Qazirgi tanda últtyng zamanauilyghy tek ekonomikalyq kórsetkishtermen nemese tehnologiyalyq damudyng dengeyimen ghana emes, sonymen qatar әleumettik qatynastardyng sapasymen, ýstemdik etetin qúndylyq baghdarlarymen jәne túlghaaralyq ózara әrekettestik týrlerimen aiqyndalyp keledi. Osy túrghyda dostyq úghymy әleumettik qúrylymdy jәne mәdeny janghyrudy taldauda barghan sayyn manyzdy mәnge iye.

Áleumettanuda dostyq — búl túraqty әri ózara әleumettik baylanystardyng bir týri retinde qarastyrylady, qazirgi zamanda ol otbasylyq jәne korporativtik qatynastardyng shenberinen shyghyp otyr. Shynymen de, býginde senim men dostyq qarym-qatynastar demokratiyalyq qoghamdardyng túraqty damuy jolynda sheshushi ról atqarady (Putnam, 2000[i]). Senim dengeyi men әleumettik belsendiligi joghary elderde azamattyq belsendilik artyp, instituttar myqtyraq qalyptasady jәne demokratiya túraqty bolady. Osy túrghyda dostyq jekelegen qúndylyq qana emes, әleumettik qúrylymnyng manyzdy elementi retinde kórinedi.

Ronalid Inglehart qúndylyqtardyng auysu teoriyasynda industriyalyqtan postindustrialdy qoghamgha auysqan sayyn ózin-ózi kórsetu, jeke avtonomiya jәne tendik qúndylyqtarynyng manyzdylyghy qalay artatynyn kórsetedi (Inglehart & Welzel, 2005[ii]). Búl qúndylyqtar ózara qarym-qatynas seriktesterin, sonyng ishinde dostardy, erkin tandau tәjiriybesine negizdelgen praktikalarmen tyghyz baylanysty. Basqasha aitqanda, ózara senim men erkin tandau negizinde qalyptasqan dostyq baylanystardyng keng taraluy qoghamnyn zamanauilyghynyn jәne pluralizm men әleumettik ashyqtyq jaghdayynda ómir sýruge dayyndyghynyn kórsetkishi retinde qarastyrylady.

Dostyqtyng jahandyq dinamikasy kóptegen qoghamdardyng institusionaldyq integrasiyadan daralanghan jelilik qúrylymdargha ótu ýstinde ekenin kórsetedi. Osyghan baylanysty dostyq búrynghyday újymdyq sipatta emes, barghan sayyn jekeshelendirilgen qarym-qatynasqa ainaluda. Jalpy alghanda, qazirgi zertteuler býkil әlem boyynsha eresek adamdar arasynda jaqyn dostar sanynyng azayyp kele jatqanyn jәne әleumettik jelilerding bar boluyna qaramastan, emosionaldyq jalghyzdyqtyng artyp otyrghanyn kórsetedi. Eger dәstýrli qoghamdarda dostyq — ómir sýru ýshin qajetti әri túraqty qatynas týri bolsa (hard, qoghamnyng «qatqyl» qúrylymy), qazirgi zamanda ol iykemdi, beyimdelgish sipatqa (soft, «júmsaq» qúrylymgha) ie bolyp otyr. Búl jerde dostyq qajettilikke emes, tandau erkine negizdeledi: «Qazirgi adam erkindigin shektemeytin, biraq ózin qajet sezinuge mýmkindik beretin baylanystardy izdeydi. Dostyq — dәl sonday «iykemdi jaqyndyqqa» ainaluda» (Bauman, 2005[iii]).

