Patshalyq Resey qazaq jerin qalay otarlady?
Qazaq handyghy XV ghasyrda (Jәnibek pen Kerey handar) qúrylghan. XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda Jonghar (qalmaq) shapqynshylyghynan qatty qysym kórgen qazaqtar Reseyden kómek súrady. 1731 j. Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyr Resey patshayymy Anna Ioannovnagha ant berdi (qorghau kelisimi). 1740 j. Orta jýzding bir bóligi (Ábilmәmbet han) da baghyndy. Úly jýz keyinirek, XIX ghasyrdyng ortasynda (1840–1860 jj.) tolyq baghyndyryldy. Resey aldymen «qorghaushy» retinde keldi, biraq birtindep handyqtyng ishki isine aralasyp, 1822–1824 jj. Kishi jәne Orta jýzde han biyligin joydy. 1868 j. «Dala ólkesi» turaly Uaqytsha ereje shyghyp, qazaqtar tolyq otarlyq basqarugha kóshti. 1880-jyldary Týrkistan general-gubernatorlyghy men Dala ólkesi qúryldy. Osylaysha Qazaq handyghy tarih sahnasynan mәngi ketti.
Qanday aila-tәsilder qoldanyldy? Resey klassikalyq otarshyldyq «bólip-jar da biyley ber» sayasatyn paydalandy: 1. «Qorghau» syltauy – Jonghardan, keyin Qoqan men Búharadan qorghaymyz dep, qazaq handarynan ant alyp, birtindep óz әskerin ornalastyrdy. 2. Bólip-jaru – Jýzder men rular arasynda arazdyq tudyrdy, bәsekeles handardy qoldady. 3. Qamal-bekinister jelisi – Orynbor, Semey, Óskemen, Vernyy (Almaty), Aqmola siyaqty bekinister salyp, qazaq jerin ishinen baqylap otyrdy. Olargha orys kazaktaryn qonystandyrdy. 4. Jerdi tartyp alu – Qazaqtyng kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghyna qajet jayylymdardy «bos jer» dep jariyalap, orys sharualaryna berdi (1860–1917 jj. 5 millionnan astam orys qonystandy). 5. Ákimshilik reforma – Handyqty joyyp, orys zandaryn engizdi, qazaqtardy «kishigirim halyq» dep sanap, ózin-ózi basqaru qúqyghynan aiyrdy. Qazaq qalay orystyng otaryna ainaldy? Aldymen «vassal» (tәueldi odaqtas) boldy, keyin zang jýzinde Reseyding «ishki provinsiyasyna» ainaldy. 19 ghasyrdyng sonynda qazaq dalasy eki otarlyq ólkege bólindi: Dala ólkesi (soltýstik-shyghys) jәne Týrkistan ólkesi (ontýstik). Qazaqtar endi «tuzemdik» (jergilikti) halyq retinde salyq tóleushi, mal berushi jәne enbek kýshi ghana boldy.
Otarlyq qasiretter Qazaq halqy auyr zardap shekti: Jer men maldyng joghaluy – Jayylymdardyng 40%-y tartyp alyndy. Mal sany kýrt azayyp, jút pen asharshylyq jiyiledi. • Auyr salyq pen mindetkerlik – Jer salyghy, mal salyghy, jol salyghy, әskery mindetkerlik. 1916 j. Orta Aziya kóterilisi (qazaqtardyng ýlken bóligi) qatygezdikpen basyldy: 100 mynnan astam qazaq óltirildi nemese qashyp ketti.
Kóterilisterding qandy basyluy – Kenesary Qasymov (1837–1847), Isatay Taymanov (1836–1838), 1916 jylghy kóterilister – bәri de myndaghan adamnyng ómirin qidy. • Mәdeny jәne diny qysym – Islam meshitteri shekteldi, orys mektepteri ashyldy, qazaq tili men dәstýri yghystyryldy.
Ekonomikalyq qanau – Qazaq jerining baylyghy (biday, mal, keyin múnay, kómir) Reseyge aghyzyldy, al qazaqtar kedeylendi. Nәtiyjesinde XIX ghasyrdyng ayaghynda qazaqtar óz jerinde azshylyqqa ainala bastady. Búl qasiret Kenes dәuirinde (1931–1933 asharshylyq – 1,5 milliongha juyq qazaqtyng ólimi) jalghasty, biraq ol Resey imperiyasynyng otarlau sayasatynyng tikeley jalghasy boldy. Qysqasy, Resey qazaq handyghyn әsker men diplomatiyanyng qosarly kýshimen, aldau men kýshpen joydy. Qazaq dalasy «bos jer» dep jariyalanyp, otargha ainaldy. Búl – qazaq tarihyndaghy eng auyr kezenderding biri.
