(1991–2026 jyldar)

1991 jylghy Kenes Odaghynyng ydyrauy Ortalyq Aziya halyqtarynyng tarihynda jana dәuirding bastaluyna jol ashty. Qazaqstan, Ózbekstan, Qyrghyzstan, Tәjikstan jәne Týrikmenstan halyqaralyq qúqyqtyng derbes subektilerine ainalyp, ózderining tәuelsiz damu jolyn tandady. Osylaysha, ghasyrlar boyy ortaq tarihi, mәdeny jәne órkeniyettik kenistikte ómir sýrgen bes memleket jana sayasi-ekonomikalyq jaghdayda últtyq memlekettiligin qalyptastyrugha kiristi.

Otyz bes jyl – tarih ólshemimen alghanda asa úzaq kezeng emes. Alayda osy uaqyt ishinde Ortalyq Aziya memleketteri sayasy jýiesin, ekonomikalyq qúrylymyn, әleumettik qatynastaryn jәne halyqaralyq baylanystaryn týbegeyli ózgertu jolynan ótti. Býginde aimaq әlemdik geosayasat pen geoekonomikada manyzy artyp kele jatqan derbes ónir retinde tanyla bastady.

Tәuelsizdikting basty tarihy nәtiyjesi – bes memleketting óz taghdyryn ózi aiqyndau qúqyghyna ie boluy, últtyq memlekettik instituttaryn qalyptastyruy jәne halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtaghy ornyn belgileui.

Últtyq memlekettilikting qalyptasuy – tәuelsizdikting basty jetistigi

1991 jyldan keyingi alghashqy jyldar Ortalyq Aziya elderi ýshin asa kýrdeli tarihy synaq boldy. Búrynghy kenestik sharuashylyq baylanystardyng ýzilui, óndiristing qúldyrauy, әleumettik qiyndyqtar, inflyasiya jәne júmyssyzdyq jana memleketterding aldynda kýrdeli mindetter qoydy.

Soghan qaramastan, bes el ózderining memlekettik instituttaryn qalyptastyrdy, konstitusiyalaryn qabyldady, últtyq valutalaryn engizdi, memlekettik shekaralaryn aiqyndap, syrtqy sayasattyng derbes baghyttaryn belgiledi.

Qazaqstan, Ózbekstan, Qyrghyzstan, Tәjikstan jәne Týrikmenstan Birikken Últtar Úiymyna mýshe bolyp, halyqaralyq úiymdarmen baylanystaryn damytty. Búl olardyng halyqaralyq qúqyqtaghy derbes mәrtebesin nyghaytty.

Ár memleket últtyq damu erekshelikterine sәikes sayasy basqaru jýiesin qalyptastyrdy. Qazaqstan kópvektorly syrtqy sayasatqa basymdyq berse, Ózbekstan songhy jyldary ekonomikalyq ashyqtyq pen reformalardy jedeldetuge baghyt aldy. Qyrghyzstan sayasy bәsekelestik pen qoghamdyq belsendilikting ózindik ýlgisin kórsetti. Tәjikstan azamattyq soghystan keyin últtyq túraqtylyq pen memlekettilikti qalpyna keltiruge kýsh saldy. Týrikmenstan beytaraptyq mәrtebesine negizdelgen syrtqy sayasy baghytty tandady.

Áriyne, sayasy instituttardyng tiyimdiligi, azamattyq qoghamnyng damuy, qúqyq ýstemdigi jәne memlekettik basqarudyng ashyqtyghy mәseleleri әli de ózekti. Sondyqtan tәuelsiz memlekettilikting sapasyn tek egemendik belgilerimen emes, azamattardyng qúqyqtary men әl-auqaty arqyly da baghalau qajet.

