Qonyrattar

Monghol tarihshysy Sanan-Sesenning kuә­lik etuinshe, qonyrattar «kók-mongholdar» tú­qymynan taraytyn «úly mongholdar» tobynan shyghady. Shamasy «kók» sózin mynaday maghyna­da týsinuge bolady, mysaly Shynghys han Kerey hany Van hangha­ (1) jazghan hatynda qonyrattar­dy, qataghandardy, dýrmenderdi kók siraqty tyrnalar dep ataydy. Alayda «kók» sózining «as­pan» degen ekinshi maghynasy bar. Bizding qo­nyrattardyng arasynda «kókting úly» degen ru tarmaghy bar. Búl kiyiz ýiding shanyraghyna týnde týsken núrdan Alangoa jesirding bala tauyp, Shynghys hannyng babasy jaralghany siyaqty qonyrattardyng babalary da kәduilgi adamdar emes degen emeurin siyaqty. Búl patshalar men batyrlardy qúdaydan taratatyn grek miy­fologiyasyn eske týsiredi. Dәl osyndaydy pat­shalaryn «kókting úly» deytin qytaylardan da kezdestiremiz. Qonyrattardyng erekshe әu­let­­ten shyqqanyn Shynghys hannyng ózining she­shesi qonyrat ekeninen, ataqty Joshynyn, Shagha­taydyn, Ýgedeyding jәne Tólening sheshesi, Shyn­ghys hannyng birinshi әieli Bórtening qonyrat ekeninen kóremiz. Qonyrattardyng kósemi Menleke 13 jasar jetim Temuchindi* birinshi bolyp mandayynan sipady, onyng sheshesine, yaghny ózining qonyratyna ýilendi. Keyinnen Shynghys hannyng ordasynda Menlekening elding bәrinen joghary otyruy osymen týsindiriledi. Menlekening úly, әigili shaman Kókshe «Bút-tәniri» yaghny qúdaydyng kólenkesi dep atalady.

Qonyrattar

Monghol tarihshysy Sanan-Sesenning kuә­lik etuinshe, qonyrattar «kók-mongholdar» tú­qymynan taraytyn «úly mongholdar» tobynan shyghady. Shamasy «kók» sózin mynaday maghyna­da týsinuge bolady, mysaly Shynghys han Kerey hany Van hangha­ (1) jazghan hatynda qonyrattar­dy, qataghandardy, dýrmenderdi kók siraqty tyrnalar dep ataydy. Alayda «kók» sózining «as­pan» degen ekinshi maghynasy bar. Bizding qo­nyrattardyng arasynda «kókting úly» degen ru tarmaghy bar. Búl kiyiz ýiding shanyraghyna týnde týsken núrdan Alangoa jesirding bala tauyp, Shynghys hannyng babasy jaralghany siyaqty qonyrattardyng babalary da kәduilgi adamdar emes degen emeurin siyaqty. Búl patshalar men batyrlardy qúdaydan taratatyn grek miy­fologiyasyn eske týsiredi. Dәl osyndaydy pat­shalaryn «kókting úly» deytin qytaylardan da kezdestiremiz. Qonyrattardyng erekshe әu­let­­ten shyqqanyn Shynghys hannyng ózining she­shesi qonyrat ekeninen, ataqty Joshynyn, Shagha­taydyn, Ýgedeyding jәne Tólening sheshesi, Shyn­ghys hannyng birinshi әieli Bórtening qonyrat ekeninen kóremiz. Qonyrattardyng kósemi Menleke 13 jasar jetim Temuchindi* birinshi bolyp mandayynan sipady, onyng sheshesine, yaghny ózining qonyratyna ýilendi. Keyinnen Shynghys hannyng ordasynda Menlekening elding bәrinen joghary otyruy osymen týsindiriledi. Menlekening úly, әigili shaman Kókshe «Bút-tәniri» yaghny qúdaydyng kólenkesi dep atalady.