Abai.kz
Qazaq handyghy XV ghasyrda (Jәnibek pen Kerey handar) qúrylghan. XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda Jonghar (qalmaq) shapqynshylyghynan qatty qysym kórgen qazaqtar Reseyden kómek súrady. 1731 j. Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyr Resey patshayymy Anna Ioannovnagha ant berdi (qorghau kelisimi). 1740 j. Orta jýzding bir bóligi (Ábilmәmbet han) da baghyndy. Úly jýz keyinirek, XIX ghasyrdyng ortasynda (1840–1860 jj.) tolyq baghyndyryldy. Resey aldymen «qorghaushy» retinde keldi, biraq birtindep handyqtyng ishki isine aralasyp, 1822–1824 jj. Kishi jәne Orta jýzde han biyligin joydy. 1868 j. «Dala ólkesi» turaly Uaqytsha ereje shyghyp, qazaqtar tolyq otarlyq basqarugha kóshti. 1880-jyldary Týrkistan general-gubernatorlyghy men Dala ólkesi qúryldy. Osylaysha Qazaq handyghy tarih sahnasynan mәngi ketti.
Qanday aila-tәsilder qoldanyldy? Resey klassikalyq otarshyldyq «bólip-jar da biyley ber» sayasatyn paydalandy: 1. «Qorghau» syltauy – Jonghardan, keyin Qoqan men Búharadan qorghaymyz dep, qazaq handarynan ant alyp, birtindep óz әskerin ornalastyrdy. 2. Bólip-jaru – Jýzder men rular arasynda arazdyq tudyrdy, bәsekeles handardy qoldady. 3. Qamal-bekinister jelisi – Orynbor, Semey, Óskemen, Vernyy (Almaty), Aqmola siyaqty bekinister salyp, qazaq jerin ishinen baqylap otyrdy. Olargha orys kazaktaryn qonystandyrdy. 4. Jerdi tartyp alu – Qazaqtyng kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghyna qajet jayylymdardy «bos jer» dep jariyalap, orys sharualaryna berdi (1860–1917 jj. 5 millionnan astam orys qonystandy). 5. Ákimshilik reforma – Handyqty joyyp, orys zandaryn engizdi, qazaqtardy «kishigirim halyq» dep sanap, ózin-ózi basqaru qúqyghynan aiyrdy. Qazaq qalay orystyng otaryna ainaldy? Aldymen «vassal» (tәueldi odaqtas) boldy, keyin zang jýzinde Reseyding «ishki provinsiyasyna» ainaldy. 19 ghasyrdyng sonynda qazaq dalasy eki otarlyq ólkege bólindi: Dala ólkesi (soltýstik-shyghys) jәne Týrkistan ólkesi (ontýstik). Qazaqtar endi «tuzemdik» (jergilikti) halyq retinde salyq tóleushi, mal berushi jәne enbek kýshi ghana boldy.
Otarlyq qasiretter Qazaq halqy auyr zardap shekti: Jer men maldyng joghaluy – Jayylymdardyng 40%-y tartyp alyndy. Mal sany kýrt azayyp, jút pen asharshylyq jiyiledi. • Auyr salyq pen mindetkerlik – Jer salyghy, mal salyghy, jol salyghy, әskery mindetkerlik. 1916 j. Orta Aziya kóterilisi (qazaqtardyng ýlken bóligi) qatygezdikpen basyldy: 100 mynnan astam qazaq óltirildi nemese qashyp ketti.
Kóterilisterding qandy basyluy – Kenesary Qasymov (1837–1847), Isatay Taymanov (1836–1838), 1916 jylghy kóterilister – bәri de myndaghan adamnyng ómirin qidy. • Mәdeny jәne diny qysym – Islam meshitteri shekteldi, orys mektepteri ashyldy, qazaq tili men dәstýri yghystyryldy.
Ekonomikalyq qanau – Qazaq jerining baylyghy (biday, mal, keyin múnay, kómir) Reseyge aghyzyldy, al qazaqtar kedeylendi. Nәtiyjesinde XIX ghasyrdyng ayaghynda qazaqtar óz jerinde azshylyqqa ainala bastady. Búl qasiret Kenes dәuirinde (1931–1933 asharshylyq – 1,5 milliongha juyq qazaqtyng ólimi) jalghasty, biraq ol Resey imperiyasynyng otarlau sayasatynyng tikeley jalghasy boldy. Qysqasy, Resey qazaq handyghyn әsker men diplomatiyanyng qosarly kýshimen, aldau men kýshpen joydy. Qazaq dalasy «bos jer» dep jariyalanyp, otargha ainaldy. Búl – qazaq tarihyndaghy eng auyr kezenderding biri.
Abai.kz
