HX. MÁN-MAGhYNASY BÚRMALANYP ÓMIRGE ENGIZILUGE JAZYLGhAN BETBÚRYS

Ordasynda ótken mәjiliske qatysushy biyler, batyrlar, bas adamdar men súltandardyng teristiktegi alyp kórshimen bitim jasasu jayyndaghy újymdyq sheshimin jýzege asyru ýshin Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymyna arnayy hat jazdy. Ony aparyp tapsyru mindettelgen elshilerine joldaghy orys әkimine kórsetu ýshin de hat berdi, sosyn olarmen onasha úzaq kenesip, diplomatiyalyq sapar barysynda qol jetkizuleri tiyis mәselelerdi pysyqtady...

Úzamay qúramynda on bir adam bar Ábilqayyr han elshiligining kerueni orys imperiyasynyng astanasyn betke ústap, imperator әiel Anna Ioannovnagha hannyng hatyn tapsyru ýshin arnayy sapargha shyqqan. Jolshybay toqtaghan orys qalalaryndaghy patsha әkimshilikteri Sankt-Peterburgti betke ústaghan qazaq elshiligining algha qoyghan maqsaty jayynda olardan súrap bilgen maghlúmattaryn jogharygha joldap otyrghan.  Solardan mynanday aqparat mәlim. 1720 jylghy 20 shildede elshilik Ufagha kelgen. Sol jerde, Ufanyng әskery kensesinde, «Qútlúmbet bi, Seytqúl batyr, Toqtamys myrza» auyzsha әngimede ýsh bólikke jýielengen mynanday mәlimet bergen:

Birinshi. «Kóshpendi qazaq halqy 40 myng shanyraq bolady, olardyng basty adamy Ábilqayyr han, elshilikti sol jibergen. Odan basqa taghy eki  hany bar – Baraq jәne Ábilmәmet. Úly jәne Kishi taularda, Syr, Sarysu jәne Torghay ózenderi boylarynda, Qaraqúm dalasynda jәne sol jaqtardaghy basqa jerlede kóship-qonyp jýredi. Sol jaqtarda qazaq qalalary bar: basty qalasy Tashkent, ondaghy qoja Jolbarys han, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, onyng iyelenushisi Sәmeke han, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy iyelenushi Kýshik han. Osy qalalargha qaraytyn qystaqtardyng sany az emes. Barlyq kóshpendilerding de, qalalyqtardyng da handary – múragerlikti ústanady. Olardyn, qazaqtardyn, zany – músylmandyq». 

Ekinshi. Osyghan deyin osy qazaq handary qontayshymen jәne Edil qalmaqtarymen, sonday-aq bashqúrttarmen soghysqan. Qazir olar qontayshymen de, qalmaqtarmen de tatulasty, al bashqúrttar olarmen, qazaqtarmen, imperatordyng úlylyghynyng erik-jigeri bildirilmeyinshe tatulasar emes. Al qazaq handary ózge halyqtardyng shabuyldarynan danqty Resey imperiyasynyng proteksiyasy arqyly qorghanugha mýddeli, sondyqtan olar múny Ábilqayyr hangha tapsyrdy.  Sodan onyng elshileri barlyq handardyng kelisimimen belgili bir shartty patshayymgha jetkizu ýshin jiberilip otyr. 

Ýshinshi. Eger «úly mәrtebeli imperatrisa qazaq handaryn bodandyqqa qabyldaugha kenshilik etip núsqau berse», sóitip bashqúrttardyng jәne ózge de reseylik bodandardyng olardan oljalaghan bendelerin qazaq handaryna qaytarsa degen úsynystaryn aitpaq. Sonda  olar, qazaq handary, ózderindegi oljalanghan reseylik bodandardy qaytarugha jәne qyzmet etip, yasak (búlghyn, týlki, qúndyz, susar jәne basqa da ang terileri týrinde alynatyn alym-salyq – B.Q.)   tólep jýrgen bashqúrttar tәrizdi «adal qyzmet etuge» jәne yasak beruge uәde etedi. Al eger olargha әldebir dúshpandary shabuyl jasasa, olardy, «qazaq handaryn úly mәrtebelining bodandarynday» eseptese deydi.

Mәtinnen bayqalyp túrghanday, elshiler bashqúrttarmen til tabysu (tútqyndarmen almasu, ekinshi qaytyp ózara shabuyl jasaspau) jayynda, bashqúrttar imperiya qaramaghyndaghy el bolghandyqtan,  imperatrisadan arnayy núsqau beruin súramaq. Múnday tynyshtyqqa jaghday tughyzylghan jәne patshayym syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghanugha septesken jaghdayda, qazaqtar da bashqúrttar tәrizdi yasak berip túrugha әzir. Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri Resey astanasyna saparynyng maqsatyn osynday auqymda ghana týsindiruge haqyly bolghan. Mәtindegi biz tyrnaqshagha alghan jalynyshtylyq kýy tanytatyn sóilemder orys әkimshilikterindegi qyzmetshilerding patshalyq imperiya atalghaly beri astamshylyq derti ýdey týsken pighyldaryna sәikes óz jandarynan qosqan úghymdardy bildiredi.