Shynghys hannyng eng bastapqy joryqta­rynyng bә­rinde Qonyrattar sonyng jaghynda soghysady. 1220 jyly Nishapurdy qorshaghanda Shynghys hannyng qyzyna ýilengen qonyrat Toghyshar qaytys bolady. Ol ólgen song әie­li dereu shabuyldy basqaryp, qalany alghan­da barlyq túrghyndardy qyrugha búiryq be­­re­di. Joshynyng úldaryna berilgen bizding qonyrattardyng babalary 4000 taza monghol­dardyng sanatyna kiredi. Shamasy, qonyrattar Shaybaqtyng (Kók Orda) qúzyrynda bolyp, Syrdariyanyng tómengi jaghyna ornalasqan siyaqty. 1360 jyly qonyrat Qúsayyn sopy Horezmge ie bolyp, Altyn

Ordanyng vassaly sanalsa da elding tәuelsiz biyleushisi siyaqty ómir sýrgen. 1371 jyly Hiuany Aqsaq Temir basyp alady, al Qúsayyn sopy qalagha shabuyl kezinde

qaytys bolady. Onyng ornyn bauyry Jýsip sopy basyp,

Temirmen beybit kelisimge keledi. Temir ketken song Jýsip oghan qarsy shyghady. 1379 j. Temir Horezmdi qayta shaba­dy, al Jý­sip alghashqy shayqasta qaza tabady. 1420 j. qonyrattar Edilding tómengi jaghyna qo­nys au­­­­­da­­rady. Múnda qonyrat biyleushisi Haydar myr­za әuelde Úlyq Múhametti qoldaydy. Ke­yin Kishi Múhametting jaghyna

shyghyp, úr­ysqa aralasady jәne songhy shayqasta Úlyq Múha­met orystyng Belev qalasyna qashyp ketedi. Haydar myrzanyng ýsh týmen (30000) qonyraty bolghan. Sonyng qoldauymen Toqtamystyng ne­me­resi Seyit Ahmet Qyrymgha ornyghady. Hay­dar myrza ólgen song qonyrattardyng nedәuir bóligi Edilge ketedi, ol jerden, shamasy, ózbek hany Ábilhayyrdyng jaghyna shyghady. Qazirgi qyrymdyq qonyrattar - sonda qalghan qony­rattardyng (1449 j. keyin) úrpaqtary.

«Shaybaniy-namenin» avtory Múhamet-Sa­lyq­tyng kuәlik etuinshe, Múhamet Shaybany Týr­kistandy basyp alghanda onyng qasynda qonyrattar kóp bolghan. Shamasy qonyrattar Búharadan soltýstik batysqa deyingi keng ja­zyqty mekendese kerek. Ábilghazynyng kuәlik etuinshe, 1533 jyly qonyrat batyrlary Ha­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­fiz ben Kýntuar Horezmge joryqqa attanady. On­­da qaqpangha týsip, Dinmúhamet Horezmy tarapy­­­­­­­nan óltiriledi. 1690 jyly qonyrat Múhamet by ata­lyq Balyqty biyledi. 1702 jyly Syban­­qúl han ólgende Búharada eki partiya payda bo­la­dy: atalghan Múhamet by basqarghan qonyrattar jәne Múhamet Rahym by (Marayym) basqarghan manghyttar. Manghyttar jeniske jetip, osydan song birneshe quyrshaq handardy taqqa otyr­ghyzyp, týsiredi. Marayymnan jenilgen qony­rattar Shyghys Búharagha, Ýrgenishke jәne Syr­dariyadaghy qazaqtargha ketedi. 1800 jyldardyng ba­synda Ýrgenishte qonyrat El-Týzer Inaq ózin han dep jariyalap, onyng әuleti 1919 jyly taqtan taydyrylady.

Qazaq qonyrattary 1723 jyly Syrda­riyanyng baty-syn mekendep, jongharlardyng shabuylynan mýldem derlik zardap shekpeydi. Olar shamasy 1725-1726 jyldary jәne keyingi (1750-1758) әskery shabuyldargha qatyspaghan siyaq-ty. Al Syrdariyanyng ong jaghalauyna 1760 jyldary ótedi.