Qazaqstanda dostyq baylanystar qanshalyqty keng taralghan? Qazaqstandyqtar qanshalyqty zamanauiy? Búl súraqtargha jauap beruge 2025 jylghy sәuir aiynda Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydenti janyndaghy QSZY tapsyrysy boyynsha jýrgizilgen qoghamdyq pikirge arnalghan saualnama derekteri kómektesedi[iv].  Dostyq mәselesi ýsh indikator arqyly ólshendi: baylanystardyng tyghyzdyghy, qarym-qatynas jiyiligi jәne dostar tarapynan kórsetiletin kómek. Búl ólshemder Robert Patnemning eki týrli әleumettik baylanys jayly iydeyalaryna — bonding (baylanystyrushy) jәne bridging (kópir ornatushy) kapitalyna negizdelgen. Birinshi týri (bonding) — «óz» tobyndaghy adamdar arasynda qalyptasatyn baylanys bolsa, ekinshi týri (bridging) — әrtýrli әleumettik toptar arasyndaghy qatynasty bildiredi. Múnda baylanystyrushy dostyq baylanystaryn ólsheu nәtiyjeleri úsynylyp otyr.

Dostyq baylanystardyng tyghyzdyghy «Siz tyghyz qarym-qatynas jasaytyn jәne óziniz ýshin manyzdy mәseleler turaly ashyq sóilese alatyn qansha dosynyz bar?» degen súraq arqyly ólshendi. Saualnama nәtiyjeleri boyynsha:

• Qazaqstandyqtardyng basym bóligi 2-9 jaqyn dosqa iye. Jalpy alghanda, respondentterding 68,5%-y (2, 3-4 jәne 5-9 dosy barlar) ekiden toghyzgha deyin tyghyz dostyq qarym-qatynas ornatqan. Búl — dostyq baylanystardyng jetkilikti keng әri belsendi ekenin kórsetedi. Patnemning jiktemesine sәikes, búl — bonding capital, yaghny senimge, emosiyalyq qatystylyq pen ózara kómekke negizdelgen túraqty kóldeneng baylanystardy qalyptastyrugha Qazaqstanda qolayly jaghday saqtalyp otyrghanyn bildiredi. Múnday baylanystar erekshe manyzdy, óitkeni olar qoldau kórsetip, mikroqoghamdar dengeyinde birlik pen túraqtylyqty qamtamasyz etuge septigin tiygizedi.
• Eng keng taralghan sanat — 3-4 jaqyn dosy bar respondentter (31,6%). Búl adamdardyng kópshiligi senimge negizdelgen shekteuli, biraq túraqty qarym-qatynas shenberin tandaugha beyim ekenin kórsetedi. Múnday ýlgi — kýshti bonding capital-gha tәn. Búl — dostardyng ontayly sany, óitkeni dәl osy kólemde tereng әri túraqty qatynasty saqtaugha bolady. Búl tújyrymdy Donbardyng zertteuleri de rastaydy. Elding barlyq ónirlerinde 3-4 dospen shektelgen dostyq jelige tartylu — keng taralghan qúbylys.
• Keng dostyq jelilerding boluy: 5-9 jәne 10+ dosy barlar (barlyghy 35,2%). Qazaqstandyqtardyng ýshten birining dostyq baylanystary «jaqyn shenberden» asyp týsedi. Búl adamnyng joghary әleumettik belsendiligin de, jaqyn jәne ortasha dostyq arasyndaghy shekaralardyng kómeskiligin de kórsetui mýmkin. 5 jәne odan da kóp jaqyn dosy bar respondentterding ýlesining joghary boluy (35,2%) dәstýrli, ónirlik nemese diny qauymdastyqtarda keng taralghan tyghyz jelilik qúrylymdardyng bar ekenin bildirui yqtimal. Múnday qauymdastyqtarda ózara kómek pen bir-birining ómirine qatysugha degen kýtuler joghary dengeyde saqtalghan. 10 jәne odan da kóp dosy bar dostyq jelileri kóbine Týrkistan, Qyzylorda jәne Atyrau oblystarynyng túrghyndaryna tәn. 5-9 dostyq baylanysy astanalyqtarda, sonday-aq Qyzylorda jәne Aqtóbe oblystarynyng túrghyndarynda jii kezdesedi.  
• Jalghyzdyq nemese dostyq baylanystardyng tómen dengeyi: 0-1 dos (15%). Respondentterding 5,7%-ynda mýlde jaqyn dos joq, al 9,3%-ynda tek bir ghana dos bar. Búl — alandatarlyq, biraq dabyl qagharlyq dengey emes. Mәselen, AQSh nemese Japoniya sekildi elderde jalghyzdyq jaghdayy әldeqayda jii kezdesedi. Degenmen, 0-1 ghana jaqyn dosy bar 15% respondentting boluy әleumettik oqshaulanu, әlsiz әleumettik birigu nemese әleumettik baylanystardyng ýzilui siyaqty ýrdisterding bar ekenin kórsetedi. Búl әsirese osal toptar — egde jastaghylar, migranttar men júmyssyzdar arasynda ózekti.Jetisu, Almaty jәne Jambyl oblystarynyng túrghyndary kóbine bir ghana dosy bar ekenin kórsetken. Al mýlde dosy joq respondentter kóbine Jetisu, Shyghys Qazaqstan jәne Qaraghandy oblystarynda kezdesedi.

