HH ghasyrdyng eng qandy әri eng júmbaq qaqtyghystarynyng biri – Vietnam soghysy. Búl soghys tarihta tek maydan dalasyndaghy shayqastarymen ghana emes, qúpiya qyzmetterding kólenkede jýrgizgen operasiyalarymen de erekshe oryn aldy.

1955 jyldan 1975 jylgha deyin sozylghan búl qaqtyghys kezinde әlemning eki iri iydeologiyalyq jýiesi – kapitalizm men kommunizm – Ontýstik-Shyghys Aziyanyng shaghyn ghana memleketinde ózara teketireske týsti. Alayda resmy әskery qimyldardyng ar jaghynda kópshilikke úzaq jyldar boyy týsiniksiz bolyp kelgen arnayy operasiyalar jýzege asyryldy. Olardyng keybiri ondaghan jyl ótken song ghana qúpiyasyzdandyrylyp, әlem júrtshylyghynyng nazaryna úsynyldy.

Vietnam soghysynda qaru men tehnika ghana emes, aqparat, psihologiyalyq yqpal, jasyryn barlau jәne diyversiyalyq әreketter de sheshushi ról atqardy. Soghys barysynda AQSh-tyng Ortalyq barlau úiymy (CIA), arnayy jasaqtar men әskery barlau qúrylymdary kóptegen qúpiya missiyalardy iske asyrdy. Sol siyaqty Soltýstik Vietnamnyng arnayy qyzmetteri de qarsy taraptyng josparyn búzyp, kýtpegen jerden soqqy beru arqyly әskery artyqshylyqqa qol jetkizuge tyrysty.

Eng qúpiya operasiyalardyng biri – MACV-SOG baghdarlamasy edi. Osy qúrylymnyng tolyq atauy – Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group. Atauy ghylymy zertteu tobyn elestetkenimen, shyn mәninde ol AQSh armiyasynyng eng qúpiya arnayy bólimshesi edi. Onyng negizgi mindeti resmy jariyalanbaghan әskery әreketterdi úiymdastyru bolatyn. Arnayy jasaq sarbazdary Laos, Kambodja jәne Soltýstik Vietnam aumaghyna jasyryn enip, barlau jýrgizdi, baylanys jelilerin qiratty, qarsylas әskerining qozghalysyn baqylap, manyzdy nysandargha diyversiya úiymdastyrdy.

Búl operasiyalardyng ereksheligi – olardyng resmy týrde joqqa shygharyluynda edi. Eger arnayy jasaq mýsheleri qolgha týsse nemese qaza tapsa, AQSh ýkimeti olardyng búl aumaqta bolghanyn moyyndamaytyn. Sondyqtan kóptegen әskery qyzmetkerler ondaghan jyldar boyy ózderining qanday tapsyrmalar oryndaghanyn jariyalay almady.

Vietnam soghysyndaghy taghy bir asa qúpiya baghdarlama – Feniks operasiyasy (Phoenix Program). Búl baghdarlama 1967 jyly iske qosylyp, onyng maqsaty Ontýstik Vietnamdaghy astyrtyn әreket etken Vietkong úiymynyng qúrylymyn anyqtau edi. Baghdarlama ayasynda myndaghan agent tartylyp, qúpiya aqparat jinaldy, kýdiktiler ústaldy jәne qarsylas úiymynyng baylanys jýiesi búzyldy.

Degenmen búl operasiya tarihtaghy eng dauly baghdarlamasyna ainaldy. Sebebi kóptegen zertteushiler baghdarlama negizinde beybit túrghyndardyng da japa shekkenin aityp keledi. Keybir jaghdaylarda naqty dәlelsiz adamdar kýdikti retinde tanylyp, auyr tergeulerge úshyraghany turaly mәlimetter keyin arhiv qújattarynan aiqyn boldy. Osy oqighalar qazirgi halyqaralyq qúqyq túrghysynan әskery operasiyalardyng adam qúqyqtaryn saqtauy qanshalyqty manyzdy ekenin taghy bir mәrte kórsetti.

Soghystyng eng erekshe operasiyalarynyng qatarynda Igloo White jobasy da bar. Degenmen, búl – tehnologiyalyq túrghydan óz dәuirinen ozyq jýie edi. AQSh әskeri djungly ishine myndaghan elektrondy datchikter ornalastyryp, Soltýstik Vietnam әskeri paydalanghan әigili Ho Shy Min soqpaghy arqyly ótetin jýk kolonnalarynyng qozghalysyn baqylaugha tyrysty.

Datchikter adamnyng qadamyn, kólik dirilin, qozghaltqyshtyng dybysyn jәne basqa da fizikalyq belgilerdi tirkep, alynghan aqparat úshaqtar arqyly basqaru ortalyghyna jetkiziletin. Sol kezeng ýshin búl naghyz sifrlyq barlau jýiesi sanaldy. Býginde qoldanylyp jýrgen әskery baqylau tehnologiyalarynyng bastauynda dәl osy tәjiriybeler túrghanyn kóptegen әskery sarapshylar atap ótedi.

