Ortalyq Reseyden sharualardyng qonys au­da­­ruy HIH gh. 70-80 jj. agrarlyq daghdarys pen kre­postniktik pravonyng joyyluyna baylanysty ýl­­ken masshtabta jýrdi. Patsha ýkimeti sharualardy shet aimaqtargha qonystandyru arqyly halyq tyghyz qonystanghan Europalyq Reseyding guber­niyalaryndaghy agrarlyq qayshylyqtardy basu­gha tyrysty. Sharualardy qarqyndy týrde qonys­tandyrghan aimaghy Qazaqstan edi.

Qazaq jerlerine kelimsekterdi qonystandyru maqsatynda «artyq» jer kólemin anyqtau ýshin pat­shalyq Resey Dalalyq oblystargha 1896-1903 jyldary F.Sherbina bastaghan, keyinnen 1907-1909 jyldary aralyghynda qaytadan Aqmola oblysynyng 5 uezine V.Kuznesov bastaghan ekspedisiya, al 1906-1913  jj. Syr-Dariya oblystaryna V.Skryplev, al 1909-1913 jj. Jetisu oblysyna P.P.Rumyansev bas­shylyghymen zertteu ekspedisiyalaryn jiberdi.

Jalpy «artyq» jer jónindegi mәsele patsha ókimetining otarshyldyq sayasatynyng mәnin ashyp, osyghan sәikes ýsh baghytta jýzege asty: 1) «Erekshe erejeler» qabyldau arqyly qazaq jerlerine orys sharualaryn qonystandyrugha jol ashty; 2) Qazaq dalasyna «artyq» jerlerdi tabu ýshin ekspedisiya­lar jiberip, qazaqtardyng kóshpeli sharuashylyghy ýsh­in jer ýlesining mólsherin «ghylymi» negizdeu; 3) «ar­tyq» jerlerdi tauyp, orys sharualaryn qonys­tandyrdy. Otarshylyq sayasattyng osy baghyttary bir-birimen tyghyz baylanysta bolyp, bir uaqytta jýzege asqany tarihtan belgili.

Ortalyq Reseyden sharualardyng qonys au­da­­ruy HIH gh. 70-80 jj. agrarlyq daghdarys pen kre­postniktik pravonyng joyyluyna baylanysty ýl­­ken masshtabta jýrdi. Patsha ýkimeti sharualardy shet aimaqtargha qonystandyru arqyly halyq tyghyz qonystanghan Europalyq Reseyding guber­niyalaryndaghy agrarlyq qayshylyqtardy basu­gha tyrysty. Sharualardy qarqyndy týrde qonys­tandyrghan aimaghy Qazaqstan edi.

Qazaq jerlerine kelimsekterdi qonystandyru maqsatynda «artyq» jer kólemin anyqtau ýshin pat­shalyq Resey Dalalyq oblystargha 1896-1903 jyldary F.Sherbina bastaghan, keyinnen 1907-1909 jyldary aralyghynda qaytadan Aqmola oblysynyng 5 uezine V.Kuznesov bastaghan ekspedisiya, al 1906-1913  jj. Syr-Dariya oblystaryna V.Skryplev, al 1909-1913 jj. Jetisu oblysyna P.P.Rumyansev bas­shylyghymen zertteu ekspedisiyalaryn jiberdi.

Jalpy «artyq» jer jónindegi mәsele patsha ókimetining otarshyldyq sayasatynyng mәnin ashyp, osyghan sәikes ýsh baghytta jýzege asty: 1) «Erekshe erejeler» qabyldau arqyly qazaq jerlerine orys sharualaryn qonystandyrugha jol ashty; 2) Qazaq dalasyna «artyq» jerlerdi tabu ýshin ekspedisiya­lar jiberip, qazaqtardyng kóshpeli sharuashylyghy ýsh­in jer ýlesining mólsherin «ghylymi» negizdeu; 3) «ar­tyq» jerlerdi tauyp, orys sharualaryn qonys­tandyrdy. Otarshylyq sayasattyng osy baghyttary bir-birimen tyghyz baylanysta bolyp, bir uaqytta jýzege asqany tarihtan belgili.