Ufadan Sankt-Peterburgke joldanghan aqparatta «Al olargha jol kórsetip kele jatqan bashqúrttar әskery kensege qazaqtardyng Ufadan alty aptada, al olardan, bashqúrttardan, bir aida  atpen jýrgende jetuge bolatyn jerde kóship-qonyp jýrgenin aitqan» degen habar bar. Orystardan osynday qashyqtyqta ómir sýrip jatqan halyqtyng olargha basybayly bodan bolugha beyildigin bildirui qisynsyz ekeni dәlel tilemese kerek. Bóten tektilerding tilderindegi qújattardy orysshalaghanda óz pighyldaryn tújyrymdap qoidy orys әkimderi qalmaqtarmen jasaghan kelisimsharttarynda kórsetken (basqy tarauda aitqanymyzday, 17-shi ghasyrda jasalghan qújat boyynsha qalmaqtar orystarmen әskery odaq qúrdyq dep sanasa, orystar olardy bodandyghymyzgha aldyq, qalmaq jasaqtary orys әskeri qúramynda bolady dep sanaghan).

Aymaghynan ótip bara jatqan qazaq elshiligi jayynda ile-shala Basqarushy Senatqa jibergen Ufa voevodasynyng bayanhatynda mynanday qyzyq derek aitylghan. Sol 1730 jylghy 28 mausymda kensege Ufa ýiezi Noghay jolyndaghy (jol – sózbe-sóz alghanda, is jýzinde mәtindegi oryssha «doroga» degen sóz aimaq, ónir, oblys úghymyn beredi, bashqúrt elinde Altyn Orda dәuirinde «daruga» dep qoldanylghan aumaqtyq-әkimshilik birlik úghymyn bildiretin atau – B.Q.) Kubelek, Tabyn bolystarynyng bashqúrttary Qarabay Túrymbetov pen Lyqay Seyitov Qazaq Ordasynyng qazaghy Biatshy Tóleevti joldastarymen alyp kelgen. Ol Ábilqayyr han iyeliginen eken, Ufa ýiezindegi Noghay jolyna (yaghny Noghay aimaghyna, oblysyna) qúddy әskerler jayyn biluge kelgen kórinedi. Olardyng iyesi Ábilqayyr men Sәmeke handar jәne olardyng qazaqtary býginde onyng imperatorlyq úlylyghy proteksiyasynda «qyzmet etip», «bodan bolghysy» keletin siyaqty. Sóitip olardyng qojalary shapshandatyp ózderinen úly mәrtebelige elshiler jibergileri keledi eken. Búl jayynda Basqarushy Senatqa 8 shildede habarlanghan. Demek, búl habar Syrtqy ister alqasyna da mәlimdelse kerek...

Bayanhatta odan әri: «Al  Qazaq ordasynan 20 shildede Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri retinde  kelgen qazaqtar ózderinde úly mәrtebeli imperatrisagha arnalghan hat bar ekenin aitqan. Ekinshi hat Ufa provinsiyasynyng voevodasy atyna jazylghan. Ony bergen elshiler Qútlúmbet Qoshtaev pen onyng alty joldasy. Olardyng qastarynda bes adam qosshy bop jýr. Osy bayanhatpen qazaq hanynyng voevodagha jazghan haty orys tiline tәrjimalanyp qosa  jiberildi» delingen.

Elshiler Ufadaghy memlekettik qyzmet atqaratyn adamdarmen birge, kýzetpen 1730 jylghy tamyzdyng basynda Sankt-Peterburg (Piyterburh) qalasyna, Basqarushy Senatqa jóneltiledi.  Olar 28 tamyzda Mәskeuge, odan qyrkýiekting ayaghyna qaray imperiya astanasyna jetedi. Syrtqy ister alqasyna qazaq elshilerin alyp kelgen bashqúrttar 29 qyrkýiekte jogharyda aitylghan mәlimetterdi qaytalap, ózderining túrghyn-jaylarynyn  tórt jolda (yaghny tórt oblysta), atap aitqanda Noghay joly (oblysy), Sibir joly (oblysy), Osy joly (oblysy), Qazan jolynda (oblysy) jerlerinde ekenin, qazaq ordalarynan qashyqta túratyndyqtan olarmen soghys jaghdayynda emestigin aitady. «Úly mәrtebeli patshayymnyng asa meyirimdi pәrmenimen qazaq halqy bodandyqqa qabyldansa», onda bashqúrttar da tynyshtyqta ómir sýrer edi, qazaqtar olargha shabuyl jasap, túrmystaryn kýizeltuge týsirmes edi, bashqúrttan alghan tútqyndaryn qaytarar edi. Bashqúrttargha keler payda osy. Al osynday qazaq syndy úly halyqtyng «óz erkimen bodandyqqa kelui» úly mәrtebelining danqyn arttyra týser edi. Búl jerde de orys әkimshiligi niyetin kórsetetin, búrmalanyp tyqpalanghan sózderdi tyrnaqshagha alyp kórsetip otyrmyz.

