1989 jyldyng 22 jeltoqsany Shyghys Europanyng eng qatal diktaturalarynyng biri taqtan qúlady. Rumyniyany shiyrek ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt boyy qorqynysh pen tapshylyqqa dushar etken Nikolae Chaushesku rejiymi birneshe kýn ishinde kýiredi. Diktatordyng janynda onyng әieli Elena, jeke basyna tabynudyng sәuletshisi jәne repressivti biylik qúrylymynyng avtory túrdy.

Nelikten rumyn diktaturasynyng otbasylyq sipaty onyng nayzaghayday tez kýireuine alyp keldi jәne býgingi Europa odan qanday sabaq alady?

Sol kýni myndaghan adamdar Buharest pen basqa da qalalardyng kóshelerin toltyryp, ózgeristerdi talap etti - diktatordyng ózi jәne onyng eng jaqyn odaqtasy, әieli Elena Chaushesku qaladan tikúshaqpen qashugha mәjbýr boldy. Búl jeltoqsannyng ortasynda bastalyp, sol kezdegi Shyghys Europadaghy eng qatal rejimderding birin qúlatqan kóteriliske úlasqan narazylyq tolqynynyng sharyqtau shegi boldy.

Nikolae Chaushesku 1965 jyldan bastap Rumyniya Kommunistik partiyasynyng Bas hatshysy, keyinirek el preziydenti qyzmetin atqardy. Onyng biyligi jeke basyna tabynushylyqtyn, avtoritarizmning jәne ekonomikalyq qiyndyqtardyng simvolyna ainaldy. Mәskeuden tәuelsiz bolyp kórinuge tyrysqanyna qaramastan, onyng sayasaty el ishinde azamattyq ómirdi qatang baqylaugha, tauarlardyng tapshylyghyna jәne qatang «sosialistik reformalargha» degen túraqty talapqa әkeldi.

Revolusiyanyng bastaluy Timishoara qalasymen baylanysty, onda 16 jeltoqsanda demonstranttar vengr reformatory diny qyzmetker Laslo Tiodordyng qughyn-sýrginine narazylyq bildirdi. Jergilikti biylikting qudalauy alghashqy qandy qaqtyghystargha әkeldi, búl býkil el boyynsha narazylyq aksiyalarynyng katalizatoryna ainaldy.

21 jeltoqsan keshinde Chaushesku Buharesttegi kópshilik aldynda sóz sóilep, әli de biylikte ekenin kórsetuge tyrysty. Biraq basqa qalalardaghy oqighalargha alandaghan halyq onyng sózine jauap bermedi - adamdar Timishoaranyng atyn aiqaylay bastady, búl oghan astananyng ortalyghynda da bedelining joghalghanyn sezdirdi.

Kelesi kýni, 1989 jyldyng 22 jeltoqsanynda, býkil el boyynsha narazylyqtar bastaldy, al Chaushesku biyliginen aiyrylyp bara jatqanyn týsindi. Ol Elenamen birge Buharestten tikúshaqpen ketudi sheshti, biraq búl qashu әreketi diktaturanyng qúlauynyng simvolyna ainaldy.

Ghalymdar Rumyniya diktaturasyn talqylaghan kezde, әdette Nikolae Chausheskugha nazar audarady. Biraq kóptegen tarihshylar onyng әieli Elena Chausheskuding belsendi qatysuynsyz rejim múnday formagha ie bolmas edi dep sanaydy. Onyng yqpaly sosialistik elderding kóptegen birinshi hanymdary siyaqty tek sәn ýshin ghana emes edi.

Elena ýnemi biylikting ishki shenberin qúrdy, yqpalyn arttyrdy jәne tolyq qorqynysh atmosferasyn qalyptastyrdy. Elena 1940 jyldardan beri partiya apparatynda júmys istedi, biraq 1965 jyly Chaushesku partiya jetekshisi bolghannan keyin naqty yqpalgha ie boldy. Sonda da ol otbasylyq kóshbasshylyq iydeyasyn belsendi týrde nasihattady.

Keyinirek sotta jәne súhbattarda kuәlik bergen rumyndyq lauazymdy túlghalardyng estelikterine sәikes, Elena partiya mýshelerining adaldyghyn jeke baqylap, taghayyndaular men júmystan bosatudy bastady jәne apparat ishinde «jeke boryshkerler» jelisin qúrdy. 1970 jyldary ol is jýzinde ekinshi biylik ortalyghyna ainaldy — aldymen beyresmi, sodan keyin premier-ministrding birinshi orynbasaryn qosa alghanda, manyzdy lauazymdardy is jýzinde atqardy.

Elena ózining ghylymy jәne sayasy danyshpandyghy turaly anyzdy taratudy talap etti. Resmy bilimining bolmauyna qaramastan, ol himiya boyynsha akademiyalyq ataqtary men dәrejelerine qol jetkizdi. Rejim qúlaghannan keyingi kuәlikterge sәikes, Elenagha telingen kóptegen ghylymy maqalalardy baghynyshty toptar kek aludan qoryqqanynan jazghan.

Búl jay ghana bedel ýshin kýres emes edi – sayasy júptyng jeke basyna tabynu -  rejimning manyzdy iydeologiyalyq qúramdas bóligine ainaldy: mektepterde «úly erli-zayyptylardyng ómirbayany» oqytyldy; teledidarda Elena resmy rәsimder kezinde Nikolaemen birge kórsetildi; sheneunikter onyng ataqtaryn qoghamdyq is-sharalarda aitugha mindetti boldy.