Ekspedisiyalardyng aldyna qoyghan maqsaty - «artyq jer» kólemin anyqtap, pereselenderge ke­sip beru. Búl mәsele turaly F.Sherbina óz enbe­gin­de: «Zertteuding negizgi mindetine bir jaghynan qyrghyz halqynyng tabighy jәne sharuashylyq jaghdayyna qajettiligin qanaghattandyratyn jer kólemin anyqtau bolsa, ekinshi jaghynan sol artyq jerlerdi pereselenderding qajettiligine beru» - dep jazdy (1). Aytylghandardy iske asyru ýshin ekspedisiya mynanday mәselelerdi zerttep, anyqtap aluy qajet edi:

Birinshiden, kóshpeli sharuashylyq jәne túr­­ghylyqty halyq sanyn; ekinshiden, olardyng qajet­tiligin qanaghattan­dyru ýshin, ortasha qazaq otbasyna qajetti azyq-týlik zattardyng jәne t.b. mólsherin; ýshinshiden, kóshpeli túrghyndardyng basty kә­sibine ainalghan mal basynyng sanyn; tórtinshiden, qa­zaq­tardyng jer paydalanuy, túr­ghylyqty halyq­tyng jerge qatynasyn; besin­shi­den, mal baghatyn týrli jerlerding sapa­lyq erekshelikterin anyqtau.

Ekspedisiya baghdarlamasy 17 taraudan jәne kishigirim 93 taraushadan túrdy. Onda: Rulyq bas­tama; Sharuashylyq auyldardyng tarihy; Jer ón­deu; Baqshashylyq jәne bau egip ósiru; Orman jәne toghayly jerler; Jerdi jalgha beru (arenda); Óner­kәsip jәne jalaqy; Alym-salyq jәne bo­ry­shy; Qazaq otbasynyng ereksheligi; Ortaq sharuashylyq ister; Sauda; Nesiye; Halyqtyng qajettiligi; Tabighat-jaratylys jaghdayy.

Zertteulerding basty mindeti túrghyndargha jer normasyn jәne artyq jer mólsherin anyq­tap, olardy europalyq Reseyden keletin kelimsek­ter­ge beru bolghan dep jasyrmay jazady (2). Sta­tiys­tikalyq zertteu otarlau, jerdi tartyp alu maq­satynda bol­ghanymen zandy negizi bolmaghan. Oghan sebepti erejelerdegi baptardan kóruge bolady.

Shyn mәninde kez kelgen derek belgili bir tariy­hy oqighanyn, qúbylystyng nemese qoghamdyq prosesting saldarynan payda bolady. Al búlar naqty tarihy derekterde beynelenip, ol turaly mәlimetterdi saqtaydy (3). Derektermen júmys jýrgizgende tarihilyq prinsipti basshylyqqa alyp, derekti ózining payda bolghan uaqyty konteksinde zertteu qajet. Óitkeni, derekting jasalghan uaqyty, onyng ereksheligi, naqty kezende qalyptasqan tarihy jaghday, ýstemdik etken sayasy qúrylys, t.b. derekting payda boluyna, ishki mazmúny men baghytyna, maqsaty men mindetine әser etetini anyq.

Resey imperiyasynyng zertteu júmystarynyng negizgi maqsattaryna jetuine qazaq qoghamynyng ózine tәn erekshelikterimen qalyptasqan ishki jәne syrtqy jaghdaylary kedergi jasap, búl ýderis óte úzaq jyldargha sozyldy.

«Qazaqtar orys biyligine «óz erkimen kirdi dep shartty týrde ghana aita alamyz, - dep jazdy P.P.Rumyansev, - Tek orystar qazaq dalasyna birne­she әskery joryqtar jasap, onda berik ornalas­qannan keyin ghana, qazaqtardyng Resey biyligin moyyn­dauy shyndyqqa ainaldy» (4). Patsha ókime­ti Jetisu ólkesinde birneshe әskeriy-әkimshilik sha­ralardy jýzege asyryp, Ayagóz, Qapal siyaqty myqty bekinisterin túrghyzyp, oghan qaru-jaraghy mol әskerlerin ornalastyrdy. Ondaghy maqsaty Ile­ning arghy betine ótip, tәuelsiz kóship-qonyp jýr­gen qazaq rularyn qarudyng kýshimen Qoqan han­dyghynyng yghynan aiyryp, onda orys biyligin ornatu boldy. «Ilening arghy betine bekinis salmay, ólkedegi qazaqtardy baghyndyru mýmkin emes, - dedi orystyng generaly IY.F.Babkov, - olargha biyligimizdi moyyndatu onay, biraq olardy sol biylikte ústap túru óte qiyn» (5).

