Ár qanday halyq óz últynyng atauynyng ne maghyna beretininbiluge mindetti. Sol qatarda qazaq halqy da bar, últtyq atauymyz qazaq atauy qoldanysta bolghaly 600 jylgha tayady, alayda qazaq ne degen sóz?

Belgili týrkolog, monghol tanushy Nәpil Bәzilqan óz súhbatynda qazaq sózin arbamen baylanystyrghan eken, әriyne kelisetin jeri de bar, biraq qosa keterimiz de bar.

Kóshpendiler ýshin arba óte manyzdy ról atqarady, dýniye-mýlkin arbagha basyp alyp, kóship jýredi, soghys oljalaryn tasyghanda da ýlken ról atqarady. Ejelgi qanghar (Qanly) taypasynyng eldik atauy da osy arba sózinen shyqqan, ol turaly «Oghyznamada» bayandalady (Ábilghazy Bahadýr han. Týrik shejiresi). Demek qangha - arba degen sóz, arba sózi qazaq tiline parsy tilinen kirgen kirme sóz. Keyingi tarihta Mongholiya, Sibiriya, Qazaq dalasyndaghy kóshpendi týrik taypalary telek (铁勒 te r lek), terlik dep atalady, terlik syanby tilinde arba degen sóz, týrik tildes kóshpendiler arbalylar atandy (keyingi Hani әuletining kitaby, 90-tarau, «Uhuani men Syanibeyding bayany»). Al olardyng arbasynyng donghalaghy biyik bolghandyqtan Handikter olardy 高车(gaoche) yaghni, biyik arbalylar dep atady. Olar 545 jyly Bumyn qaghan bastaghan týrikterge baghyndy, týrik soghdy tilinde dulygha degen sóz, al olardyng aqsýiek taypasy Ashyna ( A qytaysha qúrmet sózi, oghan qosarlanghan shyna nemese shyno sózi mongholsha qasqyr nemese bóri degen sóz) bolatyn. Onan keyingi qaghanat atauy úighúr ol bolsa birigu, úiysu degen sóz.

Qazaq sózine tórkindes kóne týrik sózi bolsa ol qazqanu degen sóz, Tónykók bitiktasynda bylay jazylghan: «Elteris qaghan qazghanmasar ioq erti, esire ben ózým bilge Túi-Úqúq qazghanmasar ben ioq ertim» (Qarjaubay Sartqoja. Orhon eskeritkishterining tolyq atlasy. 451 bet.). Búndaghy qazghanu sózin búrynghy týrkologtar kýresu dep audarsa, Qarjaubay Sartqojaúly iyelik etu dep audarypty, alayda ol zamanda qazaq etnos retinde de, sayasiy-әleumettik top retinde de jaryqqa shyqpaghan. Týrik qaghanaty zamanynda belgili qazaq rulary bolsa olar: Bayyrqy (Barqy), Tólengit, Berish, Sebek, Chek (Shekti), Chumuken (Shómekey?), Adayz (Aday). Odan ózge taypalar tegi ol kezde ómir sýrgenimen, qazirgi atauymen aty shyqpaghan.

Al 13-14 ghasyrlarda qazaq atauy sayasiy-әleumettik toptyng aty retinde shygha bastaghan. Monghol dәuirinde Shynghys qaghannyng manynda kóptegen qazaq rulary qazirgi atauymen tarihta qaldy. Alayda olar 1206 jyly monghol imperiyasynyng qúryluyna ilese monghol atandy, anyghyn aitsaq monghol men moghol sózi bir sóz, 16 ghasyrgha deyin Mogholstanda qazaqtyng bir bólim taypalary monghol yaghni, moghol atanyp keldi. Osy Mogholstanda memleketik qyzmetkerlerdi alban ataghany belgili, alban degen taypa aty osydan shyqqan boluy mýmkin.

