Kitaby aqyndar oqyp ósken, tәlim alghan, keyin qayta jyrlaghan, ruhany ýderisin jalghaghan oishyl ghúlama aqyndar men olardyng tuyndylary qatarynda Jýsip Balasaghúnnyng «Qútadghu bilik», Ahmet Jýinekiyding «Hibatu-l hakayyq», Ahmet Yasauidyng «Hikmetteri», Sýleymen Baqyrghany shygharmalary jәne altynordalyq nәziralyq tuyndylar Qúl Ghalidyng «Qissa Jýsibi», Rabghuziyding «Qisasu-l-әnbiyasy», Husam Kәtibting «Júmjúmasy», Qútyptyng «Húsrau ua Shyryny», Sayf Saraidyng «Gýlstan biy-t-týrkiyi», Mahmud bin Ály Kerderining «Nәhju-l-Faradiysin» (Júmaqqa aparatyn jol) ataugha bolady.

Ghalym A.Egeubaev «Kisilik kitaby» atty zertteu enbeginde týrki әlemining qos alyby, úly oishyldar Ábu Nasyr әl-Faraby men Jýsip Balasaghún shygharmashylyghyndaghy oishyldyq ýndestikti ózara sabaqtastyqta qarastyrady. « ... Ál-Faraby danalyq tolghamdary men Jýsip Balasaghúnnyng estetikalyq kózqarastarynyng arasyndaghy ýndestik, sabaqtastyq jelisi býgin de aidan anyq. Ejelgi dýnie әdebiyetinde aqyl, bilim, baqyt turaly tebirenister dәstýrli taqyryp arnalary bolghan deuge saya salu onay. Biraq ekinshi ústaz ilimimen Jýsip Balasaghún arasyndaghy tektestikti, tamyrlastyqty sezbeu taghy da mýmkin emes. Oy tolgham tabighatynyn, estetikalyq kózqarastyq birligi dausyz. Faraby kóptegen traktattarynda ghylymy tolgham, ghylymdyq kózqaras pen aqyl-bilimning negizi, paydasy adamnyng qút-baqyty, jaqsy әkimderding qúlyq tabighaty turaly qúndy kózqarastaryn bildirse, «Qútty bilikte» osynau әleumettik mәni kýshti tolgham-pikirler ólenmen, didaktikalyq poeziya ýlgisimen jyrlanady. «Bizdinshe, Orhon-Eniysey, Faraby múralarynsyz «Qútadghu biliktin» irgesi ýnemi jalanash qala bermek. Osy ortada eleuli mәdeny dәstýr, mektep jatyr» [1, 116-117]. Ghalym pikirinde kez-kelgen ol meyli әdebi, meyli fәlsafalyq tuyndy bolsyn tosynnan tuylmaytynyn, soghan deyingi sol dәuirdegi arghy-bergi ne әdebi, ne fәlsafalyq dәstýrler men mektepter, oi-oramdar ýndestigi men jalghastyghy, sabaqtastyghy dәrejesinde dýniyege kelerin andaghan, andatqan oy bar. Sol sekildi ortaghasyrlyq әdebi, diniy-fәlsafalyq jәdigerler, atap aitsaq, Ahmet Yasauiyding «Hikmeti» men Jýsip Balasaghúnnyng «Qútadghu biligi», Ahmet Yýgnekiyding «Hibat-ul-haqayyghy» úzaq ghasyrlar boyy týrik halyqtarynyng sóz ónerining órkendeuine mol ýles qosyp kelgeni dausyz. Atalghan úly jәdigerlerding HIH-HH ghasyrlardaghy býkil qazaq әdebiyetine jasaghan iygi-yqpaly jóninde de solay deuge bolady. HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysy men HH ghasyr basynda erekshe damyghan kitaby aqyndar shygharmashylyghy da kezdeysoq tuyndaghan әdeby qúbylys emes. Kerisinshe, ózining tabighy dәstýrli damu jolymen kelgen, ejelgi әdebi, diniy-fәlsafalyq dәstýrmen sabaqtastyqta damyghan әdeby qúbylys. Demek, kitaby aqyndar shygharmashylyghynyng qaynar bastauynda eng aldymen ortaghasyrlaq әdebi, diniy-fәlsafalyq jәdigerler A.Yasaui, A.Balasaghúni, A.Yýgneky shygharmalary, onan song Altyn Orda eskertkishteri túr desek, qatelespeymiz. Yaghni, kitaby aqyndar shygharmashylyghy qazaq әdebiyetining ejelgi әdebiyetpen tabighy baylanysyn, sabaqtastyghyn kórsetedi.

