Semey yadrolyq poligony jabylghanyna 34 jyl!

(derekti hikaya)

O jaqtan qaytqan eshkim joq,
Kimnen ony súrarsyn?
Omar Hayam.

1991 jyl. Álemdegi eng ýlken yadrolyq synaq alany – Semey poligony jabyldy. Zymyraghan uaqyt-ay, sonan beri attay 34 jyl óte shyghypty. Jarylystan qyryq jyl kóz ashpaghan Jer-Ana tynyshtyq tapty, kýnine qyryq qúbylghan Sary Arqa jeli auany da tazartty. Biraq radionukleidter birjola joyyldy, boldy, bitti deuge erterek.  Semey atom poligony – jazylmaghan jaramyz. Áli kýnge shekti kәri de, jas ta ajal tyrnaghyna ilinip jatyr. Bizding ólkeni dendegen dertting kóbisi, diagnozyn dәrigerler ne dep qoysa da, ainalyp kelgende, radiasiyalyq sәulege tirelmegi sózsiz. Múny Japoniya halqy jaqsy biledi. Osydan eki-ýsh ay ghana búryn japondar radiasiyadan sauyqtyrugha qajetti 4 mlrd. tengening  jabdyq, qondyrghylaryn bergeli jatyr dep estidik. Múnday kómek, әsirese, anau «dýrsildek» jyldary kelse ghoy, qanshama ómirge arashashy bolar edi. Átten-ayy, «Ólmesen, órem qap» degendey, Mәskeu biyligi, mәselen, Sarjal, Bódeneli siyaqty poligongha irgeles auyldargha eng bolmasa felidsherlik punkt salyp beruge jaramady. Shet elden qarjy, kómek keluine de joldy japty. Qayteyik, qaysy birin aitayyq... Ótkenge salauat dey otyryp, yadrolyq poligon tarihynan azdy-kópti syr sherteyik.  

Mәskeuding qúpiya Jarlyghy

Tómende shekesinde «asa qúpiya, erekshe papka» degen jazu bar Mәskeu Jarlyghyn keltirip otyrmyz. Búl qújat – Semey yadrolyq synaq alany men Kurchatov qalasy 1946 jyldan salyna bastaghanynyng kuәsi.

Suret: Avtordyng jeke arhiyvinen alyndy.

Eskertpe: Stalin qol qoyghan búl qújatta «gornyy stansiya» dep Degeleng tauynda salynugha tiyis yadrolyq poligondy, «pribory dlya svetyashegosya tela» dep atom bombasyn júmbaqtap aitqan.

*  *  *

Synaq ýshin salynghan Kurchatov qalasynan 40 shaqyrym jerde, Ertis jiyeginde Bódeneli auyly túr. Osy auyldyng  mektebinde soghys jyldary keleshek akademiyk-senator Jabayhan Ábdildin aghamyz oqyghan. Onyng әkesi ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys bastalghanda Bódeneli auylyna bas maldәrigeri qyzmetine May audanynan jiberilgen eken.  Jabayhan agha Kurchatov qalasy salyna bastaghan shaqty bylay dep esine alady: «1946 jyldyng qara kýzinde әkey ýige keshtetip kelip, jergilikti emes túrghyndar eline shúghyl kóshirilsin dep jatyr, osynday jarlyq kepti jogharydan, kóshirmey qoymaytyn týri bar dep qatty kýrsingen edi. Búl habar bizge de qaydan onay tiysin. Bauyr basqan  Janakýsh (Bódenelige irgeles auyl) jerimen qimay qoshtasyp, at-arbamen Mayskiy jaqqa bet aldyq. Qasymyzdan jýk tiyegen amerikandyq «studebekker» mashiynesi dýr-dýr ótip jatty. Kóp-aq, qazday tizbektelip ótedi. Ol kýnde Konechnaya degen, qazirgi Kurchatov qalasy janynan ótkende kórdik, jiyekte barjy degenderiniz iyin tiresedi, biri ketse, ekinshisi túra qalady. II-qii qozghalys.  IYen dalada qala salu onay ma, bәrining tiyegeni týrli qúrylys materialdary bolatyn. Álginde bizderdi tizimdep túryp elge qaytardy dedim ghoy, ol ol ma, barlyq kolhozdardy jabamyz degen әngime tudy. Jerdi tegis bosatyp alu kerek boldy. Búl qatal búiryq jartylay ghana oryndaldy, әiteuir».

