Islam әleminde songhy kezenderde týrli islamy baghyttaghy kózqarastar men aghymdar payda bolyp, olardyng keybireuleri tek ózderin ghana naghyz islamnyng ókilderimiz dep sanay bastady. Fundamentalizm, uahhabizm, sәlәfizm, tәkfirizm, t.b. sekildi ataularmen atalghan osynday býlikshil toptar islam әleminde ghasyrlar boyy jalghasyp kele jatqan dәstýrli diny týsinikke qarsy shyghyp, әlem júrtshylyghynyng narazylyghyn tudyruda.  

Osynyng saldarynan batystyq aqparat qúraldarynda «Islam terrorizmi, fundamentalizmi, radikalizmi", "ghylymi, baysaldy, resmi, halyqtyq, túrmystyq  islam», t.b. degen sekildi tolyp jatqan ataular qalyptasa bastady. Bizding qoghamda da «qazaqy islam, qazaq músylmandyghy, halyqtyq islam jәne dәstýrli islam» degen týsinikter payda boldy. Osy terminderdi әrkim óz tanymyna qaray anyqtap, mazmúnyn toltyrugha tyrysuda. 

Ásilinde, «dәstýrli islam» degende bastauyn Payghambarymyz (s.a.s.) kezeninen alyp, býginge deyin jalghasyn tauyp kele jatqan «әhly sunna uәl-jamaghatty» menzeymiz. Ol qalyng músylman júrtshylyghy tarapynan senimdilikke ie bolghan fiyqhta hanafi, shafighi, mәliky jәne hanbaly mәzhabtaryn, al senimde maturidy jәne әshghary mektepterin qamtidy.

Al keyingi kezende ghana tarih sahnasyna shyghyp, «taza islam» degen bet-perdeni jamylyp, ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan dәstýrli tórt mәzhabty mansúqtap, ózderining jymysqy pighyldaryn jýzege asyrghysy kelgen toptar belgili bir ghylymy әdistemege negizdelmegendikten kózqarastary kýnnen kýnge qúbylyp, sayasattyng yghynda, alpauyt kýshterding qarajatynyng arqasynda týrlenude. Sondyqtan qazirgi kýnning ózinde týrli baghyttargha bólinip, ózara qyryqpyshaq boluda. Osynyng bәri dәstýrsizdikten tuyndauda. Sondyqtan da «dәstýrli islam» degen tirkesting ózi bertin kele shyqqanymen tarihy shyndyq pen qoghamdyq qajettilikten tuyndaghan.

Qazaq halqynyng mәdeniyeti, ómir-salty, túrmys-tirshiligi men oilau jýiesinde, diny sanasynyng qalyptasuynda islam dininin, onyng ishinde sunnittik hanafy mәzhabynyng róli ýlken.

Ortalyq Aziyada islam berik ornamay túrghan kezderi týrli dindermen qatar, hanafiylik keng taramastan búryn shiitterdin, múghtazilitter men shafighiylerding bolghandyghy belgili. Alayda Qarahan patshasy Abdulkәrim Satúq Búghra hannyng 921 jyly sýnnittik hanafy baghytyn týrkiler ýshin resmy din retinde jariyalauy nәtiyjesinde búl aimaqtarda hanafy mәzhaby  keng taray bastady. Ásirese Mәuәrәnnahr aimaghynda kóptegen hanafy ghalymdary ósip jetilip, búl aimaq hanafy mәzhabynyng ortalyghyna ainaldy. Osy kezenderden bastap bizding babalarymyz hanafy mәzhabyn ústanyp, islam mәdeniyetining órkendeuine ózindik ýlesterin qosty. Solardyng birqataryn ghana atap óteyik. Mәselen kýlli týrki júrtynyng múysylmandyqty qabyldauynda erekshe orny bar «Piyr-y Týrkistan» atanghan Iassauy babamyzdyn.Qazaq dalasynan shyqqan Súltan Beybarys Mysyrdy biylegen kezde 4 mәzhab ókilderine qazy taghayyndauy da hanafy mәzhaby kýsheyine ong jaghday tughyzdy.  

Sol Mysyr elinde hanafy mәzhabynyng taraluyna ýles qosqan ghalymdardyng biri Qauam Qauam ad-Din әl-IYtqany әl-Faraby at-Týrkistany edi. Ol ghylym men abyroyynyng arqasynda Mysyrdaghy Sýrgatmysh medresesin basqaryp, hanafy mәzhabynyng bedelge ie boluyna qyzmet etken ghúlamalardyng biri. Sonymen qatar Kairde qyzmet jasap, hanafy mәzhabynyng keng taraluyna ýles qosqan ghúlama – Hibatulla bin Ahmad bin Mualla bin Mahmud at-Tarazy at-Týrkistany әl-Hanafy (Á.Derbisәli. Kair medreselerin basqarghan Otyrar imamy). Sonday ataqty ghúlamalarymyzdyng biri – Húsam ad-Din as-Syghnaqy (Sh.Kerim. Syghanaq sanlaghy, Almaty, 2012 j.). 

