1916 jylghy últ-azattyq kóterilisining 100 jyldyghyna

1916 jylghy últ-azattyq kóterilis qazaq halqynyng ghasyrdan astam uaqytqa sozylghan últ-azattyq qozghalysynyng tarihynda erekshe oryn alady. Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys jaghdayynda kezinde Syrym Datov, Isatay Taymanov, Mahambet Ótemisov, Janqoja Núrmúhamedov, Kenesary Qasymov, Sybanqúl Hanqojin jәne basqalar jýrgizgen tәuelsizdik jolyndaghy kýreske halyqty Á.Janbosynov, A.Imanov, J.Mәmbetov, Ú.Sauryqov, B.Áshekeev siyaqty el tanyghan kósemder men batyrlar bastap shyqty. 1916 jylghy kóterilis, Kenesary Qasymov basshylyq etken últ-azattyq qozghalysynan keyingi ken-baytaq qazaq dalasynyng barlyq aimaqtaryn әr týrli dәrejede qamtyp, býkilqazaqtyq sipat alghan kóterilis boldy.

Qazaq qauymynda patshanyng 1916 jylghy mausym jarlyghyna kózqaras birdey bolghan joq. Jergilikti әkimshilikting belgili bóligi patsha jarlyghyn tolyghymen qoldap, ony belsendi týrde jýzege asyrushylar boldy. «Qazaq» gazetining tóniregine toptasqan Á.Bókeyhanov, A.Baytúrsynov, M.Dulatov siyaqty liyberal-demokratiyalyq baghyttaghy ziyalylar halyqty ókimetke qarsy shyqpaugha, jarlyqty oryndaugha ýgittedi. Ony oryndamaghan jaghdayda qazaqtar qantógiske úshyrauy mýmkin dep sanady jәne osyghan baylanysty ýlken alandaushylyq bildirdi. Al, qazaq intelliygensiyasynyng radikaldy batyl is-qimylgha beyim ókilderi (mysaly, T.Bokiyn, J.Niyazbekov, T.Rysqúlov, Á.Jangeliyn, S.Mendeshev, B.Almanov, Á.Jýnisov t.b.) halyqty qaruly kóteriliske shaqyryp, oghan ózderi de qatysty.

Ádette, 1916 jylghy kóterilis turaly sóz bolghanda Torghaydaghy Amangeldi batyr bastaghan kóterilis pen Jetisudaghy Úzaq, Jәmenke, Bekbolat bastaghan jәne t.b. qozghalystar eske týsedi.  Bizding shyghys ónirinde de bas kóteruler boldy, biraq iri is-qimyldargha baratyn úiymdasqan auqymdy kóterilis dәrejesine jete almady. Ár jerde búrq ete týsken halyq narazylyqtary jaqyn jerde dayyn túrghan  qaruly әskerding kómegimen tez arada basyp-janshylyp tastaldy. Shyghystaghy Semey, Óskemen, Kókpekti, Zaysan, Ayagóz, Ýrjar siyaqty patsha bekinisteri bir-birinen belgili bir qashyqtyqta ornalastyrylyp, qazaq dalasyn tor tәrizdi shyrmap alghan edi. Bekinister arasyndaghy әrbir 20-25 shaqyrym sayyn qoyylghan beketter shapshang baylanysty qamtamasyz etip, qazaqtardyng typyr etuge shamasyn keltirmeytin.

Soghan qaramastan shyghys ónirding әr jerinde irili-uaqty bas kóteruler de, qaruly qaqtyghystar da, narazylyqtyng bir týri – aua kóshuler de boldy. Men Omby Oblystyq Tarihy Múraghatynda (OOTM) bolghanymda Shyghys Qazaqstan aumaghyndaghy 1916 jylghy kóteriliske qatysty materialdarmen tanysqan edim. Sol múraghat qújattarynda oblystyng qazaq auyldaryndaghy 1916 jylghy mausym jarlyghyna baylanysty tuyndaghan dýrbeleng jayly mәlimetter  kezdesedi. Múnda әr jerdegi narazylyq sharalarynyng úiymdastyrushy-basshylary bolghan kóptegen adamdardyng aty atalady. Halqy ýshin bastaryn bәigege tigip, patsha jarlyghyna moyynúsynbay qarsy túrghan, halyqty kóteruge úmtylghan sol azamattardyng attaryn, erlik isterin kóterilisting 100 jyldyghyna oray  halyqqa jariyalaudy jón dep eseptedim.