Sonymen, ýsh jylda poligon qalasy men onyng Degelendegi alany salynyp bitti. «Jer astynan jik shyqty, eki qúlaghy tik shyqty» demekshi, 1949 jyldyng 29 tamyzynda qazaq jerinde alghashqy atom bombasy synaldy.

Alghashqy atom bombasy jayynda

1949 jyl, 29 tamyz,  saghat tanghy jeti. 30 metr biyiktikte beton baqan ýstine qoyylghan alghashqy bomba jaryldy! Kóz ilespes jyldamdyqpen úlghayghan otty dop әueli Jerge qadalyp, onan qayta aspangha kóterilgen. Otty shardan jer qabyghyn ystyq kýlge ainaldyrghan súrapyl quat shyqqan. Qayter eken dep, baylap qoyghan jylqy, taghy basqa maldardyng esi ketip, jýni, terisi jiydip týsip qalypty. O, toba! Sondaghy baylauly túrghan itting qorqynyshtan jýregi jarylyp ólipti. An-qústar jantәsilim aldynda jantalasyp jatypty. Jandy maqúlyqtar týgili, jer-Ana da titirkengen shyghar-au. Mine poligon synaqtary jer ýstine osynday kóz kórip, qúlaq estimegen súmdyqtar әkeldi. 1963 jyldan synaqtar jer astyna kóshirildi. Sonyng saldarynan ózen, sudyng tabany ghana qaldy, qúdyqtar biteldi. Qútty bir jer jaryqshaghyna sarqylyp, joghalyp ketken siyaqtandy. Atom kóli payda boldy.

Sóitip, Semey ónirining ýsti de, asty da ulandy, lastandy. Halyq qynaday qyryla bastady. Oghan qaramastan Suslov bastatqan partiya iydeologtary: «Bәri de beybitshilik ýshin, sol ýshin yadrolyq qalqandy jasadyq!» dep masayrap, mastanumen boldy.  Yadrolyq tajaldy «Aqyrzaman qaruy» («Orujie Sudnogo Dnya») depti bireu, kim de bolsa, dәl aitqan. Biraq bombanyng da bombasy bar, olardyng eng ulysy, adam organizmi ýshin zardaby eng zory – sutegi bombasy. Andrey Saharov degen akademikting esebinshe, atom sәulesin alghan adamdardyng jalpy sany millionnan  asyp jyghylypty.    

Sutegi bombasynyng soyqany 

Jogharyda alghashqy atom bombasy beton baghan ýstinde jarylghanyn aittyq. Kelesi joly aviasiyalyq bomba jasalyp, synaqshy top ony samoletten tastap jardy. Aviasiya bombasy sәtti ótkenine synaqshy top shat-shadyman bolghan shamasy, jarylystar (sheshelerimiz «dýrsildek» deytin) endi jiyiletti. Degeleng tauy men Bódeneli auyly arasy 70-80 shaqyrymday ghana. Sondyqtan ashyq aspanda jarq etken әrbir jarylys barsha júrtty «Búl ne pәle?» degizip, an-tang qylatyn. Áp-sәtte ot-shar dýrs etip, qaraqoshqyl sanyrauqúlaq pishindes búltqa ainalyp baryp, aspangha kóteriletin orasan parashutting qúbyjyq sureti, ol kýnde bala bolsaq ta, esimizde mәngi qaldy.

Yadrolyq poligongha qyzmet jasaytyn әskeriy-óndiristik keshen (ÁÓK) qalyptasyp, oghan orasan qarjy bólindi. Qyzyl kóz «qyrghilardyn» aranyn ashqan, sirә da, osy jәit. Óitkeni, endi atom bombasyn qoya túryp, sutegi bombasyn synaugha beyildenedi. Fizik ghalymdargha jana tapsyrys beredi.

Negizi, termoyadrolyq qarudyng qos týri bar: biri – atom bombasy, ekinshisi – sutegi bombasy. Alghashqysy jarylysy milliondaghan graduspen ólshenetin óte joghary temperaturaly tolqyn kýshimen qyryp-joigha jәne qorshaghan ortany radioaktivtik zattarmen lastaugha arnalghan. Al sutegi bombasy – yadrolyq qarudyng jetildirilgen týri. Ol –  radiasiya sәulesin kýsheytu arqyly tirshilik iyelerin qúrtu ýshin jasalghan qaru. Yaghny adam aghzasyn búzugha baghyttaluymen erekshelenedi. Sondyqtan osy 1953 jyly túrghyn halyqty qan qaqsatyp, Abyraly audany taratyldy.