Sonymen qatar, osy tústa hanafy usulin (mәzhab әdistemesin) jandandyrghan erekshe ghalymdardyng biri jerlesimiz Shәmsul-Áimmә әl-Kerderiydi (599-642/1203-1244 j.) de aitpay ketuge bolmaydy. Óz kezenindegi әigili ghalymdardan sabaq alghan Kerdery «óz dәuirining Ábu Hanifasy» atanghan. 

Jerlesimiz Kerderiyding shәkirti Ábul Bәrakat әn-Nasafiyding (q. 710) de osy salagha sinirgen qyzmeti erekshe. Ol ýsh ghasyrgha juyq (HI-XIV) hanafy mәzhabynyng ortalyghy bolghan Búharada tuyp-ósken. Ol jerlesimiz ataqty Husamuddin әs-Syghnaqigha ústazdyq jasaghan. Nәsәfy – hanafy mәzhabynyng klassikalyq dәuir kezeninen keyingi uaqytta óte bedeldi sanalghan túlgha. Kezinde Kashmirdi biylegen Myrza Haydar Dulattyng da hanafy mәzhabynyng taraluyna yqpal etkeni belgili.

Sonymen qatar qazaq dalasynda tuyp, Islam órkeniyetine ózindik ýles qosqan Ábu Nasyr әl-Farabi, Ahmet Iýgneki, Jýsip Balasaghúny t.b. әlemge әigili maqtanyshtarymyzdy da aitpay ketugebolmaydy. Qazaq halqy – islam dinin qabyldap qana qoymay, islam órkeniyetine ózindik ýlesin qosa bilgen, mәdeny múrasynyng tamyrlary terende jatqan halyq.

Múny ókinishke oray kópshilik bile bermeydi. Ásirese shet elderde jartylay sauat ashyp kelgen keybir jastardyng imandylyqqa qarqyndy týrde bet búryp kele jatqan momyn halqymyzdy býlikke bastap, ata-babalarymyz jatsynbastan ghasyrlar boyy ústanyp kelgen, ghylymy negizde qalyptasqan osy baghyttaghy týsinigimizdi adasushylyq retindeayyptap, jastarymyzdy óz saptaryna qosugha jantalasyp jatqany ókinishti qúbylys. 

2011 jyly qazaq halqynyng tútastyghy men birligin saqtap, odan ary nyghaytu jolynda diny senimge qatysty zangha ózgeris engizilip, jana zannyng preambulasynda «halyqtyng mәdeniyetining damuy men ruhany ómirinde hanafy baghytyndaghy islamnyng tarihy rólin tanityny» atap kórsetilgen bolatyn. Sonymen qatar, Elbasymyz 2012 jylghy joldauynda din mәselesining qoghamymyzda qanshalyqty ótkir túrghandyghyn aita kele: «Biz músylmanbyz, onyng ishinde Ábu Hanifa mazhabyn ústanatyn sýnnittermiz...» dep diny ústanymymyzdyng qay baghytta jýrgizilui tiyis ekendigining astyn syzyp túryp belgilep berdi.

Rasynda qazaq elining diny sanasynyng qalyptasuynda sýnnittik hanafy mәzhaby ghalymdarynyng sinirgen enbegi zor. Osy mәseleni biz ózimizding diny ishki sýzgimiz retinde qalyptastyruymyz mindet. Onsyz biz syrttan kelip, elimizding tútastyghyn búzghysy keletin jat aghymdargha qarsy túra almaymyz. Hanafy mәzhabynyng ghylymy múrasy búghan tolyqtay jetkilikti. Hanafy mәzhabynyng islam órkeniyetinde ornyerekshe.

Memlekettik jýie men qauipsizdikti de qamtamasyz etude, azamattardyng bәrine teng qarap, qoghamda әdilettilikti ornatyp, memleketting bayandylyghyn qamtamasyz etude mәzhabtardyng róli erekshe bolghan. Islam memleketining negizgi túghyryna ainaldy. Negizinde islam tarihyndaghy memleketterding resmy mәzhab ústanymdary qúqyqtyq birlik pen tәrtipti qamtamasyz etuge baghyttalghan shara edi әri ózindik paydasyn da tiygizdi.

Qorytyndylay aitar bolsaq, memleketimizding tәuelsizdigin bayandy etu jolynda әleumettik, sayasi-ekonomikalyq faktorlar ghana sheshushi ról atqaryp qoymaydy. Qazaqstan halqynyng ruhany hәm diny týsinigining birtútastyghy da asa manyzdy sanalady. Osy túrghyda últtyq bolmysymyzgha núqsan keltirmeytin dәstýrli diny sýnnittik-hanafy mektebining damu tarihy, ghylymy negizderi, ómirshendigin qamtamasyz etken ústanymdary men qazirgi kezende ony damytyp, jýieleuding baghyt-baghdaryn aiqyndau – kezek kýttirmeytin mәsele. Sondyqtan da Qazaqstan qoghamynda ishki tútastyqty saqtau jolynda Qazaqstan músylmandary diny basqarmasy tarapanan hanafy mәzhabyn damytudyng ghylymy әri iydeologiyalyq negizderi men ony ornyqtyru strategiyasyn jasap, sol baghytta ýlken júmystar jýrgizu qajet.

Alau ÁDILBAEV,

Ph.D,

«Ábu Hanifa» ghylymy zertteu

ortalyghynyng diyrektory.

Abai.kz