Patsha jarlyghyn jariyalau asa manyzdy oqigha retinde belgili tәrtippen resmy týrde ótkiziletin shara boldy. Oblys nemese uezding ókiletti sheneunikteri bolys basqarushylaryn, bolystardaghy basqa lauazym iyelerin (ukaznoy biyler men starshyndar) jәne elge bedeldi adamdardy  uezd ortalyqtaryna nemese jaylaudyng ynghayly túsyna jinap, jarlyqty jariyalaytyn. Sol jerde tizimdi jasap, adamdardy jinau bolys basqarushylaryna qol qoyghyzu arqyly mindetteletin. El ishinde tolqu barynan habardar ókimet adamdary qauipsizdik ýshin aibar qylyp qaruly kazaktardy da ózderimen birge ala jýretin.

 Patsha jarlyghyn jariyalau ýshin Zaysan uezining 2-shi uchaskesining krestiyanskiy nachaliniygi Kistyakovskiy osy uezding bes bolysynyng basqarushylary men qúrmetti adamdaryn 10 shildede Kókpektige jinaydy. Jarlyqpen tanysqandyghy turaly qaghazgha bolystar qol qoyatyn kezde júrt dýrligip, qarsylyq bildire bastaydy. Múraghat qújatynda: « ...asa mәrtebeli patsha aghzamnyng jarlyghyn Kistyakovskiy jariyalaghanda qúrmetti qazaq Zakariya Esenalin qara júmysqa qazaq balasyn bere almaytynyn kesip aitty. Qol qoymaqshy bolyp kanseleriyagha kirip bara jatqan bolys basqarushysy Ydyryshevty  Zakariya Esenalin beri alyp shyghyp, qamshymen ek ret tartyp jiberdi. Al, bolys basqarushysy Zamanbek Mýrsәlimovty qyrghyz (qazaq) Mýrsәlim Bektenev shapanynyng jaghasyna sýirep krestiyanskiy nachalinikting aulasynan alyp shyqty» (Omby múraghatynan)   dep kórsetedi. Zamanbek kóp jyldar boyy bolys bolghan osy Mýrsәlimning óz balasy. Kópektidegi jiynda patshagha el azamattary Zakariya Esenaliyn, Mýrsәlim Bektenev, Dondaghúl Júmaghúlov әsker bermeuge ashyq ýgitteydi. Osy ýsheuining ýstinen qylmystyq is qozghalghan.  Jinalghan halyq bolystargha qoldaryn qoyghyzbay auyldaryna qaray alyp ketken. Kistyakovskiy de halyqtyng qaharynan qaymyghyp, qatang shara qoldanugha (oq atugha) jýregi daualamaydy. Bolystardy «erteng jinalyndar» dep taratugha mәjbýr bolady. Búlardyng ishinen tek Júmaghúlov qana tútqyndalady. Bektenev pen Esenalinning ýstinen is qozghalghanymen olar ústatpay ketedi. M.Bektenevting kóterlisi turaly jazylyp jýrgendikten oghan toqtalmaymyn, múraghattan tabylghan tyng derekterdi berumen ghana shektelmekpin.

Taghy bir qújatta: «Bazar bolysynan mobilizasiyagha (әsker qajeti ýshin) halyqtan jinalghan attardy 11 shildede Kókpektige aidap kele jatqan strajnik Kalachinov pen jylqyshylargha osy bolystyng bii Belgibay Andamasov pen Dәuitbek Ibraev degen qazaq jolyghady. Olar soghysqa adamdardy da, attardy da bermeymiz, endi orys biyligine de baghynbaymyz. Búl turaly krestiyanskiy nachalinikke de aitqanbyz dep jylqyshylargha attardy qaytadan auylgha aidatyp, Kalachinovty qúr qol qaytarady. Andamasov pen Ibraev aiypker retinde tergeuge alyndy» dep habarlaghan. Osy atalghan ekeu Kókpektidegi jiynnan tas týiin bolyp qaytyp kele jatqanda jylqy jinap qaytqan ýkimet adamyna jolyghyp, osynday batyl qadamgha barghandyghy bayqalady.