Sonymen qatar AQSh әskeri qarsylastyng jabdyqtau joldaryn toqtatu maqsatynda qúpiya әue operasiyalaryn da jýzege asyrdy. Resmy týrde beytarap sanalatyn Laos pen Kambodja aumaqtaryna jýzdegen qúpiya әue shabuyldary jasaldy. Búl missiyalar úzaq uaqyt boyy qúpiya saqtalyp keldi. Keyin arhiv materialdary jariyalanghan kezde ghana olardyng kólemi men auqymy aiqyn boldy. Osy operasiyalar halyqaralyq sayasatta ýlken pikirtalas tughyzyp, soghys kezinde beytarap memleketterding aumaghyn paydalanu jaghdayyn qayta qaraugha sebep boldy.

Al Soltýstik Vietnamnyng arnayy qyzmetteri de qarsylasynan kem týsken joq. Olar úzaq jyldar boyy agentter jelisin qalyptastyryp, Ontýstik Vietnam biyligine jәne amerikalyq әskery qúrylymdargha aqparat jetkizip otyrdy. Keybir agentter birneshe jyl boyy әshkerelenbey qyzmet atqarghan. Osynday barlau júmystarynyng arqasynda Soltýstik Vietnam kóptegen amerikalyq operasiyalardyng jospary turaly aldyn ala habardar bolyp otyrghany keyin aiqyn boldy.

Álem tarihyndaghy eng tanymal tynshylardyng biri sanalatyn Fam Suan An osy kezende erekshe nazar audardy. Ol halyqaralyq jurnalist retinde júmys istey jýrip, Soltýstik Vietnamnyng barlau qyzmetine asa qúndy mәlimetter jibergen. Onyng qyzmeti soghys ayaqtalghannan keyin ghana tolyq ashyldy. Kóptegen әskery tarihshylar onyng bergen aqparattary Soltýstik Vietnam basshylyghynyng strategiyalyq sheshim qabyldauyna aitarlyqtay yqpal etkenin jazady.

Qúpiya operasiyalardyng taghy bir әdisi psihologiyalyq soghys boldy. AQSh әskeri qarsylastyng ruhyn týsiru maqsatynda radio habarlaryn taratyp, ýnparaqtar shashyp, týrli aqparattyq nauqandar úiymdastyrdy. Keybir arnayy bólimsheler týngi uaqytta orman ishinde erekshe dybystar shygharyp, qarsylastyng sarbazdary arasynda ýrey tughyzugha tyrysqan. Vietnam halqynyng dәstýrli nanym-senimderin eskergen múnday tәsilder psihologiyalyq qysym jasaugha baghyttaldy.

Vietnam soghysynda erekshe oryn alghan operasiyalardyng biri – tunnelider jýiesin anyqtau jәne joi әreketteri. Vietkong jýzdegen shaqyrymgha sozylghan jer asty dәlizderin saldy. Búl tunnelider arqyly qaru-jaraq tasymaldanyp, әskery shtabtar men auruhanalar ornalastyryldy. Amerikalyq arnayy bólimshelerding «Tunnel Rats» atalghan shaghyn jasaqtary osy jer asty joldaryna kirip, olardy barlap shyghugha mәjbýr edi. Alayda, búl asa qauipti mindetterding biri sanaldy, óitkeni tar dәlizderding ishinde týrli túzaqtar men kýtpegen qauipter kezdesetin.

Vietnam soghysynyng kóptegen qúpiya operasiyalary úzaq uaqyt boyy memlekettik qúpiya mәrtebesinde saqtaldy. Keybir arhivter tek HHI ghasyrda ghana zertteushilerge qoljetimdi boldy. Qújattardyng jariyalanuy nәtiyjesinde soghys tarihyna jana kózqaras qalyptasyp, búryn nazarda bolmaghan kóptegen oqighalar ghylymy ainalymgha endi. Búl derekter әskery tarihshylargha ghana emes, sayasattanushylar men halyqaralyq qatynastardy zertteushilerge de qúndy materialgha ainaldy.

Vietnam soghysy әlemge bir manyzdy sabaq qaldyrdy. Zamanauy qaqtyghystarda jenis tek qaru-jaraqtyng quatymen anyqtalmaydy. Barlau qyzmeti, aqparattyq ýstemdik, tehnologiyalyq janashyldyq, psihologiyalyq yqpal jәne qúpiya operasiyalar әskery strategiyanyng ajyramas bóligine ainaldy. Alayda múnday operasiyalardyng qúqyqtyq jәne gumanitarlyq saldary da әrdayym nazardan tys qalmauy tiyis. Keybir qúpiya missiyalar qysqa merzimdi әskery nәtiyjege jetkizgenimen, olardyng úzaq merzimdi sayasy jәne adamzattyq saldary ondaghan jyl boyy talqylanyp keledi.

Býginde Vietnam soghysynyng qúpiya operasiyalary әskery akademiyalarda, halyqaralyq qatynastar instituttarynda jәne arnayy qyzmetterding tarihyn zertteytin ghylymy ortalyqtarda jan-jaqty taldanuda. Olar qazirgi zamanghy gibridti soghystardyn, arnayy operasiyalardyng jәne aqparattyq qauipsizdik strategiyalarynyng qalyptasuyna eleuli yqpal etti. Sondyqtan Vietnamdaghy kólenkede ótken qúpiya missiyalar – tek ótkenning tarihy ghana demeyik, býgingi geosayasy әlemdi týsinuding de manyzdy kilti bolyp qala beredi.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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