Dostyq qarym-qatynastyng jiyiligi «Ayyna keminde bir ret kezdesetin qansha dosynyz bar?» degen súraq arqyly ólshendi:

• Qazaqstandaghy respondentterding basym bóligi túraqty jaqyn dostar shenberine ie jәne olarmen ýnemi baylanysta bolady. Mysaly, súralghandardyng shamamen ýshten biri (28,9%) aiyna keminde bir ret 3-4 dosymen kezdesedi (Shymkent, Aqmola jәne Pavlodar oblystarynyng túrghyndary). Al 20,1% respondent aiyna keminde bir ret 5-9 dosymen kezdesedi (Shymkent, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar, Aqtóbe, Abay jәne Batys Qazaqstan oblystarynyng túrghyndary).
• Qazaqstandyqtardyng besinshi bóligi (21,1% respondent) aiyna keminde bir ret kezdesetin 10 jәne odan da kóp dosqa iye, búl olardyng әleumettik belsendiligining joghary dengeyin kórsetedi (múnday kórsetkish eng kóbi Týrkistan, Manghystau, Qyzylorda jәne Batys Qazaqstan oblystarynyng túrghyndary arasynda bayqalady). 

• Tek bir ghana dosy bar adamdar — 8,4% (Almaty, Soltýstik Qazaqstan, Aqmola jәne Qaraghandy oblystarynyng túrghyndary), al eki dosy barlar — 16,2% (Almaty, Astana, Qostanay jәne Qaraghandy oblystarynyng túrghyndary). Dostyq baylanystary mýlde joq respondentter — 5,3% (Jetisu, Jambyl, Shyghys Qazaqstan jәne Qaraghandy oblystarynyng túrghyndary).

Sonynda, әleumettik kapital dengeyining manyzdy kórsetkishi retinde adam kómek súray alatyn, yaghny myqty әri senimdi beyresmy dostarynyng boluy qarastyrylady:

• Qazaqstandyqtardyng ýshten biri ózara qoldaugha negizdelgen túraqty jelilerge jәne keng auqymdy beyresmy baylanystargha iye. Mysaly, súralghandardyng 15%-y 5-9 dosynyng qoldauyna senim artady (Shymkent, Manghystau jәne Atyrau oblystarynyng túrghyndary), al 14%-y 10 jәne odan kóp dosynan qoldau alady. Búl kórsetkish jeke adamnyng әl-auqaty ýshin de, qoghamnyng jalpy túraqtylyghy ýshin de manyzdy bolyp tabylady (eng kóp Qyzylorda, Batys Qazaqstan jәne Jambyl oblystarynyng túrghyndary).
• Qazaqstandyqtardyng taghy bir ýshinshi bóliginde kómek kórsetuge dayyn 3-4 dosy bar (31%) (kóbinese búl Shymkent, Astana jәne Almaty qalalarynyng túrghyndary).
• Qazaqstandyqtardyng besinshi bóligi (20% respondent) kómek súraugha tek eki adamgha jýginedi (osynday respondentter kóbinese Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Shyghys Qazaqstan oblystary men Astana qalasynda), 11%-y — tek bir dosyna ghana (kóbinese Qaraghandy, Soltýstik Qazaqstan, Aqmola, Jambyl, Abay jәne Jetisu oblystarynyng túrghyndary), al 8,7%-y múnday baylanystargha mýlde ie emes (jalghyzdyqty eng kóp sezinetinder — Jetisu, Úlytau, Qaraghandy jәne Aqtóbe oblystarynyng túrghyndary).