9. Qypshaqtar

Qypshaqtar - týrki taypasy. IH ghasyrgha deyin olar Jayyq ózenining shyghysyn me­kendedi. Ahmet-Zәky Uәlidiyding aituynsha, olar Ertis ózenining batysyn qonystanghan. 890 jyly qypshaqtar Jayyq ózeninen ótip, pechenekterge shabuyl jasap, olardy ekige ból­di: shyghysqa (qazirgi qaraqalpaqtardyng babala­ry) jәne batysqa («qara qalpaqtar» degen atpen belgili, yaghny olar da qaraqalpaqtar). 900-1200 jyldary qypshaqtar Edil men Dneprding arasyn mekendep, ontýstik Reseyge shabuyl jasady. 1222 jyly Kavkaz taulary­nyng soltýstiginde olardy monghol qolbasshy­sy Sýbedey (dúrysy Sypatay) men Jebening qalyng qoly talqandaydy. 1223 jyly Qalqa ózenining jaghalauynda mongholdar qypshaqtar men ontýstik orys knyazdarynyng birikken әs­kerin talqandaydy. Alghashynda mongholdar osy jenisterimen shektelip, shyghysqa ketedi. 1237 jyly Batu Reseyding shyghys jәne ontýstik bóligin baghyndyryp, qypshaqtargha shabuyl­dap, olardy talqandaydy. Arab tarihshysy Ruhnaddinning (2) kuәlik etuinshe, mongholdardyng onay jenisine qypshaqtardyng eki tobynyng arasyndaghy arazdyq sebep bolghan. Olardyng bir toby baghynyp, ekinshi toby batysqa ketedi de, Vengriyagha ornyghady. Tútqyngha týsken qypshaqtardy venesiyalyq kópester satyp alyp, Egiypetke aparyp satady.

Uaqyt óte kele Egiypette qypshaqtar mýl­­dem kóbeyip ketedi de, Mysyr súltany olar­dan airyqsha jasaq qúrady. Búl sarbazdar mәmlýkter (yaghny qúldar) dep atalady. 1259 jyly mәmlýkter kóterilis jasap, súltandy óltiredi de, onyng ornyna ózderining qypshaghy Ibaqty qoyady.

Mongholdar kelgenge deyin qazirgi on­týstik-shyghys Reseyde eng kóp sandy taypa qypshaqtar bolghan. Sondyqtan kórshileri Al­tyn Ordany «Qypshaq eli», al Týrkistandy «Deshti-Qypshaq» (yaghny Qypshaq dalasy) dep ataghan. HIV ghasyrda qypshaqtar Edilding orta aghysyn jәne Syrdariyanyng tómengi jaghyn me­kendegen. XV ghasyrda qypshaqtar Ábilqa­yyr handyghynyng negizin qúraghan. Olar Qaratauda (sonday-aq ol «Qaraspan» dep te atalghan) kóship-qonyp jýrgen, qazaq qypshaqtarynyng arasynda qaraspan tarmaghy bar. Olardyng búl jerdi mekendegeni «Qobylandy batyr» jyrynda da naqty aitylady. Qo­bylandy jyrynyng qaharmany Ábilqayyrdyng senimdi se­rigi bolghan, ol arghyndardyng biyleushisi Dayyrqojany (Aqjoldy) óltirip, sol ýshin arghyndar Ábilqayyrdy tas­tap, Jәnibekpen birge Mogholstangha ketedi. Qobylandy­nyng mazary Aqtóbe uezinde Qaraqobda ózenining jagha­syn­da, IYleskiden 40 verst jerde. Altyn Orda handarynyng ishindegi eng kýshtisi bolghan Ábilqayyrdyng handyghy onyng ómirining sony­na qaray әlsireydi. Edige biyding nemereleri, noghay myrzalary Qojas pen Uaqas bir-birine qas jau edi, Uaqasty Qojas óltirgen deydi Ábilghazy. Uaqastyng úldary Músa men Janbyrshy Ábilqayyrdan kónili qalghan song onyng tuysqany Bórke súltanmen til tabysyp, Qojasty óltiredi de qarauyndaghy kóp eldi bastap Edilding tómengi jaghyna ketedi.

