Qazaq qoghamynda sot biyligi han biyliginen joghary túrdy.  Alghashqy qazaq memleketining irgetasyn qalaghan Kerey men Jәnibek súltandar edi. Olar qazaqty jeke el, últ retinde qalyptastyrugha eren enbek sinirdi. Osy negizi qalanghan qazaq memleketin odan әri damytyp, ishki, syrtqy sayasatyn sheber jýrgizip, әleumettik, sayasi, ekonomikalyq jýieni rettep otyratyn jarghylar qabyldap, elding salt-dәstýrin saqtaghan qazaq handarynyng biri – Qasym han esimi tarihta «Qasym hannyng qasqa joly» dep atalatyn zandar jinaghymen belgili. El basqaru jýiesinde ata jolyn ústanghan Qasym han zaman ereksheligine oray, jana ortagha sәikes jana nizam jýiesin engizedi. «Qasym hannyng Qasqa joly» atalatyn búl kóne jarghy sol kezdegi qazaq qauymynyng qoghamdyq jәne qúqyqtyq zandaryn qalyptastyrady, әdet-ghúryp, túrmys-salt erejelerin bayyptaydy, jeke adamdar arasyndaghy ru taypalar men qoghamdyq toptar arasyndaghy qatynas jýiesin taghayyndaydy.

«Qasym hannyng qasqa joly» bir ghasyrday óz qyzmetin atqarghan son, tiyisti tolyqtyrular men ózgerister engizilip, Esim hannyng (1598-1645 jj.) túsynda «Esim hannyng eski joly» dep atalghan zandyq jýie ómirge keldi. Atalghan eki zang jýiesi esh ózgerissiz HVII ghasyrdyng ayaghy nemese HVIII ghasyrdyng basyna deyin qazaq júrtynyng iygiligine qyzmet etti.

Tәuke handyq qúrghan HVII ghasyrdyng ayaghy HVIII ghasyrdyng basy – qazaq elining abyroyy asyp, kósegesi kógergen erekshe bir kezeni boldy. Qazaq qoghamynda birtútastyq pen yntymaq ornatugha dәneker bolghan ejelgi ereje – qaghidalardyng ýlgili núsqasy, halyq­tyng tәrtip nizamynyn,  salt-dәstýrining jýieli jiyntyghy – ataqty «Jeti jarghy» boldy. «Jeti jarghy» – dana babalarymyzdyn  «Qasym hannyng qasqa jolyn», «Esim hannyng eski jolyn» negizge alyp, saharanyng sol zamandaghy túrmys-tirligine, qoghamdyq, әleumettik ahualyn eskere otyryp, keleshekting qamyn oilap,  jan-jaqty bayyptalghan zangerlik úly múrasyn qaldyrdy. «Qasqa jol» men «Eski jol» zandaryn tolyqtyryp, eleuli ózgerister engizip, damytqan Tәuke han búrynghy bes taraugha taghy da eki tarau qosyp, «Jeti jarghy» dep atady. Búl janadan qosylghan eki tarau: jer dauy turaly zang men qún dauy turaly zang edi. «Jeti jarghyny» qazaq halqy negizinde HIH ghasyrdyng ortasyna deyin qoldanylyp keldi. Al keybir normalary Qazan tónkerisine deyin tolyghynan qolda­nylyp, qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteu qyzmetin tiyimdi atqaryp keldi.

Qazaq handyghy dәuiri HVI-HVIII ghasyrlarda, yaghni, qasqa joldy Qasym han, eski joldy Esim han, Jeti jarghyny shygharghan Tәuke han túsynda basqaru jýiesi handyq biylikke negizdelgen, sayasy jaghynan ortalyqtanghan, birútas, qúqyqtyq memleket boldy.  Osy kezende qazaq handyghynyng kórshi ornalasqan memlekettermen baylanysta bolyp, olarmen sauda, sayasy mәselelerin sheshu zang jýiesi arqyly anyqtaldy.  Qazaq handarynyng negizgi zandary qazaq handyghyn osy kezde memleket retinde tanytyp qana qoymay, onyng sayasiy-әleumettik, ekonomiy­kalyq damuyna yqpal etti.