Al endi monghol tilinde qazaq ne maghyna beredi? Jauap - arba, arba bolghanda ýstine kiyiz ýy tigilgen, 10-40 ógiz sýirep jýretin jyljymaly ýi, ony mongholdar qasaq tergýn yaghni, qazaq arba degen. Ayta keterligi qonyrat, qoralas, ýisin, jalayyrlardy dәrlekin mogholdar degen, ol arbaly moghol degen sózding basqasha aityluy boluy mýmkin. Shynghys qaghannyng toghyz jasynda әkesi IYesukey ony naghashy júrtyn aralatyp qalyndyq izdegen kezde qonyrat Day sheshen jolyghyp bylay degen eken:

Ba qonyrat irgen, (Bar qonyrat elinde)

Erteu dúrys jiygeiyin. (Erteden dúrys jiyeni)

Jesun, ókin,óngiden (Kelisti qyzy óndi)

Úlysy óle temiset,(Úlysta talas joq)

Qasa óngi ókiindi, (Qas óndi qyzdardy)

Qaghan bolyqsan taniy,( Qaghan bolghan sizge)

Qasaq tergýn dýr,únaunlyju ( Qasaq arbagha otyrghyzyp)

Qara bura kelgiju, (Qara bura keltirip)

Qatarlauynly ótiju.(Qatarlata ótkizip)

Qatún sәuleng qantu saulumo (Qatún orynynda birge qamtimyz)(Mongholdyng qúpiya shejiresi. 1- tarau. 64 bólik). Mongholdyng qúpiya shejiresining bizge jetken núsqasy qytay iyerogliyfimen kóne monghol tilinde jazylghan, onda qasaq degen sózdi 合撒黑( ha sa hei) dep tanbalaghan. Monghol imperiyasy dәuirinde de osy kýimeli arba jii aitylady. Plano Karpiny de monghol-tatarlardyng baspanasy turaly aitqanda: «Keybir shatyrdy arbagha tigedi, kishileuin bir ógiz, al keybireuin birneshe ógiz tipti odanda kóp ógiz sýireydi, soghysta da osy baspanalaryn alyp jýredi»( Karpiniyding shyghysqa sapar esteligi. 1- tarau) - deydi.

14 ghasyrda Joshy úlysynyng gýldengen kezinde qasaq arba saltanaty tipti, aiyryqsha bolghan. 1334 jyly Qyrymda jane Edil-Jәiiqta bolghan Ibn bәtutә qasaq arba turaly bylay deydi: «Orda dep atalatyn stavka keldi, biz túrghyndarymen birge jyljyp bara jatqan ýlken qalany kórdik. Múnda bazarlar, meshitter bar eken, dala ashanasynyng týtini aspangha kóterilip, auamen úlasyp jatyr. Olar arnayy dala ashanasyn tasityn arbalarda jol jýrip bara jatyp as pisire beredi. Ayaldaytyn jerge kelgende ony (ýidi) arbadan onay týsiriletin bolghandyqtan jerge týsirip qoyady» (Ibn Bәtutә).

Al 15-16 ghasyr derekterinde qazaqylyq degen sóz japan dalagha ketip qiyndyq kórudi aitqan. Mysaly Babyr ózining Ferghanadan aiyrylyp neshe jyldar boyy iyeliksiz, jeke qalasy joq bolyp tentirep jýrgen kýnderi turaly bylay aitady: «Jýnis hannyng ekinshi qyzy mening sheshem - Qútylyq Nigar hanym edi, qazaqylyq jane sergeldeng kýnderde negizinen menimen birge boldy»( Babyrnama. 18- bet).

Qazaq atauynyng etnostyq ataugha ainaluy 15 ghasyrdyng ortasy, ol turaly Múhammed Haydar Dulati: «Ábilqayyr han qaytys bolghan song ózbekterding úlysynda alauyzdyq payda boldy. Ár kim óz mýmkindikterine qaray hauypsyz әri dúrys ómir sýru ýshin Kerey han men Jәnibek handy panalady, olar osylaysha kýshin nyghaytty. Basynda óstip elden qashyp, olardan bólinip- jarylyp qalyp, biraz uaqyt sergeldende bolghandyqtan olardy «qazaq» - dep atady, búl laqap at qazaqtargha osylay tanyldy (Tarihy Rashidi. 515 bet).