Jalpy músylman әleminde bar dәstýrding biri – kez-kelgen enbekti Alla Taghalany madaqtap sóz etumen ashu. Sonan song ghana negizgi mәselege kóshu. Sol sekildi bizding ortaghasyrlyq әdeby eskertkishterimiz de osy dәstýrdi ústanghan. Mysaly, Qúl Qoja Ahmet Yasauy ózining hikmetterining ón boyynda Allany týrli esimderimen qúrmettep atap otyrady. Allagha ghashyq bolu, didar kóruge qúshtar bolu tek bir Allagha arnalyp ólenmen órilip otyrady. Yasauy hikmetteri negizinen Allagha zikir aitugha layyqtalyp belgili bir yrghaqtargha qúrylyp otyrghan. Sol sebepti de shumaqtyng ne ekinshi joly, ne tórtinshi joly bir sózben ayaqtalyp otyrady. Mysaly:

 

          «Bismillә» dep bayan ettim hikmet aityp,

          Shәkirtterge dýr men gauhar shashtym mine.

           Jandy jaldap, qayghy shegip, qandar jútyp,

          Men «Dәpter sәniy» sózin ashtym mine [2, 17].

 

Sol sekildi әr ekinshi jol ne tórtinshi jol ýnemi qaytalanyp otyrady.

 

                   Hosh, ghayyptan habar keldi qúlaghyma,

                   Sol sebepten Haqqa siynyp keldim, mine.

                   Barsha әulie jiylyp kelip yrzyq berdi,

                   Sol sebepten Haqqa siynyp keldim, mine [2, 25].

 

Nemese:

 

                   «Qúlhu Allahu Subhan Allahu» qúlshylyq qyldym,

                   Bir jәne Barym, didaryndy kórermin be?!

                   Bastan-ayaq qasiretinde kýiip-jandym,

                   Bir jәne Barym, didaryndy kórermin be?! [2, 31].

 

Búl hikmet jolyn mysal etip otyrghan sebebimiz: olar Haq Taghalagha arnalghan jәne әdemi әuez, әuenmen, yrghaqty jýiemen oryndalyp otyrghany angharylady. Sol sekildi Qúl qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding hikmetterining tútastay joldary Múhammet payghambargha, Tórt shariyardy jyrlaugha arnalghan. Olardyng din músylman jolyndaghy qayratkerlik isteri, әsirese, Múhamet payghambar kóp jyrlanghan. Aqyn hikmetterinde Allagha ghashyqtyqty, onyng didaryn bir kóruge kýiip-janyp qúshtar boludy jyrlasa, Payghambardy erekshe iltipat, qúrmetpen, sýiispenshilikpen jyrlaydy jәne payghambar taqyrybyna ýnemi qayta soghyp otyrady. Ol óleng joldaryn alqalyq zikirge layyqtap, yrghaqpen berip otyrady:

 

                   Esime týsip janymday sýigen Múhammet,

                   Sening jolyna pida bolam, Múhammet...

                                      ......

                   Aynalayyn núr jýzinnen, ei, Alla,

                   Bir tamshydan dariyaday tasyt meni, Múhammet.

                                      .....

                   Áuel bastan bir tamshy sharab maghan nәsip bolghan,

                   Údayy sizding danalyghynyzdy madaqtayyn, Múhammet [2, 53-54].

 

Aqyn payghambar taqyrybyna ýnemi qayta soghyp otyrady dedik, Tórt shariyardy jyrlar aldynda da Múhammetti, onyng ómir jolyn, jetimderge erekshe meyirli, shapaghatty bolghanyn jyrlaydy.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy Múhammet payghambardyng tórt shariyaryn Ábubәkir Syddyq,  Omar, Ospandy, Áziret Álini arnayy, jeke-jeke jyrlaydy. Ásirese, Ábubәkir Sydyqtyng Múhammet payghambargha erte serik bolghanyn, kóp sýienish yuolghanyn, keyin payghambargha qyzyn qosyp qayyn ata bolghanyn, eng bastysy adal dos bolyp ótkenin jyrlaydy. Tórt shariyardyng alghashqysy Ábubәkir Sydyqtyng payghambargha әri ainymas dos, әri óriste qoldaushy bolghanyn:

 

Kórgen zamat ilanghan Ábubәkir Sydyq dýr

Ústyn bolyp tirelgen Ábubәkir Sydyq dýr.

Múndasqanda jylaghan, qúldyqqa bel baylaghan,

Ishi-bauyry ezilgen Ábubәkir Sydyq dýr

Bir shetinen qaytpaghan, syryn jatqa shashpaghan...

Aytqan sózine jetken, nәpsi-qyzyqtan ketken,

Haq Rasulmen bir ketken Ábubәkir Sydyq dýr., –

dep jyrlaydy [2, 95-96].