Ábilqayyr ólgen song onyng úlysyna qazaqtar men noghaylar shabuyl jasaydy. Sha­masy, búl kezende qypshaqtar da alauyzdyqqa úshyrap, bir bóligi Ábilqayyrmen qalyp, ke­yinirek Múhamet Shaybanidyng Týrkistandy basyp alu joryghyna qatysady da, ekinshi bóligi qazaqtargha, ýshinshi bóligi noghaylargha qosy­lady. Bәlkim, olar búghan deyin de bir-birinen ajyraghan siyaqty: Edil tatarlary eng әueli sol jerge erterek ornyqqan qypshaqtardyng úrpaqtary dep sanaugha tolyq negiz bar. Qyrymgha noghay qypshaqtary, al Bashqúrt­stangha noghay jәne qazaq qypshaqtarynyng úrpaqtary barghan. Bizding qypshaqtarmen bashqúrt qypshaqtarynyng negizgi tanbasy bireu-aq («II»)**.

Osydan song qazaq qypshaqtary, sirә, halyqtyng ómirinde manyzdy ról atqarmaghan siyaqty. Qazan men Qyrymda qypshaqtar ýnemi biyleushi taptyng qúramyna jatqan. Óitkeni olar múragerlik jolymen qarashylar (uәzir­ler siyaqty) bolghan (3).

Al ózbekting qypshaqtary, mәselen, Qoqan han­dyghynda biyleushi tapqa jatqan. Hudoyar handy jәne qala túrghyndaryn qorqytyp ústaghan әigili regent Músylmanqúl, onyng úly Ábdirahman-Avtobachy jәne Tashkentting qorghaushysy Álimqúl molda - osylardyng bәri qypshaqtar.

V. Kishi jýz. 10. Alshyndar

Úly jýz ben Orta jýzding jekelegen rulary turaly maghlúmattardy biz qytay, arab, parsy, vizantiya, orys jәne jergilikti tarihshylar enbekterinen tap­tyq. Alshyndar turaly múnday tarihy mәlimetter kezikpedi. Alshynnyng keybir rulary Qyrym jәne Qazan tatarlarynda, bashqúrttarda, noghaylarda jәne Kavkazda kezigedi. Orystar 1552 jyly Qazandy, 1554 jyly Astrahandy jaulap alghan song taypalardyng top-tobymen qonys audaruy toqtady deuge bolady. Al alshyndardyng jekelegen týrki halyqtaryna bólinui HVI ghasyrdyng ortasynan keshikpey jýzege asty dep sanaymyz. Oghan deyin alshyndar bólshektenbey ómir sýrgen siyaqty.

Qazirgi kýni býkil qazaqtardyng shamamen 2/5-sin qúraytyn Kishi jýz tek qana alshyndardan túrady. Qazaqtyng eng úsaq rulary tarihynyng ózi milady jyl sanauynan ary ketetindikten, alashtyng eng iri taypasy - alshyndardyng tarihy da ghasyrlar qoynauyna úlasugha tiyis. Endeshe onyng izderin geografiyalyq ataular men tarihy derekterden izdestirip kóreyik.

a) Soltýstik Altay (4)

Kendi Altay Ob ózenining eki salasynyng suayryghy bolyp tabylady: shyghysta - Chúlym, batysta - Tomi. Chúlymnyng sol salasynyng biri Berish dep atalady, onyng batysynda 40 verst jerde Berishkól (Berchikuli) bar. Olardan 70-80 verst jerde Tomy ózeninde kóktemdegi jayylmada kemeler men saldargha zor qauip tughyzatyn su asty jartastary - Berish (Buriysh) kezigedi. Berishkólding 50 verst batysynan Alshydat (Alchedat) ózeni bastalady. Obqa qúyatyn Qatyn ózenining ong salalarynyng biri Cherkesh (Cherkiysh) dep atalady. Ashynnyng (Achinsk) soltýstigindegi 100 verst jerden Ýlken jәne Kishi Ket (múnda HVII gh. Ketting ostyaktary túrghan) ózenderi bastau alady.