Ereuildegen qazaqtar aldymen tyldaghy qara júmysqa baratyndardyng tizimi jasalyp jatqan bolystyq basqaru mekemesin toruyldady. Sonday oqighanyng biri Zaysan uezining Laba bolysynda oryn aldy. Bolystyng basqarma ýii talqandalghany turaly: «... Zaysan uezining Laba bolysynyng basqarma ýiin býlik shygharghan qazaqtar talqandap ketken. Osy bolystyng hatshysy Ivan Ustujanin men kýzetshi N. Butinnin  aituyna qaraghanda shilde aiynyng basynda qarulanghan tórt qazaq tizimdi jong ýshin bolys ýiine basyp kirgen. «Qarsylassan, óltiremiz» dep qorqytqandyqtan Butin dalagha qashugha mәjbýr bolghan. Kýzetshiler qayta oralghanda shashylghan, jyrtylghan qaghazdardy kórgen. Kýzetshiler shabuyldaushylardyng ishinen Esbosyn Qydyrbekov pen Molsambek Dayyrbaevty tanyp qalghan» (OOTM) degen qújat saqtalghan. Osy oqigha ýshin Esbosyn men Molsambek tútqyndalyp, býlikke qatysqan Dýisembay Nazarov, Seyithoja Baytumov, Nazarbay Turalikovtardyng ýstinen qylmystyq is qozghalghan.

Óskemen uezining Súlusary, Shar, Qarabújyr, Qalba bolystarynyng lauazym iyeleri men el aghalarynan jiyny 200-300 adamdy Ósemen uezining 2-shi uchaskesining krestiyanskiy nachaliniygi Troyanov Georgiyevka poselkesine 7 shilde kýni jinaydy. Búl oqigha turaly múraghat dereginde: «...Troyanov patsha jarlyghyn jariyalaghannan keyin, jinalghan top: «júmysqa adam bermeymiz, óitkeni bizding balalarymyz esh uaqytta elden shyghyp kórgen joq. Eger kýshtep alatyn bolsa, onda jinaugha kelgen basqarushylar men ókilderdi óltiremiz» dep aighaylady. Jinalghan tobyr bolys basqarushylary men starshyndardan qyzmetten bas tartularyn talap etti. Talaptaryn tyndamaghan bolys-starshyndardy úryp, lauazymdyq belgilerin júlyp aldy. Olardy sýirelep ózderimen birge dalagha qaray alyp ketti» (OOTM) dep kórsetilgen. Osy oqigha boyynsha qylmystyq is qozghalyp Áubәkir Qalmataev jәne 19 qazaq tútqyndalghan. Qújattarda búl on toghyzdyng attary atalmaydy.

Qaruly qaqtyghysqa úlasqan eng iri narazylyq Óskemen uezining Tayynty bolysynda oryn aldy. Omby oblystyq sottar palatasyna Semeyden: «Óskemen uezining bastyghy Bruhanov praporshikter Gryaznov pen Balakin bastaghan qaruly kazak eluligin ertip 30 shilde kýni patsha jarlyghyn jariyalaugha Tayynty bolysynyng Qarabalapan degen jerine keledi. Erteninde qazaqtyng lauazymdy adamdary men aqsaqaldary jәne  2-3 mynday qaruly qazaqtar da osy jerge jinaldy. Patshanyng qazaq jastaryn soghystaghy qara júmysqa aluy turaly jarlyghyn tanystyrghannan keyin, jayau túrghan qazaqtar attaryna minip aldy, attyly túrghandary nayza-soyyldaryn kóterip, ereuildep: «óltirsender de barmaymyz, biz myna azghantay әskerden qoryqpaymyz» dep,  kazak әskerin qorshay bastady. Bruhanovtyng tәrtipsizdikti toqtatugha shara qoldanu turaly úsynysy boyynsha praporshik Gryaznov kazaktargha oq atugha búiryq berdi. Birneshe qazaq oqqa úshyp (14 adam) taghy birnesheui jaralanghan song qazaqtar tarap ketti. Búl is boyynsha 9 adam qamaugha alyndy» (Omby múraghatynan) degen raport týsken. Biraq, qamaugha alynghandardyng sany tizim boyynsha әldeqayda kóp.  Qaza tapqan on tórt birdey bozdaqtyng da esimderi belgisiz.

Kóterilis belsendileri retinde kylmystyq is qozghalyp qamaugha alynghan myna adamdar: Oralbay Tilemisov, Kayyrjan Maymaqov, Amanbay Keshtybaev, Amanbek Dulatov, Kúsman Oljabaev, Qanafiya Bayymbetov, Ydyrysh Ayymbetov, Esepbay Jogumbetov, Batkulla Altybaev, Túrsagat Qosaev, Qaly Shalgymbaev, Ahmetjan Bektybaev, Qasymbet Abraimov, Erejep Haynakpaev, Dosan Alibaev, Qayken Asauyrov, Kúdaybergen Ermúratov, Esimhan Kenjebaev. Eki mynnan astam adamnyng ishinen tandap alyp tútqyndaularyna qaraghanda kóterilisti úiymdastyrushylary, elge yqpaldy adamdar boluy kerek. Haynakpaev, Abraimov,  Bektaev degen ýsh azamattyng әrqaysyna 500 somnan kepil berip tuysqandary uaqytsha bosatyp alghan. 1917 jyldyng aqpan aiyndaghy raportta Haynakpaev alghan jaraqatynan qaytys bolghandyghy aitylghan.