Ekonomikalyq janghyru jәne últtyq damu modelideri

Otyz bes jyldaghy manyzdy ózgeristerding biri – Ortalyq Aziya memleketterining josparly ekonomikadan naryqtyq qatynastargha kóshui. Qazaqstan múnay-gaz, tau-ken, metallurgiya, kólik-logistika jәne qarjy salalaryn damytu arqyly aimaqtyng iri ekonomikalyq ortalyghyna ainaldy. Sheteldik investisiyalardy tartu, infraqúrylymdy janartu jәne halyqaralyq kólik dәlizderin qalyptastyru el ekonomikasynyng mýmkindikterin keneytti.

Ózbekstan ónerkәsipti әrtaraptandyru, auyl sharuashylyghyn janghyrtu, toqyma óndirisin damytu, energetika men infraqúrylymgha investisiya tartu baghytynda eleuli ózgerister jasady. Halyq sanynyng ósui men ishki naryqtyng keneni onyng ekonomikalyq әleuetin arttyryp otyr.

Qyrghyzstan gidroenergetika, auyl sharuashylyghy, turizm, altyn óndiru jәne qyzmet kórsetu salalaryn damytugha basymdyq berdi. Elding tabighiy-geografiyalyq erekshelikteri janartylatyn energiya kózderin damytugha mýmkindik beredi.

Tәjikstan ýshin energetika, su resurstary, gidroenergetika, aluminiy óndirisi jәne kólik infraqúrylymy strategiyalyq manyzgha iye. Elding su-energetikalyq әleueti býkil aimaqtyng ekonomikalyq bolashaghyna yqpal etetin faktorlardyng biri bolyp tabylady.

Týrikmenstan tabighy gaz qorlaryna sýiene otyryp, energetika sektoryn damytugha, gaz eksportyn keneytuge, himiya ónerkәsibi men kólik infraqúrylymyn janghyrtugha úmtyldy.

Dýniyejýzilik bankting salystyrmaly derekteri boyynsha, 2024 jyly Qazaqstannyng jalpy ishki ónimi shamamen 291,5 mlrd AQSh dollaryn, Ózbekstannyng 115 mlrd dollaryn, Týrikmenstannyng 51,4 mlrd dollaryn, Qyrghyzstannyng 17,5 mlrd dollaryn, al Tәjikstannyng 14,2 mlrd dollaryn qúrady. Búl kórsetkishter ekonomikalyq auqym jaghynan Qazaqstannyng aimaqtaghy jetekshi ornyn, al Ózbekstannyng iri әri qarqyndy damyp kele jatqan ekonomikalardyng biri ekenin kórsetedi.

Sonymen qatar 2024 jylghy naqty ekonomikalyq ósim qarqyny boyynsha Qyrghyzstan 9 payyz, Tәjikstan 8,4 payyz, Ózbekstan 6,5 payyz, Týrikmenstan 6,3 payyz, Qazaqstan 5 payyz dengeyinde boldy. Demek, ekonomikalyq kóshbasshylyqty baghalaghanda jalpy ishki ónimning kólemin ghana emes, ósu qarqynyn, jan basyna shaqqandaghy tabysty jәne halyqtyng túrmys sapasyn da eskeru qajet.

Halyqaralyq arenadaghy Ortalyq Aziyanyng jana orny

Tәuelsizdik jyldarynda Ortalyq Aziya memleketteri halyqaralyq qatynastardyng derbes qatysushylaryna ainaldy. Olar Resey, Qytay, AQSh, Europalyq odaq, Týrkiya, Iran jәne basqa da memlekettermen sayasi, ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny baylanystaryn damytty.

Qazaqstan kópvektorly syrtqy sayasatty qalyptastyryp, halyqaralyq úiymdar men kelissóz alandarynda belsendilik tanytty. Ózbekstannyng aimaqtyq diplomatiyany jandandyruy Ortalyq Aziyadaghy ózara senimning artuyna yqpal etti. Qyrghyzstan men Tәjikstan halyqaralyq damu instituttarymen, al Týrikmenstan beytaraptyq sayasaty arqyly syrtqy baylanystaryn keneytti.