Búghan narazy bolghan Úly jýz qazaqtary Qoqan qypshaqtarymen birigip, orystardyng әskerlerine tótep beru ýshin bekinister sala bastaydy. Resey әske­ri Bas shtabynyng shtab kapitany Pomeransev­ting 1851 jyly jasaghan kartasy boyynsha, Toy­shybek bekinisi Qarasu ózenining qúighanynan 8 verst tómende ornalasqan. Bekinisti kýzetuge 150-ge juyq Úly jýz qazaqtary men qypshaq qazaqtaryn ornalastyrady.

Qazaqtardyng bekinister salyp, Resey imperiya­­synyng basqynshylyq sayasatyna qarsy qoqandyq­tarmen birigip ketuinen qauiptengen orystar, olargha qarsy әskerin jóneltedi. «Toyshybek bekinisining salynuy, - dep jazady óz esteliginde IY.F. Babkov, - sayasy jaghynan alghanda Úly jýz qazaqtarynyng arasynda Qoqan handyghy bedelining ósui, Resey biyligining әlsireuine әkep soqtyrdy. Sondyqtan Ile alqabyna jiberilgen әskery ekspedisiyanyng aldyna Toyshybek bekinisin qiratyp, ol jaqtan qoqandyqtardy quyp jiberip, orys biyligin qalpyna keltiru qoyyldy».

Búl әskerding mindetine Toyshybek bekinisin tal­qandap qana qoymay, Ile qazaqtaryn «tәrtipke» salu jýkteledi. 1850 jyly 15 sәuirde Úly jýz qazaqtarynyng pristavy Vrangeliding ornyna kelgen kapitan Gutkovskiyding basqaruyndaghy kazaktardyng jýzdigi men bir jayau әsker eki zenbiregi bar әskery ekspedisiya Ile ózeninen ótip, Úly jýz qazaqtarynyng bekinisine qaray baghyt ústaydy. Gutkovskiyding Je­ke Sibir korpusynyng komandiyri Gorchakovqa jibergen 252-nshi mәlimetinde: «Opasyz qazaqtar meni ózderin Reseyge adalmyz dep sendirumen qatar, jasyryn týrde kóteriliske dayyndalyp jatty. ...kómekteseuge tiyisti qúrmetti qazaqtar, eshqanday mәlimetter jetkizgen joq. ...keybireui bekiniske jaqyndaghanda bizdi tastap ketip qaldy» - depti.

Bekinis týbinde qazaqtar men qoqandyqtar birige otyryp, ózderining ortaq jauy patsha ókimetining әskerine qarsy azattyq ýshin shayqasqa týsedi. «...zenbirekten jaughan oqqa qaramastan qazaqtardyng salt attylary olardy qorshaugha aldy.Olar batyrlary men ataqty adamdarynyng әruaqtaryn shaqyryp, rularynyng tuy men jalauyn kóterip shyqty (6). Toyshybek bekinisining týbinde qatty qarsylyqqa tap bolghan Gutkovskiy kelesi kýni she­gi­nuge mәjbýr bolady. Resey imperiyasynyng Úly jýz qazaqtaryn kýshpen baghyndyrmaq bolghan alghashqy әreketining tolyq sәtsizdikke úshyrauyna birden-bir sebep, qazaq halqynyng tәuelsizdigi ýshin azattyq kýresi edi. Orys generaly IY.F.Babkov bylay dep jazady: «Kapitan Gutkovskiyding әskery ekspedisiyasy kórsetkendey, Kenesary kezinde bolghan Úly jýzdegi tolqular әli basylmapty, qayta songhy uaqytta kýsheyip ketkeni sonshalyq, olar bizding әskerge qarsy qoqandyqtarmen birigip soghysty».

Toyshybek týbindegi jenilis halyqaralyq jagh­dayda patsha ókimetining bedeline ýlken núqsan keltirgeni sonshalyq, sol jyly patsha jarlyghy­men Batys Sibir general-gubernatory Gorchakov pen Úly jýz qazaqtarynyng Pristavy Gutkovskiy ornynan alynady (10). Al kelesi jyly tikeley orys pat­shasynyng baqylauymen Toyshybek bekini­sine qar­sy qaytadan mol әsker jasaqtalady. Orys pat­sha­sy­nyng qaharly mol әskery kýshti Úly jýz qa­zaq­­ta­ryna qarsy jiberudegi maqsaty Toyshybek bekinisin talqandap qana qoymay, kóterilis jasaghan qazaqtardy jazalap, orys qaruynyng bedelin qa­zaqtardyng arasynda kóteru boldy.