Chúlym ózenining boyy men Tomy ózenining batysynda, jogharyda atalghan Berish, Alshydat ózenderi, Berishkól, Berish jartastaryn týgel qamtyghan audanda Qyzyl dep atalatyn týrki taypasy túrady. Onyng qúramynda Ýlken ashyn, Kishi ashyn degen rular bar, Ashyn qalasynyng atauy osydan shyqqan. Berish, Berishkól ataulary bizding Alshynnyng qúramyndaghy etekti el Berishti, Ýlken jәne Kishi ashyn rulary «l» әrpi týsip qalghan alshyndy eske salady. Birer әripting týsip qaluy qazaq tilinde de kezdesedi. Mysaly, «alshy», «alshyn» deuding ornyna «ashy», «alyp kel» deuding ornyna «әkel» jәne t.b.

Eger «Alshydat» atauynan kóptik jalghauy «t»-ny alyp

tastasaq, bizding alshyngha jaqyn «alshyd» sózi shyghady. «Cherkesh» bizding alshynnyng qúramyndaghy cherkeshti, «ket» keteni eske týsiredi.

Atalghan audandarda «altyn» atauy birneshe ret kezigedi. Birqatar geografiyalyq ataular bizding rulardy eske salatyndyqtan, múny alshynnyng qúramyndaghy altynmen tenestiruge bolady. Eng qyzyghy búl jerlerde qazaqtyng Úly nemese Orta jýzderining (tek arghynnan basqa) rularyn eske týsiretin ataular mýldem joq, búl jer-su attarynyng bәri tek Kishi jýz rularynyng atymen úqsas.

ә) Ontýstik jәne ontýstik-shyghys Resey (5)

Kiyev-Poltava temir jolynda Kiyevten 60 verst jer­de Baryshevka beketi jәne osy attas selo bar. Osy jol­dan 210 verst jerde Romodan qalasy kezigedi. Kiyevten 200 verst jerde Dneprden tómen ong jaghalauda Cherkasy qalasy bar. Al Kiyev-Mәskeu temir jolynda Kiyevten 230 verst jerde Altyn beketi men soghan jaqyn Altyn auyly ornalasqan. Kiyev-Poltava temir jolynda Uday salasy bar Sula ózeni kezigedi. Kursk guberniyasynyng (Rylisk ýiezi) Ahmatovka selosynyng túrghyndary HIII ghasyrda kazaktar dep atalghan cherkester bolghan dep jazady Karamzin (IV tomgha eskertpeler). Tulanyng ontýstigindegi 70 verst jerde Odoev degen ýiezdik qala bar. Harikov-Penza temir jolynda Harikovtan 240 verst qashyqtyqta Biruch degen ýiezdik qala kezigedi. HIV ghasyrda Don ózeni Tanais dep atalghany mәlim. Múndaghy «iys» taza grek júrnaghy. Azov tenizi men Azov (Azauly - aud.) qalasy birdey Tana dep atalghany ayan. Búl ózenning (Tanaiys, Don) jaghasynda Kóne Cherkassk jәne Novocherkassk qalalary ornalasqan. Perekop moynaghyna qarsy shyghys tarapta Biruchiy araly jatyr. Kubani ózenining tenizge qúiylysy Tama týbegi (Tamanskiy poluostrov) dep atalady. Penza guberniyasynda (Simbirsk jәne Niyjegorod shekaralarynyng túsy) Ramadan qalasy túr. Simbirsk guberniyasynda ong jaghynan Barysh salasy kelip qúyatyn Sura ózeni, ózenning temir jolmen qiylysynda Barysh beketi, Barysh ózenining saghasynda Baryshovka slobodasy bar. Sol tústan shyghysqa qaray 30 verst jerden eki ózen bastalady: Biruch jәne Suhoy Biruch, songhysynyng boyynda Biruchevka derevnyasy bar. Saratov qalasynyng ontýstik-batysynda Altyn tauy, Epotaevsk qalasynan 30-40 verst tómende Edil ózeni boyynda «Zolotoy bugor», yaghny Altyn tóbe ornalasqan. Edilding ong jaghalauynda Astrahannyng qarsysynda Tórt Altyn shatqaly jәne sol manda Biruch mýiisi bar. Professor Hvolison (6) ejelgi Hazariyada Baraish qalasy bar dep jazady. Golubovskiy (7) 1055 jyly «Qypshaq elinen Bolush keldi jәne Vsevolod onymen beybit kelisim jasady» dep jazdy.