Qaralghan ólshemning әleumettik-demografiyalyq erekshelikteri:

• Dostyq baylanystardyng sany men sipatyna qatysty jynystyq aiyrmashylyqtar bar, biraq olar az dengeyde bayqalady, búl elding әleumettik modernizasiyasynyng joghary dәrejesin, qoghamnyng zamanauilyghyn kórsetedi. Mysaly, arab elderinde, onyng ishinde ekonomikalyq túrghydan bay Parsy shyghanaghy elderinde, bilimdi әielderding ózara dostyq qatynastary kóbinese keneytilgen otbasy shenberimen shekteledi. Al Qazaqstanda әielder er adamdarmen teng dengeyde elding qoghamdyq ómirine belsendi aralasady.
• Qaralghan ólshemde bilim dengeyine baylanysty aiyrmashylyqtar bayqalmaydy, dostyq — búl negizgi әleumettik qajettilik bolyp tabylady. Búl әleumettik tendikting kórinisi retinde de, әr týrli bilim dengeyindegi adamdardyng dostyqqa úmtylatynynyng belgisi retinde de týsindirilui mýmkin.
• Otbasy jaghdayy boyynsha, ýilengen adamdardyng dostyq jelileri kenirek bolyp, búl olardyng boydaq, túrmysqa shyqpaghan nemese ajyrasqan dostaryna qaraghanda kóbirek kómek kórsetu mýmkindikterine ie ekendigin kórsetedi. Úqsas jaghday júmyspen qamtylu boyynsha da bayqalady — júmys isteytinderding dostyq jelileri júmyssyzdargha qaraghanda sәl kenirek.

Sonymen, Qazaqstandaghy dostyq baylanystardy zertteu kóptegen qazaqstandyqtar ýshin dostardyng boluy ómirding manyzdy jәne qoldaushy bóligi bolyp qala beretinin kórsetedi. Dostyq baylanystar emosionaldy ghana emes, sonymen birge әleumettik funksiyany da oryndaydy: olar qiyndyqtardy jenuge, senim qalyptastyrugha jәne qoghamnyng әleumettik qúrylymyn nyghaytugha kómektesedi. Alayda respondentterding tórtten birinde bir ghana dos bar nemese olar dostyq jelilerge kirmeydi. Búl pozisiyasy erekshe nazar audarudy qajet etetin maghynaly top. Búl — erekshe nazar audarudy qajet etetin manyzdy top. Biz kórip otyrghanymyzday, sebepter әrtýrli boluy mýmkin: jas ereksheligi, kóshi-qon, kedeylik, túratyn aimaq, eldi meken tiypi jәne etnikalyq qúram.

Dostyq baylanystardy qoldau — búl әleumettik túraqtylyqqa, qoghamdyq densaulyqqa jәne qoghamgha aralasu sezimine investisiya. Ásirese osynday baylanystardy osal toptar arasynda nyghaytugha baghyttalghan sayasat úzaq merzimdi damudyng manyzdy baghytyna ainalady. Óitkeni dostyq — әleumettik kapitaldyng bir formasy retinde qoghamdy biriktiretin «jelim» ispetti, al onyng tapshylyghy atomizasiyagha jәne yntymaqtastyqtyng tómendeuine әkeledi.

[i] Putnam, Robert. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.New York: Simon and Schuster.

[ii] R. Inglehart, C. Welzel. Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2005.

[iii] Z. Bauman. Individualizirovannoe obshestvo. Logos, 2005.

[iv]  Áleumettanulyq-sayasy saualnama QSZY tapsyrysy boyynsha 2025 jyldyng 20 nauryz ben 20 sәuir aralyghynda jýrgizildi. Ýlgilik jiyntyq kólemi – 8 001 respondent. Saualnamagha 18 jastan asqan, 17 oblys pen respublikalyq manyzy bar 3 qala – Astana, Almaty jәne Shymkent túrghyndary qatysty.

Ayguli Zabirova,

QSZY bas ghylymy qyzmetkeri, әleumettanu ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor

Abai.kz