«Jeti jarghy» orys derekterinde «Tәuke han zandary» degen atpen belgili. Jeti jarghygha әkimshilik, qylmysty ister, azamattyq qúqyq normalary, sonday-aq, salyqtar, diny kózqarastar turaly erejeler engizilgen, yaghni, onda qazaq qoghamy ómirining barlyq jaghy týgel qamtylghan. Olarda orta ghasyrdaghy qazaq qoghamynyng patriarhattyq-feodaldyq qúqy­ghy­nyng negizgi prinsipteri men normalary bayan etilgen. Qazaqsha «jarghy» – әdildik degen úghymdy bildiredi. Jeti jarghy – jeti әdettik qúqyqtyq jýieden túratyn qoghamdyq qaty­nastardy retteytin salalardyng jiyntyghy. Olar – jer dauy, jesir dauy, qún dauy, bala tәrbiyesi jәne neke, qylmystyq jauapker­shilik, rular arasyndaghy dau, últ qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu.

«Jeti jarghy» zandar jinaghy memleketting ishki jaghdayyn kýsheytuge  baghyttaldy. Osy zang negizinde qazaqtyng taypa, ru basylaryn jylyna bir ret jinalugha mindettedi. «Kýltóbening basynda kýnde jiyn» dep atalyp ketken jiyngha Tóle bi, Qazybek bi, Áyteke bi, Edige bi, Taykeltir bi, Baydaly bi, Qoqym bi, Sasyq by siyaqty iri, bedeldi biyler qatys­qan. Búl jiyndarda memleketting syrtqy jәne ishki jaghdayyna baylanysty mәseleler dauys beru negizinde sheshildi. Jiyngha qatysushy әr rudyng óz tanbasy boldy. Búl tanbalar qúryltayda memlekettik rәmiz dәrejesinde bekitildi. Qazaqtyng negizgi baylyghy mal bolghany belgili. Sondyqtan, «Jeti jarghy»  zandaryna say әr menshik iyesi óz maldaryna en salugha mindetteldi. Sonymen qatar, әr rudyng jayylym jer menshigi qatang belgilendi.

HVIII ghasyrdan bastap Qazaqstan jeri Resey otaryna ainalyp, osyghan oray jergi­likti halyqtyng qazaqy dәstýri men zan-joralghylary eskerilmesten otarlaushy elding zang erejeleri engizile bastady.  Resey Qazaq­standy basqarudyng búrynghy jýiesin týbirimen qayta qúru mindetin algha qoydy. Reformany dayarlau kezinde qalyng búqaranyng kónil kýii nazargha alynbady. Sh.Uәlihanov halyqtyng ózin-ózi basqaruyna negizdelgen әkimshilik jýiesin engizudi úsyndy. «Sot reformasy jónindegi jazbalarynda» ol qazaq halqy ýshin әleumettik-ekonomikalyq janashyldyqtardy asa manyzdy dep eseptedi.

Alash qayratkerlerining ústanghan Ata Zany jayly aitsaq,  birinshisi Álihan Bókeyhannyng tapsyruymen zanger Barlybek Syrttanovtyng jazyp shyqqan «Qazaq elining ustavy» degen qújat. Ekinshisi – partiyanyng baghdarlamalyq qújaty.  Alash partiyasy alghash ret zamannyng damu ýdesinen shyghatyn, memlekettilik talaptaryna say keletin konstitusiyalyq sipattaghy baghdarlamasyn jasady. Alash partiyasynyng sayasy baghdarlamasynyng joba­syn jasaugha últ qayratkerleri – Á.Bókeyhan, A.Baytúrsynúly, M.Dulatúly, E.Ghúmar, E.Túrmúhamedov, Gh.Jýndibaev, Gh.Birimja­novtar bastaghan qazaqtyng sol kezdegi aldynghy qatarly, ozyq oily azamattary atsalysty. 10 bólimnen túratyn baghdarlamada memleketting formasy, jergilikti biylik pen ony basqaru jýiesi jóninde, qúqyq negizderi, din bostan­dyghy, sot biyligi, eldi qorghau, salyq salu, enbekshilerding qúqyghy jәne jer mәseleleri tútastay qamtyldy. Basty ereksheligi – baghdarlama Qazaq avtonomiyasyn ózge halyqtarmen birge demokratiyalyq sipattaghy Resey federativtik memleketining qúramyndaghy el retinde tany kelip, jeke memleket bolu mýmkindigin de joqqa shygharghan joq.