1095 jyly Vladimir Monomah tútqyndar Burchaúldary Iglar, Kitan jәne Aklandy óltiredi. Smirnov (8) 1232 jylghy (Batudyng shabuylyna 5 jyl qalghanda) jylnamadan mynaday mysal keltiredi: «Puryshev syn s Polovsy izbil Mordvu vsu y Rusi Purgasskuy, a Purgas edva v male uteche» - «Qypshaq elindegi Púryshtyng úly býkil Mordva men Rusitegi Purgasty talqandady, al Purgas әupirimmen ghana aman

qaldy». Al 1126 jәne 1174 jyldary qypshaqtar Baruch qalasyna shabuyl jasaghan. Karamzin (9) «týrikter men berendiler jәne qazaqtar [kazaki] da cherkastar [cherkasami] dep atalghan» dep jazady. Taghy bir jerinde  atalghan dep qaytalaydy. Sol Karamzin óz zamanynda

osetinderding cherkesterdi qazaqtar dep ataghanyn aitady. Al Semenov-Tyanishanskiy (10) cherkesterding ruyn tarata kelip, onyng qylysh degen tarmaghy baryn aitady. Bizding cherkeshterding de qylysh tarmaghy bar. Jogharyda atalghan Barash-Baraiysh, Baryshovka, Baruch, Biruch, Biruchevka, Biruchey, Burch, Purysh, Bolush degen geografiyalyq jәne tarihy ataular alshynnyng berish ruyn eske týsiredi. Al Uday jәne Odoev - adaylardy, Cherkas pen Cherkassk - cherkeshterdi eske salady. G.Evers (11) Cherkasynyng negizin cherkester (al Kavkazdyng cherkesteri de, bizding cherkeshterding de «qylysh» degen tarmaghy bar) salghan deydi. Romodan men Ramadan bizding ramadandy, Tana - tanany, Altyn - altyndy, Taman - tamany eske týsiredi. Bir qyzyghy búl audandarda monghol shapqynshylyghyna deyingi kezende (tipti HIV ghasyrda) qypshaqtardan basqa Úly jýz ben Orta jýzding rularyn eske týsiretin geografiyalyq jәne tarihy ataular kezdespeydi. Bizding ru-taypalar men olardyng tarmaqtarynyng atauyndaghy biraz aiyrmashylyqtargha kelsek, týrik (qaz) sózderin jazbalarda, әsirese, jylnamalarda dәl beruding orystargha qiyn soqqanymen týsindiremiz. Mysaly, olarda músylmandy «busurman», tipti «besermyan», Ózbekti - «Avzyak» ne «Izyabyak», Jәnibekti - «Djelebek», «Zenebek», Jalaladdindi - «Zelediyn», Joshyny - «iychiy», Mahmúdty - «Bahmet», Sarytaudy - «Saratov» jәne t.b. búrmalap jazghan.

Jylnamalarda bylay kórsetilgen: Vsevolodqa Qypshaq elinen Bolush keledi (1055 j.), Vladimir óltirgen Aklan da Búryshúly (1095), orystargha shabuyl jasaghan da Púryshtyng úly (1232 j.). 1055 jyly Bolush nemese Búryshtyng ózi keldi, 40 jyldan song onyng úlyn Vladimir óltirdi, al aghasy óltirilgennen keyin 137 jyl ótken song onyng ekinshi úly shabuyl jasady deu, әriyne, qisynsyz.

Týrki halyqtarynda bireuding úly degen sóz tikeley maghynasynda emes, túqymy, úrpaghy nemese sol taypadan shyqqan ókil degen maghynasynda da aityla beredi. Mysaly, әn-jyrlarda Kenesary Abylaydyng úly delinedi, shynynda ol nemeresi. Sondyqtan, meninshe, qypshaqtarmen kelgen -  berishter, ólgen Aklan berish ruynan, 1232 j. qypshaqtarmen birge shabuyl jasaghandar - berishter.