Patsha ókimeti jazalaushy jasaqtyng bastyghyna qazaqtardy jazalauda talay ret synnan ótken, qazaq dalasy men tilin, dәstýrin jaqsy biletin podpolkovnik Karbyshevty taghayyndaydy. Ilening arghy betine attanatyn әskerdi joryqqa dayarlau turaly búiryq 1851 jyly 7 nauryzda beriledi. Al әsker 1851 jyly 18 mamyrda Qapaldan attanady. Toyshybek bekinisine jetken orys әskeri bekinisting bos túrghanyn kóredi. Qúpiya týrde jasaqtalghanyna qaramastan orystardyng mol әskermen shyghayyn dep jatqanynan habardar bolghan rubasylary, jaqsy qarulanghan basqynshylargha tótep bere almasyn bilip, býkil elin jinap, Shudyng arghy betindegi qoqandyqtardyng iyeligine kóship ketedi.

Jetisuda orys ýstemdigin nyghaytyp, Úly jýz qazaqtaryna baqylaudy kýsheytu jәne olardy qo­qan­dyqtardyng yqpalynan aiyrudy kózdegen Resey imperiyasy Toyshybek bekinisi alynysymen, Resey syrtqy ister ministri Nesselirod Batys Sibir general-gubernatoryna Ilening arghy betine óz bekinisterin salyp, orys biyligin bayandy etetin sharalar jasaudy búiyrady.

Reseyding Jetisu ólkesin iri shayqastarmen basyp aldy. Óitkeni, ol jerdi mekendegen Úly jýz qazaqtary men qyrghyzdardyng Qoqan handyghymen әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýr jәne tilderimen qatar mem­lekettik sayasy ómiri de etene jaqyn edi. N.Ledenov bylay deydi: «Ile ólkesindegi qazaqtar qoqandyqtargha ýmit artyp, solardyng kómegimen ózderine jekkórinishti orystardyng biyligine qarsy shyqty. Basqynshylargha degen jaulyqtary erekshe boldy. Qazaqtar kazaktargha tútqiyldan tap berip, óltiretin nemese tútqyngha aidap ketetin. 1860 jyly jaghdaydyng shiyeleniskeni sonshalyqty kazaktar tek qaruly top bolyp qana júmys istey alatyn dәrejege jetti»/11/.

Soghan qaramastan Qyrym soghysyndaghy odaq­tastar jenilisinen keyin Shyghystyng many­zynyng kýrt ósui әskery kýshpen baghyndyru jos­paryna kóshirdi. 1859 jyly shtabs-kapitan M.IY.Venu­kovtyng 40-nshy mәlimetinde әskery bekinisterding qa­ruly shayqasqa dayyndyghy turaly aitylady. Onda: «Qoqan handyghynyng Pishkek jәne oghan jaqyn ornalasqan basqa da bekinisterding qorghanys qabileti jәne ondaghy әskery kýshterding qúramyn bilu ýshin barlyq amaldardy qoldana otyryp, sauda keruenderinen mәlimetter jinap qana qoymay, maghan belgili adamdardy osy maqsatpen Qoqannyng bekinisterine jiberdim». Odan әri biylerding bir-biri­men baylanysyn jәne olardyng syrtqy bay­lanystaryn egjey-tegjeyli bayandap kóp kýsh kerektigine toqtalady. Úly jýz qazaqtaryn Shu qyr­ghyzdarymen jalghastyratyn jolda Qastek bekinisin salady. Bekiniske 1 rota jayau әsker, 40 kazak jәne 5 zenbiregin ornalastyrady. 1860 jy­ly qúramynda 1750 adamy jәne 15 zenbiregi bar polkovnik Simmerman basqarghan orys әskeri Shudan ótip, 70 әskerden túratyn Toqmaq pen 500 әskeri bar Pishkek bekinisterin qorshaydy. Orystar 26 tamyzda Toqmaqty, al 4 qyrkýiekte 5 kýndik qorshaudan keyin Pishkekti basyp alady. Orystar búl joryqtargha erekshe manyz berip, zenbirekterdi Sankt-Peterburgtegi qaru qoymasynan jiberedi. Kýshi teng emes jergilikti halyqtyng erlikpen shayqasynyng jenilisi, olardyng der kezinde kelisim boyynsha bir-birine kómekke kele almauy, birlese qimyl jasay almauy saldarynan edi.