Syrtqy ister alqasynda 1730 jylghy 21 qazanda qazaq elshilerining Ábilqayyr hannyng orys patshayymyna hat  jazu sebebin týsindirgen sózderi rәsimdeldi. Hattama is jýzinde olardyng 20 shildede Ufada bergen habarlamasyn qaytalaghan, tek qazaq qalalaryndaghy ýiler sanyn: «...bas qala Tashkent, onda qyryq myng túrghyn ýy bar, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, ondaghy túrghynjay otyz eki myng ýi, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy túrghyn ýiler sany otyz eki myng nemese odan da kóp...» dep qosyp keltirgen. Jәne olardaghy handardyng bәri Ábilqayyrgha baghynatynyn atap kórsetken.

Osy hattamanyn, sonymen birge, әriyne, Ábilqayyr hannyng imperatrisagha jazghan hatynyng orysshalanghan núsqasynyng kóshirmesi asa manyzdy tapsyrmamen qazaq eline attandyrylmaq tilmәsh jәne mәmileger Tevkelevke beriledi. Bәlkim, solardyng imperiya ynghayynda jasalghan mәtini men audarmasyna osynau diplomattyng ózining tikeley qatysy bolghan da shyghar...

Qútlú-Múhammed (Mәmed) Tevkelev jastayynan Reseyding sheteldermen baylanys jasap túratyn ortalyq ýkimettik mekemesi Posoldyq prikaz tilmәshi bolghan. Múnda, jalpy,  onyng әkesi Mamesh, nemere aghalary Ramazan men Múrtaza da tilmәshtyq qyzmet atqaratyn. Ortalyq basqaru mekemelerin reformalau kezinde I Petr Posoldyq prikazdy 1720 jyly mýldem joyyp, ornyna Syrtqy ister alqasyn qúrdy. Al Qútlú-Múhammed aghalarynyng kómegimen sol Syrtqy ister alqasyna qyzmetke alyndy. Patsha qúzyryndaghy memlekettik chinovnik lauazymy ony odan әri ósuge, baigha, biyik әleumettik mәrtebege jetuge úmtylta týsedi. Ol I Petrding qaterli bastamalarynyng bәrine qatysady. Tilmashy retinde 1711 jyly Prut joryghyna qatysyp, týrikting sany basym armiyasy orys armiyasyn joyyp jiberuding az-aq aldynda qalghanyn kóredi.  Patsha tapsyrmasymen 1717 jyly Ýndistangha jol ashqysy kelgen knyazi Bekovich-Cherkasskiyling Orta Aziya ekspedisiyasynda bolady. Ekspedisiyagha qatysushylardy Hiua hanynyn  әskeri qyryp jibergende, әiteuir, ghayyptan aman qalady. Sosyn qaytadan patsha janynan tabylady. 1722 jyly I Petrmen birge onyng tilmәshi retinde Parsy joryghyna shyghady.

Búl joryqtyng da ong nәtiyje bermeui I Petrding nazaryn Qazaq Ordasyna búrady. Tevkelevting jazbalaryna qaraghanda, I Petr qazaq jeri arqyly shyghysqa jol ashu ýshin «million som shyghyndasaq ta qazaq hanynan orystyng qorghauynda bolghymyz keledi degen bir japyraq qaghazdy qolgha týsiru kerek» degen josparyn sol saparynan keyin ile-shala aitqan eken. (Jonghar handyghyn bodany etu әreketi ong nәtiyjege jete qoymaghandyqtan, Aziya qaqpasy kiltin Qazaq Ordasyn qúzyryna qaratu arqyly qolyna alghysy kelgen). Alayda taghdyr onyng josparyn ózine oryndatugha jazbady (1725 jyly qaytys boldy). Ony jýzege asyrugha I Petrding amanatyn kókiregine myqtap baylaghan mansapqor tilmәsh  Mәmed (Aleksey Ivanovich) Tevkelev Ábilqayyr hannyng Resey bodany bolyp tabylatyn bashqúrtpen qarym-qatynasty beybit sipatqa týsiru ýshin Anna Ioannovna patshayymgha bitim jasau jayynda elshilik jiberuine oray qúlshyna kiristi...

Redaksiyadan: Jogharydaghy taraular jazushy, tarihshy, kósemsózshi Beybit Qoyshybaevtyn "Qazaq memleketi tarihyna kózqaras" atty enbeginen jalghasty týrde alynyp otyrghyn eskertemiz. Basy myna siltemelerde: http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4553;  http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4554;  http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4579; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5256;http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5335; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5370; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5371; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5469; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5470; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5527.  

(Jalghasy bar)

Beybit Qoyshybaev

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