Arab jazushysy Ál-Ayny (12) egiypettik súltandar (mәmlýkter) Beybarys (1260-1279) pen Qalauyn (1279-1290) «Brj-ogly ruynan shyqqan qypshaqtar edi» deydi.

Len-Puli-Stenly (13) egiypettik mәmlýkterding eki әuletin ataydy - «bahri» («ózender» әuleti - 1250-1390 jyldar), «burdji» («qamaldar» әuleti - 1390-1517 jj.).

L.Budagovtyng sózdiginde «berj» - tobyldyq ta­tarlardyng tilinde - myqty, synbaytyn, al «burdj» - múnara, qamaldyng ýiindisi. Qazaqsha «berish» - denening qatty bóligi.

Jogharyda biz Tomy ózenindegi jartastyng «buriysh» dep atalghanyn kórdik. Sonday-aq shyghystaghy týrikterding sózderindegi «sh» әrpi batystaghy týrikterde (mysaly osman týrikterinde) «dj»-gha ainalatynyn úmytpayyq.

Atalghan sózderdi salystyrudan úghatynymyz -

«burdji» әuletining atauy «múnara» sózinen emes, «berdj» nemese «berish» ruynan shyqqan. Búl jogharyda kórsetilgen súltan «brj nemese «bersh» ruynan shyqqan qypshaq edi» degen mәlimetke tolyq sәikes keledi.

Aqyr sonynda ensiklopediyalyq sózdikten (36-tom) Egiypette «brj-ogly» әuletinen keyin olarmen tuystas cherkes ruynyng mәmlýkteri boldy degendi oqimyz.

Gerodot (14) Dneprding batysyn, yaghny shamamen biz sóz etken jerdi mekendegen Alazon degen (b.d.d. V ghasyr) bir halyq turaly aitady. Alazondardy Strabon (15) da atap ótedi (b.d. I ghasyry). Berish, cherkesh, alshyn ataulary Altayda da, ontýstik orys dalalarynda da kezigedi. Altaylyq achyn, alchid alazondargha nedәuir jaqyndaydy jәne olardyng bәri bizding alshyndardy eske týsiredi. Sonday-aq grek jәne basqa da kóne tilderde «ch» әrpi joq ekenin, sondyqtan búl әripting ne týsip qalatynyn (onda alyn bolady) (16), ne «s»-gha auysyp, eki dauysty dybystyng ortasynda «z» bolyp oqylaryn eskergen jón. Berish pen cherkesh ataulary Altay men ontýstik orys dalalarynda birdey kezigetindikten, búlar tuysqan rular dep týsinu kerek jәne qazaqta da búl rular bayúly tarmaghynyng qúramynda.

Antropologiyalyq zertteuler alshyndardyng ariy­lyq tórkini bar halyqtarmen qany aralasqanyn kórsetti. Aristov pen basqalar alshyndardyng dinlindermen qany aralasqan jәne búl oqigha Altay taularynyng manynda bolghan dep sanaydy. Al jogharyda alshynnyng keybir tarmaqtarynyng birneshe ghasyr boyy orystarmen qonsy qonyp, otyryqshy ghúmyr keshkenine, qalalary bolghanyna kóz jetkizdik. Sondyqtan alshyndardy dinlindermen emes, orystarmen ontýstik-orys dalalarynda qan aralastyrghan dep sanaymyz.

b) Qarakesek toby (Álimúly, Shómekey, Kete)

VI ghasyrda Jetisudy Altaydan shyqqan týrikter basyp alady. Qytay derekterinde VII ghasyrda Shu ózeni­ning batysyn Chumyni, Chumuguni taypalary mekendegeni aitylady. 654 jyly qytaylar chumuguniderge sha­buyldap, olardyng astanasyn talqandaydy, 30 myng chumugunidi óltirip, qúlaghyn kesip alady (ólgenderdi sanau ýshin). 700 jyldar shamasynda batys týrikterding hanynda chumuguylerden qúralghan 40 myng әsker bolghan.

742-744 jyldary úighyrlar men qarlúqtardyng birikken kýshinen jenilis tapqan chumuguyler batysqa qashady.