Úly jýz qazaqtarynyng kóptegen rubasy­lary tútqyndalyp, elding oirany shyghyp talqan­dalghanyna qaramastan, Qoqan handyghynyng kýshi­men birlesip qazaq qoldarynyng basshylary Ba­tyr­bek, Bayzaq, Momynbek, Qojabek, Súranshy, Andas, Bayseyit, t.b. bastap, sheshushi shayqasqa shyghady. Búl shayqastyng orys imperiyasynyng ishki jәne syrtqy sayasatynyng negizgi baghytynda zor manyzy bar edi. Jetisudaghy Qoqan handyghy men Resey patshalyghynyng 1860 jylghy 21 qazandaghy Úzynaghashqa tayau Qara Qastek ózenining boyyndaghy shayqasy orystardyng jenisimen ayaqtaldy. Búl shay­qastyng taghdyryn orys zenbirekterining kýshi men úzaq jyldar boyghy dayyndyghy sheshti. Búl shayqasqa Kenesarynyng ýsh úly - Tayshyq, Ahmet, Syzdyq ta qatysady. Qazaqtargha qatysty Kol­pakovskiy bylaysha mәlimdeydi: «..Súranshy, Andas, Diqanbay, Shayan, Kerim bizge qarsy boldy, al bizge tilektes bolmasa da Áli, Toghanbay siyaqty biyler biz jaqta qalghanymen qoqandyqtardyng әskery kýshine senip, olardyng jenetinine ýmit artty. Sondyqtan satqyndyq әreketterding aldyn alu isterinde olardy bir-birine jaqyndatpaugha әreket ettik. Bólek by men Bekdayyr 60 jigitimen úrys bitken kezde keldi, al 30 jigitpen Tezek tóre men Atamqúldyng erte kelmegenine qatty quandym, olar bizding osynday ma­nyz­dy isimizdi jýzege asyrtpay tastar ma edi», - deydi.

Shayqasta mesheu ekonomika men qoghamdyq qa­ty­nastargha negizdelgen otanshyldyq ruh emes, sol zaman­gha say jetilgen soghys qarularyna sýiengen orys әskery kýshining basymdylyghy jenip, Ile ólkesine taban tirep, Ilening ontýstigindegi qoqandyq kýshke, týrki-músylmandardyng birikken kýshine qat­ty soqqy berdi. Sóitip, Jetisu ólkesinde 1860 jyldan bastap orys yqpaly birjola ornady.

Patsha ókimeti Úly jýz qazaqtaryn baghyndyru ýshin erekshe әskerler qúryp, kóp mólsherde qarjy júmsaghan. Sonday-aq búl shayqas Resey imperiyasynyng qazaq halqyn óktem kýshpen baghyndyrghanyn jәne qazaqtar kez-kelgen uaqytta mýmkindik tua qalsa, orystardyng ozbyrlyghyna qarsy qaru alyp, soghysugha dayyn ekendigin kórsetti. «Eren erlikti, eldik pen tәuelsizdikti joghary ústaghan qazaqtar qay kezende de, dala tósinde atqa qonghan batyrlar tuy astynda jinalugha dayyn» túratynyna kózderi jetken.

Batys Sibir general- gubernatory G.H.Gasford Alatau duandyghynyng bastyghy Kolpakovskiyge qazaqtar odan keyin shabuyl jasamas ýshin olardyng býkil dýniye-mýlki men maldaryn tartyp alyp, eng basty súltandary men biylerin jazagha tartu turaly núsqau beredi. Búl núsqaumen qosa Gasfordtyng Kalpakovskiyge jóneltilgen kelesi bir núsqauy orystardyng «býlikshil» qazaqtardy jazalauda ayausyz qatygezdikke barghanyn kórsetedi. Onda: «...kez-kelgen qaru ústaghan qazaqty jong kerek. Eger de qazaqtar Resey biyligine narazy bolyp, azdap bolsa da satqyndyq jasaytyn bolsa, onda olardy taban astynda atyp tastap, auyldaryn órtep jәne dýniye-mýlikteri men maldaryn talandar, ...biz olardyng batyldyghyn basyp, bizden saqtanugha ýiretemiz. ...jәne de «qaraqshylardy» joyyp otyratyn myqty әsker ústau qajet. Kazaktardyng qazaqtardy atqan kezde birde-bir oghy bosqa ketpesin», - delingen. Patsha ókimeti kóteriliske shyqqan Úly jýz qazaqtaryn jazalau ýshin erekshe әskerler qúryp, әskery qaru kýshterin tolyqtyryp, mol qarjy júmsap otyrghan.

«Qazaq tarihy» jurnalynan