Jerding jasandy serigi (JJS ) — Jer tóniregindegi orbitagha shygharylyp, әr týrli ghylymy jәne qoldanbaly mәselelerdi sheshuge arnalghan gharyshtyq apparat.

Dýnie jýzindegi eng túnghysh JJS KSRO-da 1957 jyly 4 qazanda úshyryldy. 1958 jyly 1 aqpanda orbitagha túnghysh amerikalyq JJS — “Eksplorer-1” shygharyldy. Keyinirek óz JJS-terin basqa elder: 26.11.1965 — Fransiya (“A-1” serigi), 11.2.1970 — Japoniya (“Osumiy”), 24.4. 1970 — Qytay (“4 aina-1”), 28.10.1971 — Úlybritaniya (“Prospero”), 18.7.1980 — Ýndistan (“Rohiniy”) úshyra bastady. Kanada, Fransiya, Italiya, Úlybritaniya, t.b. elderde jasalghan keybir serikter 1962 jyldan bastap amerikalyq tasyghysh raketalardyng kómegimen úshyryldy. Kenestik tasyghysh raketalardyng kómegimen Ýndistan, Fransiya, Chehoslovakiya, t.b. elderding JJS-teri orbitagha shygharyldy.

JJS-ti tasyghysh raketanyng kómegimen orbitagha shygharu ýshin oghan birinshi gharyshtyq jyldamdyqqa teng (q. [Gharyshtyq Jyldamdyqtar|Gharyshtyq jyldamdyqtar) nemese odan artyq (biraq 1,4 eseden asyp ketpeytin) jyldamdyq berilui tiyis. JJS-ting úshuynyng tómengi biyiktigi (orbitanyng periygeyinde) 140 — 150 km (atmosferada jyldam tejeluden saqtanu ýshin), jogharghy biyiktigi (orbitanyng apogeyinde) birneshe jýzdegen myng km-ge deyin. JJS-ting jerdi bir ainalyp shyghu uaqyty onyng úshu orbitasynyng ortasha biyiktigine baylanysty jәne 1,5 saghattan birneshe tәulikke sozylady.

Ekvator jazyqtyghyna jaqyn jatqan ekvatorlyq orbitagha shygharylghan JJS ekvatorialdyq JJS, al Jerding polusteri manynan ótetin polyarlyq (nemese polyar manyndaghy) orbitadaghy JJS polyarlyq JJS dep atalady. Jer betinen 35800 km qashyqtyqtaghy ekvatorialdyq orbitagha shygharylyp, Jerding ainalu baghytymen qozghalatyn JJS Jer betining bir nýktesining ýstinde “qalqyp” túrady (geostasionarlyq orbita). Múnday JJS-ter stasionarlyq dep atalady. JJS-terding erekshe tiypine gharyshtyq kemeler jәne germetikalyq kabinasynda adam ómir sýretin orbitalyq stansalar jatady. Halyqaralyq kelisimge sәikes, eger gharyshtyq apparat Jerdi kem degende bir ret ainalyp úshsa, ol JJS dep atalady. Búl shart saqtalmaghan jaghdayda gharyshtyq apparat ballistikalyq traektoriya boyymen ólsheuler jýrgizgen zondylau raketasy bolyp sanalady jәne JJS retinde tirkelmeydi. Orbitagha shyghar kezinde JJS-ten bólinip qalatyn tasyghysh raketanyng songhy satylary, bas bóligindegi aua aqtyrghysh, t.b. qosalqy orbitalyq nysandar bolyp esepteledi; búl nysandar Jer tóniregindegi orbitamen qozghalady; olar birqatar jaghdaylarda ghyl. maqsat ýshin baqylanatyn nysan qyzmetin atqarghanymen, әdette, olardy JJS dep atamaydy. JJS-ter kómegi arqyly sheshiletin mәselelerge baylanysty olar ghyl.-zert. JJS-teri jәne qoldanbaly JJS-ter bolyp bólinedi.

Eger JJS-te radiotaratqyshtar, qanday da bir ólsheuish apparatura, jaryq signaldaryn beretin impulistyq shamdar, t.b. ornatylsa ony aktivti JJS dep ataydy. Atalghan jabdyqtardyng eshqaysysy joq, tek keybir ghyl. mәselelerdi sheshu ýshin jerden baqylanatyndary (múnday JJS-ter qataryna diametri birneshe ondaghan m-ge jetetin JJS-ballondar jatady) passivti dep atalady. ghylymiy-zertteu JJS-teri Jerdi, basqa aspan denelerin, gharyshtyq kenistikti zertteuge, gharyshtyq kenistikte biologiyalyq, t.b. zertteuler jýrgizu ýshin qyzmet atqarady. JJS-ting bortynda ornalastyrylghan apparatura, sonday-aq, JJS-ti jer betindegi stansiyalardan baqylau astronomiyalyq, geodeziyalyq, biologiyalyq, geofizikalyq jәne arnayy zertteuler jýrgizuge mýmkindik beredi. ghyl.-zert. JJS-terine alghashqy kenestik “Elektron”, “Proton”, “Kosmos” seriyaly JJS-ter, amerikalyq “Avangard”, “Eksplorer”, “OGO”, “OSO”, “OAO” (geofizikalyq, kýndik, astronomiyalyq observatoriyalar) seriyaly JJS-ter; aghylshyn JJS-i — “Arieli”, fransuz JJS-i — “Diadem”, t.b. jatady. Baylanys ornatugha arnalghan JJS-ter (kenestik — “Ekran”, amerikalyq — “Sinkom”, “Intelsat” JJS-i), meteorologiyalyq JJS-ter (kenestik “Kosmos”, “Metef” seriyaly JJS-ter, amerikalyq “Tiros”, “ESSA”, “Nimbus”), Jer resurstaryn zertteuge arnalghan JJS-ter (amerikalyq “Lendsat jәne “AEM”), navigasiyalyq JJS-ter, (kenestik “Kosmos — 1000”, amerikalyq “Tranziyt”), tehnikalyq maqsattargha arnalghan JJS-ter (gharyshtyq jaghdaydyng materialdargha әserin zertteuge, borttyq jýielerdi synaugha arnalghan), әskery JJS-ter, t.b. qoldanbaly JJS-ter bolyp sanalady. Keybir JJS-terge ghyl. zertteulerdi de jәne qoldanbaly mәselelerdi de sheshuge mýmkindik beretin apparatura ornatylady. JJS kómegimen sheshiletin ghylymy jәne qoldanbaly mәselelerding әr týrli boluyna baylanysty olardyng pishinderi, massalary, qúrylymdyq súlbalary, borttyq qúral-jabdyqtarynyng qúramy әr týrli bolyp jasalady. Mys., kishigirim JJS-ting massasy (“ERS” seriyaly) — bar joghy 0,7 kg; kenestik “Proton — 4” JJS-ining massasy 17 t.

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