Sonymen, 1953 jyly 12 tamyzda Semey yadrolyq poligonynda alghash ret sutegi bombasy synalsyn. Quaty – 480 kilotonn. Salystyrsaq, alghashqy bomba quatynan 20 ese artyq. Jarylystyng әseri qanday? Osyny tekseru qamynda әskeriyler kileng jas jigitterdi auylda qaldyrghan. Búl turaly Abraly, Abay audandary túrghyndary aitqan estelikter bar. Sutegi bombasy jalqy, ekinshi mәrte qaytalanbady. Óitpese eshbir tirshilik iyesi qalmaytyny «qyrghilar» sanasyna jetti, әiteuir.

Atalmysh bombany dýniyege әkelgen, ony synaqtan ótkizgen ghalymdar  ataq pen marapattyng (Sosialistik enbek eri, Stalindik syilyqtyng laureaty t.b.) astynda qaldy. Solardyng ishinde әlemge әigili akademik Andrey Saharov (1921-1989) óle-ólgenshe «Yadrolyq synaqty toqtatu qajet!» dep shyryldap ótti. Nege? Óitkeni, ol – sutegi bombasynyng atasy. Kәrtәigende myn-myndaghan adamnyng ólimine sebepshi ekenin sezinip, jan azabyn myqtap tartty.

Osy aitylghan sutegi bombasynan son, synaqtar jýieli sipat alyp, ay sayyn keminde bir jarylys jasalatyn boldy. Sonyng eng joyqyny – termoyadrolyq RDS-37 bombasy boldy. Janadan jasalghan, quaty 1,7 megatonn! Ol 1955 jyly 22 qarashada bir jarym shaqyrym biyiktikte jaryldy. Ýlkender biledi, jantýrshigerlik jarylys tolqynynan Semey qalasynda biraz ýilerding qabyrghasy qaqyrap, tereze shynylary byt-shyt syndy.

Qorytyndy

Álemge ayan Semey poligonynda jiyny 456 bomba synaldy. Biz sonyng ekeuin: eng soyqandysy men eng joyqynyn ghana sóz ettik.  1953 jyldan beride el ishinde qyltamaq (rak) auruy, jýrek derti qaulady.   «Yadrolyq qalqan» degen jeleumen qarapayym halyqty jappay qyryp-joy iske asty (keybir resmy derek kózderi 500 mynday adam azap shekti deydi, biraq naqtyly zertteuler joqtyng qasy).  Adamdyq túrghydan Kurchatov bastatqan ghalymdar aldymen dauys kóteruge mindetker edi. Biraq lәm-mim demedi shirkinder. Ókimet pen partiya ókilderi, olargha merzimdi baspasózder qosylyp, synaq poligonyn aqtap, shang juytpaugha tyrysty (jasyryp-jabu jayly búiryq, núsqaular, әriyne, Mәskeuden týsirilip otyrdy). Qasqayyp qarsy shyqqan jalghyz adam – Múhametqaly Sujikov boldy (1957-1959 jj. Semey obkomynyng birinshi hatshysy). Sol ýshin qyzmetinen quylghan esil er, batyr azamat mýldem úmyt qaldy. Kurchatov atynda bildey qala bar, Sujikov atynda kóshe de joghy qalay?...

Sóitip, yadrolyq poligon qyrghyny, әsirese, sutegi bombasynyng saldary – memlekettik qúpiya bolyp keldi, әli de solay. Poligon epiysentri delinetin birneshe audannyng әr auyly irgesindegi beyit, mola, zirat, qorymdar jazyqsyz qúrbandargha toly. «O jaqtan qaytqan eshkim joq, Kimnen ony súrarsyn?» demekshi, olar, әriyne, ýnsiz... Olardan tuyp-ósken úrpaqtar memleket qoldauynsyz, ýkimet kómeginsiz qalmauy kerek. Ádilettilik talaby búl degen oidamyn.

Asan Omarov

Abai.kz