 

Ekinshisi jar bolghan, әdiletti Ghúmar dýr,

Músylmandyqqa jar bolghan, әdiletti Ghúmar dýr, –

 

dep tórt shariyardyng ekinshisi Omar halifting óte әdiletti basshy bolghanyn, músylman dinining nyghangyna, sharighat jolynyng jýielenip taraluyna sinirgen enbegin jyrlaydy. Sol sekildi halif Ospan, Áziret Áli de osylay eline, dinge etken qyzmetine qaray madaqtala jyrlanady.

 

Al, Jýsip Balasaghúnnyng «Qútty biliginde» búl jәit:

Alla atymen aittym sózding әlibin,

Jarylqaghan, jaratqan bir tәnirim! [3, 50], –

 

dep Allah Taghalany madaqtaudan bastalyp, Allanyng úlylyghy, keremeti úzaq jyrlanady. Áytse de, sonynda:

 

Caghan layyq ózim maqtau tappadym,

Cózdi kestim. Ózindi-ózing maqtaghyn! –

 

dep ayaqtaydy. Sebebi, Jýsip Balasaghún qansha sheber aqyn bolsam da Allah Taghala úlylyghyn tolyq jyrlaugha, madaqtaugha mening de ózgening de shamasy jete bermes degendik bolsa kerek. Sonan song baryp:

Álәihiys-sәlәm, qúdiretti payghambar! –

dep bastap: 

 

Rahymdy iyem, payghambaryn jiberdi,

Kisi izgisi, el sarasy jigerli.

Týnek týnde shamy boldy ol halyqtyn

Saghan, júrtqa núryn shashty ol jaryqtyn!

Ol Qúdaydyng elshisi, erim, bilgeysin,

Sen, sodan son, tura jolgha kirgensin! –

 

dep jyrlaydy. Payghambargha arnalghan madaq jyrdan song óz retimen, jolymen tórt sahabanyng qasiyetteri aitylady.

Búl músylman әlemi aqyn-jazushylaryna әdeby dәstýr, salt bolyp engen qúbylys. Osy dәstýr HIH-HH ghasyr kitaby aqyndarynda da dәl osy dәrejede, ýlgide jyrlanyp otyrghan. Ásirese, diny shygharmalarda osy dәstýr naqty saqtalyp, aldymen, Alla Taghala, sonan song Múhammet Payghambar, onan keyin tórt shadiyar retimen jyrlanyp otyrghan. Búghan mysal retinde Jýsipbek qojanyng «Qissa-y Hәzrәty Yusuf aleyhiy-s-sәlәm iylәn Zuleyhanyng mәselesi» atty tuyndydaghy alghysóz retinde jyrlaghan joldaryn aitugha әbden bolady.

 

Bismillәhiy-r-rahmaniyr-rahiym!

Bashlaymәn bismillәhy dib tәnrim atyn,

Yahshilar ghayb ytme yazghan hatiym.

Hudaymәn hәm Payghambardan sóz bashlasam

Qalay tiris bulady nasihatim [4, 3], –

 

dep bastaghan Jýsipbek qoja búl joldardan song Jýsip Payghambardy tanystyra jyrlaydy. Múhammet Payghambar da sol nәsilden dep Múhammetti onan song onyng tórt serigin jyrlap ketedi.

 

Múhammed Rasulu Allahy Huday dusty,

Artuq-dýr bu alamnan onyng nәsili...

Bashchisy Abu Bәkir chahar yarynyn

Hurmәtin tutqan gharde Payghambarnyn

Syddiqym dib at quyghan haq Payghambar

Chinshildyghy jiytәlmas barchelәrniyn

Yar bulghan unan súny Adil Umar

Rasulnyng shariatyn qiylghan habar..., –

 

dep Payghambardy, onyng tórt serigin jyrlaghan diny aqyn kelesi sәtte Payghambar úrpaqtarynyng tarihyn bayandap ketedi.

 

Illәhy uzing bashla tughry yolgha

Qalamny bismillәhy dib aldym qulgha

Ulәn qilyb audarghan bu kitabny

Yusuf bikni ya Allah uzing unla!

Sghundum mәdәt, tiylәb ya, Zul-Jәlәl

Taufiq birib Hudayәt yuliyngha sal

Uzy nadan aqylsyz Yusuf bikniy

Jәmy Payghambarlar qulinan al

Mәn quliynghe rahmәt qil Qadir Mәuliy

Salamat qil hatardan dinim sauliy

Yaranlar qulaq salib tynlab túrghiyl

Hәzrәty Yusufdәn qalghan qauli, –

dep Alla Taghaladan medet tilep baryp negizgi taqyrypqa, «Jýsip-Zyliha» qissasynyng oqighasyn jyrlaugha kóshedi. M.Tynyshtyqúlynyng «Ghazauat Súltan» qissasynda madaq jyry úzaq jyrlanghan. Alghashqy 24 jol óleng tek bir qúdiretti Allany jyrlaugha arnalghan [5, 9].