Songhy jyldary Ortalyq Aziya memleketteri arasyndaghy sayasy dialog jana dengeyge kóterildi. Memleket basshylarynyng konsulitativtik kezdesuleri, sauda-ekonomikalyq baylanystardyng jandanuy, kólik dәlizderi men energetikalyq jobalar boyynsha yntymaqtastyq aimaqtyng tútastyghyn nyghaytugha baghyttalghan manyzdy qadamdar bolyp tabylady.

Býginde Ortalyq Aziya Europa men Aziyany jalghastyratyn manyzdy geografiyalyq kenistikke ainalyp otyr. Qytay – Europa baghytyndaghy qúrlyqtyq tasymaldar, Transkaspiy halyqaralyq kólik baghyty, temirjol jәne avtomobili joldary jelisin damytu bes memleket ýshin jana ekonomikalyq mýmkindikter ashuda.

Osy orayda Ortalyq Aziya elderining ózara yntymaqtastyghy syrtqy derjavalarmen qarym-qatynastyng balamasy emes, kerisinshe, olardyng halyqaralyq arenadaghy kelissózdik mýmkindikterin arttyratyn manyzdy faktor ekendigin atap ótken jón.

Ortaq tarihy múra jәne últtyq biregeylikting janghyruy

Tәuelsizdikting taghy bir manyzdy nәtiyjesi – últtyq tariyhqa, mәdeniyetke, tilge jәne ruhany qúndylyqtargha degen qoghamdyq qyzyghushylyqtyng artuy. Ortalyq Aziya halyqtary ózderining tarihy múrasyn qayta zerdeleuge mýmkindik aldy. Qazaq handyghy, Ámir Temir dәuiri, Búhara, Hiua jәne Qoqan handyqtary, Úly Jibek joly, týrki órkeniyeti, ortaghasyrlyq qalalar men ghúlamalardyng múrasy ghylymy jәne qoghamdyq ainalymda janasha qarastyryla bastady.

Últtyq tilderding memlekettik mәrtebesi nyghayyp, bilim beru, ghylym, mәdeniyet jәne aqparat salalarynda últtyq mazmúndy damytugha jol ashyldy. Tarihy túlghalar men memleket qayratkerlerining múrasy qayta baghalanyp, últtyq sana men tarihy jadty janghyrtugha erekshe kónil bólindi.

Sonymen birge jahandanu jaghdayynda últtyq mәdeniyetti saqtau, jastardyng sapaly bilim aluy, ghylym men innovasiyany damytu jәne jana tehnologiyalardy iygeru mәseleleri aldynghy qatargha shyqty.

Sheshimin kýtken ortaq mәseleler

Tәuelsizdikting otyz bes jyldyq tәjiriybesimen birge Ortalyq Aziya memleketteri aldynda sheshimin kýtken birqatar kýrdeli mәseleler de saqtalyp otyr.

Birinshiden, ekonomikany әrtaraptandyru jәne shiykizatqa tәueldilikti azaytu qajet. Ónerkәsip, auyl sharuashylyghy, joghary tehnologiyalar men shaghyn jәne orta biznesti damytu túraqty ekonomikalyq ósuding negizgi sharty bolyp qala beredi.

Ekinshiden, su jәne energetikalyq qauipsizdik mәselesi aimaq ýshin strategiyalyq manyzgha iye. Ámudariya men Syrdariya ózenderining resurstaryn tiyimdi paydalanu, Aral tenizining ekologiyalyq apatyn enseru, klimattyng ózgeruine beyimdelu jәne transshekaralyq su resurstaryn әdil bólu bes memleketting ortaq jauapkershiligin talap etedi.

Ýshinshiden, halyqtyng әleumettik jaghdayyn jaqsartu, sapaly bilim men medisinanyng qoljetimdiligin arttyru, júmys oryndaryn ashu jәne enbek migrasiyasyna baylanysty mәselelerdi sheshu manyzdy.

Tórtinshiden, qúqyqtyq memleket qaghidattaryn nyghaytu, memlekettik basqarudyng tiyimdiligin arttyru, sybaylas jemqorlyqqa qarsy kýres jәne azamattardyng qoghamdyq ómirge qatysu mýmkindikterin keneytu qajet.