KSRO qúramyndaghy Qazaqstan ýshin kelesi Konstitusiya 1978 jyly qabyldansa, Tәuelsiz Qazaqstannyng alghashqy Konstitusiyasy 1993 jyly 28 qantardaghy Qazaqstannyn  Jogharghy Kenesining IH sessiyasynda qabyldandy.

Elding egemendigin tanytatyn búl Konstiy­tusiya memleketimizding tәuelsizdigin eng jogharghy zang túrghysynda sayasiy-qúqyqtyq sipatta alghash bekitken qújat boldy.

QR qazirgi Konstitusiyasy 1995 jyly 30 tamyzda býkilhalyqtyq referendumda qabyl­dandy. Konstitusiyanyng qogham ómirindegi, elimizding tarihyndaghy orny bólek. Biyl jiyrma jyldyghyn atap ótip otyrghan Ata Zanymyz óz ómirshendigin kórsetti. Konstiy­tusiya qaghidattaryna sәikes, elimizding demokratiyalyq jolmen damu baghyty aiqyndaldy. Qúqyqtyq memleket qalyp­tastyru qaghidalary qoghamda jәne azamat­tardyng sanasynda týpkilikti bekitilip, óz jemisin berude.

Konstitusiyamyzda aitylghanday, elimizding eng basty qazynasy – adam, onyng qúqyghy men bostandyqtary. Atalghan zannama osynday úlan-ghayyr elimizde birligimiz jarasyp, bir jennen qol, bir jaghadan bas shygharyp, tatu-tәtti ómir sýruimizding kepildigi men aiqyn nyshany bolyp tabylady. Onyng aiqyn dәleli – elimizde qazirgi tanda 140 etnos pen 46 diny qauymdastyq kelisim men dostyqta ómir sýrip otyruy. Osy negizde basty konstitusiyalyq qaghidattar – beybitshilik pen túraqtylyq, býkil halyq iygiligi jolyndaghy ekonomikalyq damu qamtamasyz etiledi.  Halyqtyng birligi, búl, eng aldymen, memlekettik instituttardyng myzghymastyghy.

Qazaqta «El bolam desen, besigindi týze» degen sóz bar,  biz, yaghni, erteni mol elimizding azamattary el bolashaghy jarqyn boluy ýshin halyqtyng qúqyqtary men tәlimin eng aldymen jas óskeleng úrpaq — balalardan bastagha­nymyz jón. Jastar  – kezek kýttirmeytin mә­se­le. Óitkeni, olardy salauatty ómir saltyna tәrbiyeleu men jaghymsyz әdetterge boy aldyrmauyna tyiym salu býginnen bastalady. Al osy mindetti jetkilikti dengeyde orynda­maghan jaghdayda búl ahual ushyghyp, qogha­mymyzdyng basty mәselesine ainaluy mýmkin.

Ata-babalarymyz «Elinning bolashaghy kórkem bolsyn desen, balandy azamat qyl» dep beker aitpaghan. Qanday damyghan el bolsa da, eger olardyng jastarynyng damuy men tәrbiyesi dúrys arnada, dúrys baghytta jýrgizilmese, sol memleketting bolashaghy joq dep aitugha bolady. Sondyqtan elding memle­kettik birinshi ústanatyn sayasy qaghidasy: «El bolashaghy – jastardyng qolynda». Búl qaghida bizding elimizde de óz beynesin tauyp, is jýzinde jýzege asyryluda.

Jýzdegen jyldar boyy qalyptasyp, jetildirilip, damytylyp, úrpaqtan-úrpaqqa jetken «Qasym hannyng qasqa joly», «Esim hannyng eski joly», «Jeti jarghy» Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Konstitusiyasymen sabaqtasyp jatqanday. Mine, osylaysha  Otanymyzdyng týp qazyghy – Ata Zanymyz memleketimiz ben halqymyzdyng túraqty damuyna, ekonomikamyzdyng órkendeuine, órkeniyetti el retinde tanyluymyzgha kepil bolatynyna senimimiz mol. Sol ýshin de ony ardaqtap, qúrmetteu – barshamyzdyng paryzymyz.

Jazira OShAQBAEVA,

QR BGhM GhK Filosofiya, sayasattanu jәne dintanu

instituty filosofiya bólimining agha ghylymiy

qyzmetkeri, filosofiya ghylymdarynyng kandidaty.

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