Búl derek boyynsha da qazaq sózi sergeldeng ómir sýru turaly bolyp túr. Ol turaly Shәibәn әuletteri turaly kitaptarda da osylay aitylady: «Qazaqylyq zamanda hanmen (Ábilqayyr han) birge qylysh shapqandar: Yahup Qoja, Iusuf qoja, Qaraqamshy Bahyram Qoja, týmen mynbegilerinen Qylyshbay bahadýr, Bórji qaradәulet qoja bahadýr, úighyr Yabghu men Yahshy qoja, dýrmen Inka qoja men Imadúq. Tubey týmennen Dәruish bahadýr, ýishunnen (ýisinnen) Sheyh Múhammed bahadýr, Qúdaghay, Osman bahadýr, qonyrattan Ianaq Alghy Qoja, onyng inisi Úrúsh bahadýr». (Tariyh- I- Guziday- I- Nýsiratname).

Demek qazaq sózi qalalarda emes, saharada jýrip ómir sýru, kóshpendi ómir sýru degenmen qatysty, týbiri – qas, qas degen qasarysu, qaytpau, shydau degenge keledi.

Bizben qatar Altyn Ordanyng batys tarapynda da qazaq atalghan әleumettik-әskery top bolghan, olarda qazaqtar siyaqty dalada ómir sýretinder bolghan.

Kazaktar turaly alghashqy halyqaralyq derekting biri 1492 jyly Qyrym hany I Menligerey Litvanyng Úly Gersogi Aleksandr Yagellongha Kiyev pen Cherkasskiyden kelgen kazaktar Qyrym tatarlarynyng kemesin tonady dep habarlaghan kezde aitylady: «Gersog ózining «ukraindik» (shekara jerin bildiredi) dep aitady, sheneunikter olardy tergep, kinәlilerdi jazalap, hangha layyqty jauap berdi) - deydi (Hrushevsky, M. (2003). Illustrated History of Ukraine. Donetsk: BAO. ISBN 966-548-571-7.). Bir kezderi yaghny HÝI ghasyrda Kiliya manyndaghy kazaktar turaly aitylymdar bar eski ukrainalyq Holota turaly ballada payda boldy (21. Plokhy, Serhii (2015). The gates of Europe: a history of Ukraine. Basic. ISBN 978-1-5416-7564-3. OCLC 1333156632).

Zertteushi Putkov ózining «kazak» atauy atty maqalasynda: «Gruziya aimaghynda 1480 jyldardan beri kóship jýrgender bizge kazak atymen belgili», - deydi.

Orys tarihshysy Karamziyn: «1480 jyly Altyn Ordanyng songhy hany Ahmetke Shibandyq Ibaq 100 myng kazakpen shabuyl jasady, noghaylyq Janbyrshy myrza 15 myng kazakpen shabuyl jasap Ahmet handy óltirdi», - deydi. Búndaghy kazak kimder? Kóshpendi erkin halyqtardy aityp otyrghany anyq, búghan keyingi bizding qazaq pen kazaktardyng da qatysy bar ekenin joqqa shygharugha bolmaydy (22. Duma pro kozaka Golotu – Narodni dumy (Ballad about Cossack Holota). ukrlib.com.ua. National ballads (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.).

16 ghasyrdyng basynda qazaqtardyng ómiri men tirshiligi turaly jaqsy mәlimetter qaldyrghan Rozbihan Isfahany bylay dep jazady:

«Osy rulardyn bәrinde qadirli handar óte kóp: Shynghys-han úrpaqtarynyng úly jәne ataqty adamdaryn әrbir ru súltan dep ataydy, yaghny olar baghynatyn eng úly basshysyn han dep ataydy. Bir sózben, barlyq qazaqtar Shynghysannyng úlysy bolyp tabylady. Olardyng handary men súltandary Shynghys-hannyng úrpaqtary nemese han әmirshining arghy atalary bolyp keletin Shiban úrpaghynan jәne olardyng arasynda tuystyq bar... Kelesi kýni úly mәrtebeli han (Múhammed Shәibәni) Mәuerannahr men Horasan ýlemderine búiryq berdi. Ol qazaqtar búdqa tabynushylar dedi. Ýlemder qazaqtardan dinge senbeushilik shyghatynyn bilip, mynanday núsqau shyghardy: «Belgili bolghanday qazaqtar dinsiz bolsa, onda olarmen soghysushylardyng әr qayyssyn dinnen bezgendermen soghysqany ýshin si- qúrmetke ie bolady», - dedi... Senimdi adamdardyng aituynsha olardyng ýileri arba formasynda jasalghan, ýlken aspan tәrizdi ýiler ýlken arbalargha qoyylghan. Týieler men jylqylar osy arbalardy bir túraqtan ekinshi túraqqa sýirep jetkizedi... Árbir osynday ýy arbada bir janúya túrady. Ýitkeni qazaqtardyng kedeyining ózinde myndaghan jylqy, týie, qoy bar... Olardyng әrqayyssysy synalghan jaujýrekter, shәiqas kezinde olardyng biri jaudyng onyn joyady» (Rozbihan Isfahani. Búhara qonaghynyng esteligi).

Búnda qazaqtardyng kóshpendi ómir sýrip, qasaq arbamen jýrgeni aitylghan, bir ghajaby osy qazaq halqynyng salt-sanasy 13 ghasyrdaghy monghol-tatarlarmen býkildey úqsastyghynda, keyingi kirgen islamgha baylanysty azdaghan ózgeristerge qaramastan 20 ghasyrdyng basyna deyin sol týrki-mongholdyng saltyn saqtap keldi. Osy derekke negizdelip qazaq sózining qasaq arbamen qatysy bar ma dep boljaugha da bolady, óitkeni Ábilqayyrdan bólingen Kerey men Jәnibek eshqanday qalasyz ómir sýrdi, olar qasaq arbamen ómir sýrgeninde dau joq! Olar qassaq arbamen jýretin bolghandyqtan qasaq atyn aldy desek qatelespeymiz, óitkeni qasaq sózi bastapta qazaq handyghynyng biyleushilerine tanylghan laqap, onan keyin baryp birte-birte olardyng tóniregine toptalghan elding ortaq atauyna ainalghan siyaqty.

Búghan qosymsha qazaqpen kórshi oirat mongholdary qazaqtardy - Hasag dep ataghan, kópshesi hasagud. 18 ghasyrda Manchjur imperiyasy qazaqtar turaly osy oirat-jonghar memleketi arqyly bilip olardyng atauy boyynsha olarda bizdi hasag dep hattady. Ony qytay iyeroglifymen 哈萨克 Ha sa ke dep jazdy, qazirge deyin qytaylar qazaqty osylay atauda. Ol ghana emes Europa kartalaryndada kassak tatar atalghamyz.

Taghy bir týiin:

Joshy, Shaghatay úlystarynyng biyleushileri 13 ghasyrdyng ortasynan bastap kóbinde qalalarda túrdy, әriyne jazda jaylaugha da shyqqandaryn joqqa shyghara almaymyz. Sondyqtan olar taza kóshpendi әri әskery qúrlymdardy qazaq ataghan, orys kazaktarynyng da, bizding de atauymyz sodan! Óitkeni qazaq handyghy qúrylghan alghashqy kezderde millionnan asa halyqta 300 myng jauyngerding boluy joghary dәrejede әskeriylengen әleumettik qúrlym ekenin kóruge bolady. Salyq tapsyrmay, tek әskery mindet óteytin halyq 17 ghasyrgha deyin osy qazaq arbamen jýrgen siyaqty. Al qalada túratyn aqsýiekter onyng ózin qiyndyq kórip týzde jýru, qazaq arbada túryp qazaqylyq ómir sýru dep qaraghan desek dúrys siyaqty.

Al qasaq sózi kóne monghol sózi, al 15 ghasyrdaghy Shәibәn әuletinde monghol tili әli úmytylmaghanyn Ábilghazy da jazdy, onda qos tildi Joshy әuletining Shәibәn tarmaghy Toqaytemir әuletin arbamen kóshetinder dep mogholsha qasaq atauy tabighiy.

Erzat Kәribay

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