Demek, tәuelsizdikting kelesi kezenindegi tabysty aiqyndaytyn ólshem – tek ekonomikalyq kórsetkishter emes, eng aldymen adamnyng ómir sapasy, qoghamdyq әdilettilik jәne bolashaq úrpaqtyng mýmkindikteri.

Ortalyq Aziyanyng bolashaghy – ortaq yntymaqtastyqta

2026 jylgha qaray Ortalyq Aziyanyng geosayasy jәne geoekonomikalyq manyzy arta týsti. Álemdik sauda baghyttarynyng ózgerui, energetikalyq qauipsizdik, kólik dәlizderining damuy jәne jana halyqaralyq ekonomikalyq baylanystar aimaqtyng strategiyalyq әleuetin kýsheytip otyr.

Aldaghy kezende bes memleketting yntymaqtastyghyn terendetu birneshe baghyt boyynsha manyzdy nәtiyje bere alady: ortaq kólik-logistika jýiesin qalyptastyru, sauda kedergilerin azaytu, energetikalyq baylanystardy damytu, su resurstaryn birlesip basqaru, ghylymiy-bilim beru almasuyn keneytu jәne mәdeniy-gumanitarlyq qatynastardy nyghaytu.

Búl rette әr memleketting egemendigi men últtyq mýddelerin qúrmetteu, teng qúqyqty seriktestik jәne ózara tiyimdilik qaghidattary basty orynda boluy tiyis.

35 jyldyq tarihy tәjiriybe jәne jana mindetter

Ortalyq Aziya memleketterining 1991–2026 jyldardaghy tәuelsiz damu joly – kýrdeli tarihy ózgerister, últtyq janghyru, sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq izdenister kezeni. Osy uaqyt ishinde bes memleket halyqaralyq dengeyde tanylghan, ózindik damu strategiyasy men últtyq mýddesi bar derbes elderge ainaldy.

Áriyne, olardyng jetistikteri men damu qarqyny birdey emes. Qazaqstan ekonomikalyq auqymy men halyqaralyq baylanystary jaghynan aimaqtyng jetekshi memleketi bolyp otyr. Ózbekstan halyq sany, ishki naryghy jәne reformalardyng auqymy boyynsha manyzdy ról atqarady. Qyrghyzstan men Tәjikstannyng gidroenergetikalyq jәne tabighy әleueti zor. Týrikmenstannyng energetikalyq resurstary aimaqtyng ekonomikalyq mýmkindikterinde erekshe oryn alady.

Alayda Ortalyq Aziyadaghy naghyz kóshbasshylyqty bir memleketting jetistigimen ghana ólsheuge bolmaydy. Aymaqtyng ortaq tabysy – bes elding túraqty damuy, beybitshilik pen qauipsizdikti saqtauy, ózara senim men ekonomikalyq yntymaqtastyqty nyghaytuy.

35 jyldyq tәuelsizdik tәjiriybesining basty tarihy sabaghy da osynda: memleketting shynayy quaty onyng tabighy baylyghymen ghana emes, adamy kapitalymen, bilimdi úrpaghymen, tiyimdi instituttarymen, qoghamdyq birligimen jәne halyqaralyq bedelimen ólshenedi.

Ortalyq Aziya halyqtaryn ortaq tariyh, ruhany jaqyndyq, mәdeny sabaqtastyq jәne geografiyalyq taghdyr biriktiredi. Sondyqtan XXI ghasyrdaghy basty mindet – osy tarihy baylanysty zamanauy ekonomikalyq, ghylymy jәne sayasy yntymaqtastyqtyng berik negizine ainaldyru.

Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy 35 jyly últtyq memlekettilikti qalyptastyru dәuiri bolsa, aldaghy kezeng Ortalyq Aziyanyng әlemdik kenistiktegi bәsekege qabiletti, túraqty jәne órkendegen aimaq retinde qalyptasu dәuiri boluy tiyis.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

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