Osylaysha, qosaqtardyng ajyramas júp retindegi beynesi biylikting zandylyghyn nyghaytty jәne túraqtylyq atmosferasyn jasady. Múraghattyq qújattar men búrynghy barlau qyzmetkerlerining kuәlikteri Elenanyng kóbinese kýieuine qaraghanda radikaldy bolghanyn kórsetedi. Ol tapshylyqty terendetetin, bolmashygha bola jazalaudy talap etetin jәne qauipsizdikti baqylaudy kýsheytudi qoldaytyn sheshimderdi nasihattaghan.

Keybir tarihshylar onyng aralasuy jýiening avtoritarizmin kýsheytti dep tújyrymdaydy. 1980 jyldary Batysqa qashyp ketken sheneunikterding (sonyng ishinde Ónerkәsip ministrligining búrynghy qyzmetkeri Ion Mihay Pachepanyn) estelikterine sәikes, Elena kimning lauazymy kóterilip, kimning oqshaulanghanyna nemese qughyn-sýrginge úshyraghanyna sheshushi әser etken. Chaushesku býkil basshylyqpen birge qashyp ketkennen keyin revolusiya әli ayaqtalghan joq edi - halyq pen armiya qauipsizdik kýshterine qarsy shyqty, al kóterilis keng tarady.

22 jeltoqsangha qaray revolusiyalyq búqara Buharesttegi strategiyalyq nysandar men ghimarattardy, sonyng ishinde partiya shtab-pәteri men teledidar ortalyghyn baqylaugha aldy. Oqighalar nayzaghay jyldamdyghymen órbidi. Qashqannan keyin ýsh kýnnen keyin, 1989 jyly 25 jeltoqsanda Nikolae men Elena Chaushesku tútqyngha alynyp, tótenshe әskery tribunalmen sottalyp, ólim jazasyna kesildi.

Ólim jazasy Tyrgovishtede oryndaldy, búl olardyng rejiymining tarihyndaghy songhy nýkte boldy. Búl oqighalar Rumyniyany Varshava kelisimi eline ainaldyrdy, búl dramany odan sayyn kýsheytip, ótkenmen týpkilikti basqa arnagha búrdy.

Sonymen qatar, jana sayasy jýiening damuy onay bolghan joq: revolusiya mynnan astam adamnyng ómirin qidy, tipti keyingi jyldary da sayasy kýres qarqyndy jalghasty, al jeke kóshbasshylardyng rólderi men oqighalardy baghalau ekiúshty boldy. Kóptegen diktaturalardan aiyrmashylyghy, Rumyniyadaghy Chaushesku rejiymi әulettik sipatta boldy.

Elena úly Nikudy biylikke múragerlikke dayyndaugha, partiya ishindegi «otbasylyq baqylaudy» kýsheytuge jәne otbasyna degen jeke adaldyq iydeologiyadan manyzdyraq bolatyn bir betkey biylik qúrylymyn qúrugha tyrysty. Búl basshylyqtyng qoghamnan oqshaulanuyna әkeldi: sheshimder shaghyn shenberde, talqylausyz, keri baylanyssyz, daghdarysty shynayy baghalausyz qabyldandy.

Revolusiya kezinde Elena ózining «Temir hanym» beynesinen bas tartqan joq. Buharesttegi songhy saghattardyng beynejazbasynda ol narazylyqtardy kýshtep basudy talap etti jәne rejimning qúlauyn moyyndaudan bas tartty. 1989 jyly 25 jeltoqsanda júp sottalghan kezde, Elena halyqtyng óz ýkimetin aiyptaghanyn bilmey, «revolusiya men sosializmdi qorghauy kerek» dep ashyq aitty. Ol kýieuining qasynda sonyna deyin qaldy - jәne búl kezdeysoqtyq emes edi. Elena jeke bas kulitiliginen despotiyalyq, feodaldyq biylikke deyin ósken jýiening simvoly boldy.

Chausheskuding qúlauy tek personalistik diktaturanyng ghana emes, sonymen qatar otbasylyq adaldyqqa, jekeshelendirilgen instituttargha jәne qorqynyshqa negizdelgen biylik modelining de kýireuin bildirdi. Erli-zayyptylar jyldar boyy «úly kósem» men «últ anasy» degen qatesiz miftermen qoldau tapqan qatang bir betkey biylik qúrylymynyng ortalyghynda túrdy. Halyq búl mifterdi joyghan kezde, jýie birneshe kýn ishinde kýiredi.

22 jeltoqsan qaytyp oralmaytyn nýkteni belgiledi: ondaghan jyldar boyy eldi biylep kelgen qorqynysh ashu men tabandylyqqa úlasty. Buharestten qashu óz shyndyghynan qashudy bildirdi - biylik bekinisi retinde salynghan memleketting eshqanday qoldausyz vakuumgha ainalghanyn týsinu. Rumyniya revolusiyasy kórsetkendey, tipti eng qatygez rejim de senim negizi joyylghan kezde qúlaydy - ýkimet pen halyq arasyndaghy, kóshbasshy men olar qúrghan jýie arasyndaghy baylanys.

Biraq sonymen birge, kóptegen posttotalitarlyq qoghamdar ýshin ózekti ashyq súraqtar qaldyrdy: qorqynysh múrasyn qalay jenuge bolady? Eski qatelikterdi qaytalamay jana jýie qúru mýmkin be? Biylikting qaytadan otbasylyq menshikke ainaluyna qalay jol bermeuge bolady? Býgin, sol oqighalardan 36 jyl ótken son, Rumyniya ótkendi qayta qarastyrudy jalghastyruda. Biraq 1989 jylghy 22 jeltoqsannyng berer sabaghy ózgerissiz qalady: halyq qoryqpasa, tipti eng kýshti diktaturany da joya alady.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov

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