baylyq Ana tilimiz ekenin birtútas sanamen týsinetin últ jadyly úlandar ómirge qayta keletinine senemiz.

Qazaqstan tarihynyng jәne ejelgi qazaq elining әlem órkeniyetine qosqan eleuli tústaryn zerttep jýrgen enbeginizge tolayym tabystar tileymiz.

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