Tarihy jadtaghy kóshpendilerding beynesi әskery joryqtar men qatal biylikpen tyghyz baylanysty. Syrtqy kelbetining artynda jeke kýtimge qatysty normalardy qosa alghanda, ózindik normalarmen basqarylatyn qarapayym ómir jatty. Qyzyghy, kóshpeli gigiyena әdetteri kóbinese europalyq jәne ejelgi orys әdet-ghúryptaryna qaraghanda útymdy bolyp kórindi. Dala ómirining keybir bólshekteri orys kýndelikti ómirine engizilip, tazalyq turaly qalyptasqan týsinikterdi ózgertti.

Kóshpendiler ýshin gigiyenalyq normalardy saqtau tek rәsimder ghana emes, ómir sýruding qúraly boldy. Eske týsiriniz: sheksiz dalalar, úzyn joryqtar, tar kiyiz ýiler jәne tapshy su qory. Múnday jaghdayda kez kelgen epiydemiya nemese lastanghan su kózi tútas taypany joyyp jiberui mýmkin edi.

Sondyqtan tazalyq erejeleri jay ghana saqtalghan joq, olar zangha ainaldy. Búl standarttar Shynghys hannyng tyiym salular men jazalardy anyq kórsetken erejeler jinaghy Yasagha engizildi. Kóshpendiler tazalyqtyng eki dengeyin ajyratty: rәsimdik jәne fizikalyq. Olardyng әdet-ghúryptary tanqalarlyqtay qatal boldy.

Su tasqyny kezinde kiyim juugha nemese ózenderde shomylugha tyiym salyndy - búl sudy aramdau bolyp sanaldy. Dәret alu ýshin tek ydystarda әkelingen su ghana paydalanyldy. Dala tirshiligining qasiyetti negizi - otty aramdaugha tyiym salyndy: oshaqqa týkiruge jәne qoqys tastaugha tyiym salyndy. Búl erejelerdi búzu qatang jazalandy, keyde ólimmen ayaqtaldy. Altyn Ordagha kelgen europalyq sayahatshylar búl tәrtipke jii tanghalatyn.

Olar búl memleketting jergilikti túrghyndary tamaqtanar aldynda әrqashan qoldaryn juatynyn jәne ortaq taghamgha alaqandaryy tiygizbeytinin, arnayy pyshaqtardy paydalanbaytynyn nemese et kesekterin sausaqtarynyng úshymen úqypty ústamaytynyn atap ótti. Sol dәuirdegi europalyq әdet-ghúryptardyng ayasynda búl úqyptylyqtyng ýlgisi siyaqty kórindi.

Kóshpendilerding «bu kiyiz ýii» bolghan. Kiyiz ýiding ortasynda ot jaghylghan. Ýlken, tegis tastar - әdette ózen tastary nemese jarylmaghan tastar - onyng ýstine qyzdyrylghan. Olar joghary temperaturagha deyin qyzdyrylghan (azdap jarqyray bastaghansha). Tastar dayyn bolghan kezde, olardy ydysqa (aghash ydysqa nemese bylgharymen qaptalghan jerdegi shúnqyrgha) auystyrghan.

Sodan keyin ystyq tastargha su qúiylghan. Búl birden qoi, ystyq bu payda bolghan. Keyde sudyng ornyna qymyz qoldanylghan, búl bugha erekshe hosh iyis bergen jәne anyz boyynsha onyng emdik әserin kýsheytken. Adamdar bu kózining janynda otyryp, jyludy saqtau ýshin kiyiz nemese qalyng matamen jauyp túrghan. Ystyq, ylghaldy aua terining tesikterin ashyp, lastanudy júmsartyp, terleudi kýsheytken.

Kóshpendiler bulanghannan keyin jyly sumen juynyp, denelerin qoldarymen, kiyiz bólikterimen nemese dóreki matamen qatty uqalaghan. Keyde olar jel men suyqtan qorghanu ýshin terilerine qymyz nemese januar maylaryn jaghyp otyrghan. Aqsýiekter men әskery kósemder ýshin portativti monshalar — shatyrlar — vagondarmen tasymaldanatyn.