Jalpy, resmy oryndar bolghan oqighalardy tym júpyny, resmy tilmen habarlaytyny belgili. Onyng ýstine oq atylghannan keyin qazaqtar birden tarap ketkendey әser qaldyrady. Múraghattaghy taghy bir qújatta: «Óskemen uezining Tayynty bolysynda 2000 astam qazaq kazak otryadyna shabuyl jasady. Oq jaudyru arqyly qazaqtardyng shabuylyn toytarys berildi. Birneshe qazaq jaralandy, ólgenderi de bar. Otryad jaqyn mandaghy poselkege sheginuge mәjbýr boldy» dep kórsetedi.

Uezd ortalyghy Óskemenge birshama jaqyn jәne kazak poselkelerining osy ónirde jiyi  ornalasqanyna qaramastan patsha jarlyghyn 30 shildede, yaghny basqa uezderden keyin jariyalauynda da bir syr jatqan siyaqty. Jergilikti biylik osy tónirektegi Tayynty, Targhyn, Ayyrtau bolystarynda narazylyqtyng qatty bolatynyn aldyn ala bilgen jәne soghan say qaruly otryadty erte kelgen. Qazaqtar, shyndyghynda da, shaqyrylghan jiyngha nayza-soyylmen bolsa da qarulanyp, qarasy mol qol jinap kelgen. Múndaghy negizgi maqsattary eng bolmasa biylik iyelerin jasqap, óz talaptaryn oryndatugha әrekettengen jәne kazaktar bytyrlatyp ata jóneledi degen oida bolmaghan. Tiktesip soghysugha dayyndalyp kelse, qarsy shauyp oqqa úshpas edi ghoy. Eki myng sarbaz az әsker emes, yaghny halyq kóteriluge dayyn bolghanymen ony  bastap ketetin әsker isin biletin batyr, jol kórseter kósem bolmaghandyqtan ereuilshiler tyghyryqqa tirelgen. Ári kóterilisting tәjiriybesiz, anghal basshylary nayza-soyylmen qarulanghan qazaqtardy besatarmen qarulanghan jaraqty әskerge qarsy tikeley shabuylgha bastap betin qaytaryp alghandyghynan kóterilis jalghasyn tappaghan. Sonymen qatar, Tayynty kóterilisining basty ereksheligi ereuildegen halyqtyng óz bolystary men basqa da qazaqtan shyqqan lauazym iyelerine qarsy shyqqandyghy turaly derek joq, soghan qaraghanda el bolystary men starshyndary halyqpen birge bolghan siyaqty.

Jogharyda attary atalyp, qylmystyq is qozghalghan azamattardyng barlyghy kóterilisting basshylary, belsendileri, úiymdastyrushy-úiytqysy bolghan adamdar.  Qazirgi kezde búl adamdardyng úrpaqtary da, auyldas-tuystary da aramyzda jýrgeni sózsiz. Patsha otarshyldyghyna qarsy qazaqtardyng eng auqymdy kóterilisine 100 jyl toldy. Osy adamdardyng eli ýshin kórsetken erlikterin eskerip, audandardaghy múrajaylarda, óz auyldarynda aty-jónderi jazylghan taqtalar qoyylsa artyq bolmas edi. Mekteptegi tarih pәni múghalimderi 1916 jylghy kóterilis turaly taqyrypty ótkende jergilikti komponentterdi paydalanyp jatady. Sol kezde osy adamdardyng attary atalyp, jankeshti erlik isteri aitylyp jatsa, jas úrpaqtyng el qamy ýshin kýresken jerles batyr babalaryna degen maqtanysh sezimderi oyanyp, olardyng patriottyq ruhyn kóteretini sózsiz. Últynyng bolashaghy – jastardy tyl júmysyna bermey, aman saqtap qalu ýshin boraghan oqqa qarsy qarusyz shapqan esil erlerding aruaqtary da riza bolar edi. 

Múhametbek  Asylbekov 

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