                   Bismillәhy hamd iylәn sóz bastaly,

                   Áueli sóz bastasaq Alla deydi.

                   Áueli esim Allany jad qylaly,

                   Siynyp fazylyna zar jylaly, -

dep bastap jaratushy Alla Taghalanyng keremetterin jyrlaydy. Sodan keyin baryp:

                   Qarasanyz, iә әuual, zәrrening asylyny,

                   Áuelde neden bolghan fasylyny.

                   Bilseniz qúp, bil әuel zәrreni,

                   Múhammed Mústafanyng deymiz-dýr núry ony, -

dep bastap Múhammed Payghambardy jyrlaugha kóshedi.

Búl jýie – jelili, dәstýrli jýie ekeni anyq angharylady. HH ghasyr basynda shygharmashylyq etip, qissa jazyp otyrghan dini, kitaby aqyn orta ghasyrdaghy sol dәstýrdi, әdeby ýrdisti  saqtap, dayyn, jýieli ýlgimen jýrip otyr. Demek, HH ghasyr basyndaghy kitaby aqyn býgingi tarihshy, tilshi, әdebiyetshi qauym shaghataysha, týrky dep atap jýrgen aqyndar dәstýrin saqtap otyrghany angharylady. Biz kóp jaghdayda kitaptardyng tilin tatar baspagerleri búzyp otyrghan degen oy aitamyz. Mәsele baspagerlerde emes, kitaby tilde jazyp otyrghan, eski, kitaby tilde úzaq jyldar, ghasyrlar boyy týrki әlemine, júrtyna qyzmet etip kelgen úly mәdeniyetting ýlgisinde júmys jasap otyrghan shayyrlar Jýsipbek qoja, Shәdi tóre, M.Tynyshtyqúlynyng bilim alghan bastaulary, shygharmashylyq dәstýri men әdeby stiylinde jәne kitaby tilinde. Búl oiymyzgha sebep, Qazanda basylghan Jýsipbek qoja, Manghystau kitaptary men Tәshkende basylghan Shәdi tóre kitaptaryndaghy, sóz qoldanystaryndaghy úqsastyq, birizdilik. Búghan taghy bir dәlel Ahmet Baytúrsynovtyng jogharyda keltirilgen auyl moldalarynyng ózi sol kitaby tilde jazatyndyghyn aityp ótui. Demek, týrik halyqtary auyzeki tilde әrqaysysy óz dialektisinde sóilese de, bir jazu tilin – «týrkiy», «shaghatay» atalyp jýrgen kitaby tildi ústandy. Yaghni, HH ghasyr basynda Resey qol astyndaghy týrik júrty músylmansha jazu-syzudyng eki ýlgisin ústandy: qadym jәne jәdiyd. Onyng ýstine orys kiriyli ýlgisin qosynyz. Búl tartysta, týrik júrtynyng mәdeny túrghydan bir-birinen alshaqtau prosesin jedeldetu ýshin otarlaushy Resey jәdidti qoldady deuge tolyq negiz bar. Týpting týbinde eski jazu da, jana jazu da, oqu da joyylyp, orys ýlgisi tútastay engizildi.

Búl aitylghan jaylar qazaq әdebiyeti tarihyndaghy kitaby aqyn-shayyr shygharmashylyghynyng tarihy týbi, tamyry tereng ekenin andatady. Jәne dәstýrli damu jolymen ósken, damyghan әdeby dәstýr, әdeby qúbylys ekenin kórsetedi.

Ortaghasyrlardaghy Qúl Qoja Ahmet Yasaui, Jýsip Balasaghún, Ahmet Yýginekiyding әdeby stiyli men kórkemdik dәstýri kitaby aqyn-shayyrlar Jýsipbek qoja, Shәdi tóre, Manghystau Tynyshtyqúly әdeby tili, jazu stiylining óleng joldaryna tәn ortaq stilidik erekshelikter, sóz qoldanystar dәstýr jalghastyghy men sabaqtastyghyn anghartady.

Ádebiyetter:

1. Egeubaev A. Kisilik kitaby. –Almaty, 1998

2. Qoja Ahmet Yasaui. Diuany Hikmet (Aqyl kitaby). -Almaty, 1993

3. Balasaghún J. Qúdatghu bilik. Almaty: «Jazushy», 1986

4. Shayhulislamúly Jýsipbek. Qissa-y hazret Yusuf aleyhiys-salam iylәn Zuleyhanyng mәselesi. Qazan, 1918

5. Babalar sózi. Jýz tomdyq. Diny dastandar. 13-tom, Astana «Foliant», 2004

 

S.S.Ergóbek – ghylymy qyzmetker, f.gh.k., dosent

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