Qarapayym jauyngerler men malshylar qúrghaq juumen jәne kiyiz nemese bylghary bólikterimen sýrtumen ghana shekteletin. Búl әdis sudyng qatty tapshylyghy kezinde tazalyqty saqtaugha kómektesti. Kóshpendiler arasynda qauymdyq dәret alu jәne keyingi toy senimdi nyghaytatyn rәsim retinde qyzmet etti. Osylaysha, monsha juynatyn oryn emes, kelissózder men jaqsy niyetterdi kórsetu ornyna ainaldy.

Altyn Orda Reseyge kýndelikti jeke kýtimdi ózgertken iydeyalardy ghana emes, sonymen qatar naqty zattardy da әkeldi. Monghol shapqynshylyghyna deyin orystar kóbinese silti men shóp túnbalarymen juynatyn. Joghary sapasymen erekshelenetin qatty sabyndar men hosh iyisti zattar Shyghystan importtala bastady. Búl tauarlar gigiyenany jenildetip, jaghymdy etetindikten tez tanymal boldy. Mongholdar arasynda keng taralghan terini qorghau tәjiriybesi de qyzyqty bolyp shyqty. Olar denelerin qymyzben nemese maymen maylady. Osylaysha, dala bilimi basqa ortada jana ómir tapty.

«Orda tis shetkasy» erekshe tanymal boldy. Kópshilikke tanymal әngimelerde keyde ony arab misvakyna úqsas shaynalghan bútaq retinde sipattaydy. Biraq arheologiya basqasha, dәlirek suret salady: Altyn Ordada (XIII-XIV ghasyrlar) tisterdi tazalau ýshin qylshyqtary salynghan sýiek shetkalary qoldanylghan. Onyng sýiekten jasalghan sopaqsha saby (әdette fibula) bolghan.

Úshynda tesikteri bar júmyr basy bolghan, oghan januarlardyng jýninen jasalghan qylshyqtar shoghyry salynghan. Búiymnyng jalpy úzyndyghy shamamen 21 sm-ge jetken. Keyde sabynyng ilmek tәrizdi iyilui bolghan: ony tek tisterdi tazalau ýshin ghana emes, sonymen qatar qúlaq balauyzyn ketiru nemese tyrnaqtardy tazalau ýshin de paydalanugha bolatyn.

Altyn Ordanyng orys gigiyenalyq dәstýrlerine әseri revolusiyalyq bolghan joq, biraq ol tereng jәne jýieli boldy. Ol jergilikti әdet-ghúryptardy joyghan joq, kerisinshe, olardy jana tәsildermen tolyqtyrdy jәne tazalyq turaly týsinikti ózgertti. Ordada úzaq uaqyt túrghan nemese onyng elshilerimen kezdesken orys aqsýiekteri bir manyzdy bólshekti atap ótti: úqypty syrtqy kelbet joghary tap mәrtebesi men bilim dengeyining belgisi boldy.

Búl olardy syrtqy kelbetine jәne kýndelikti әdetterine múqiyat nazar audarugha mәjbýr etti. Birtindep tazalyq taza gigiyenalyq qajettilikten asyp, mәdeny talghampazdyq pen ishki úiymdasudyng belgisine ainaldy. Resey kóshpendilerden qabyldaghannyng mәni naqty әdister nemese reseptter salasynda emes edi. Negizgi mәsele basqa nәrsede boldy: tazalyq tek resmy rәsim emes, ómirding negizgi negizi ekenin týsinu.

Eki әlem arasyndaghy mәdeny aiyrmashylyqtargha qaramastan, kýndelikti tәjiriybe almasu óte túraqty jәne ýzdiksiz bolyp shyqty. Al qalyptasqan tarihy týsinikterge qayshy, europalyq kórshilerinen aiyrmashylyghy, dala jaulap alushylary ónegelik rol oinady.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

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