«Qútty bilikpen» (1069) bir mezgilde derlik 1073 jyly jazylghan «Diuan lúghat at-týrik» kitabynda (17) Shu ózenining jaghasyndaghy chekly taypasy atalady.

Qarakesek tobynyng (әlimúly, shómekey jәne kete) ejeldegi úrany - dóit, әlimning taghy bir tarmaghy - shekti (nemese shekli). Qashghardyng ontýstik batysynda Alay taularynyng shyghys bóliginde qazirgi tanda qyrghyzdardyng qarakesek jәne toyt rulary túrady, búlar әlimsaqtan beri kórshi jәne anyz boyynsha tuysqan.

Osylaysha, qarakesek pen dóit (toyt) qazaqtardyng Kishi jýzi men qyrghyzdarda birdey kezigedi. Sonday-aq

búl ataular onda da, múnda da tyghyz baylanysty. Búdan mynaday qorytyndy jasaugha bolady: VI ghasyrdyng ortasynda Altaydan Shu ózenine kelgen týrikterding arasynda shýmen nemese shómekeyler bolghan, Shu ózenining atauy osydan shyghuy da mýmkin (Altayda Teles kólining ontýstiginde Shu nemese Shuya ózeni, Shu dalasy jәne Shu tiyinderi bar. Búl geografiyalyq ataular jogharyda atalghan Cherkish ózenine jaqyn ornalasqan).

Eki ghasyr boyy (550-740) olar Shu boyyndaghy batys týrik memleketining negizin qúrady jәne 742-744 jyldary úighyrlar men qarlúqtar olardy ekige bólip tastady: kóp bóligi batysqa qashty, az bóligi Qashqariyagha ketti. Qyrghyz toby, sirә, ýnemi Syrdariyanyng tómengi jaghynda jәne Aral tenizining shyghysyn mekendegen siyaqty. Qarakesekterding Qyrymda, Qazanda jәne bashqúrttardyng ortasynda joq boluy osyghan baylanysty. Tek keteler astrahandyq noghaylar men týrikmenderding arasynda kezigedi. Álim atauy keyin shyqqany kýmәnsiz, ol rugha berilgen qanday da bir qojanyng nemese diny pirding qúrmetine qoyylghan siyaqty.

v) Jetiru toby

Jetirudyng tama jәne ramadan tarmaqtary jogharyda aityldy. Tabyn jogharyda atalghan Shu tiyinderi (Chuyskih belkov) jәne Shu dalasynyng ontýstigindegi Tabyn bogdo-olo taularynyng atauyn eske týsiredi. Tabyn mongholsha bes degendi bildiredi, búl ataudyng bes rudyng birikkeninen shyghuy mýmkin. Al kereytter turaly Shynghys han zamanynda kereylerden bólingen jәne merkittermen birge ketken kereyitter boluy mýmkindigin aittyq. Barlyq ejelgi jәne keyingi zertteushilerding (18) pikirinshe, kerderiler II ghasyrda ghúndar men ýisinder tarapynan quylghan yuechjiylerding (nemese jýz) úrpaqtary. Veselovskiyden kerderiler turaly óte qysqa mәlimet keltireyik. Qytaylardyng mәlimetinshe, b.d.d. I ghasyrda yuechjiyler Horezmge ie bolady. B.d. V ghasyrynda olar sol jerdi mekendegen. Vizantiyalyq jazushylar olardy gun eftalitter (Prokopiy Kesariyskiy), ghúndar, kidaritter nemese aqtar (Priisk Paniyskiy) dep ataghan. Sen-Marten (1849 j.) eftalitter nemese kidaritter - yuechjiylerding úrpaqtary dep dәleldeydi. Zemarhtyng (567-569) sapary kezinde eftalitter basqa halyqtardyng arasynda yqpaldy ról atqarghan. 1000-jyldary Aral tenizi Kerderi tenizi dep atalghan, sonday-aq Horezmning bir bóligi, Ámudariyanyng ong jaghy Kerderi dep atalghan. Kerderi atauymen eki qala ómir sýrgen: biri Ámudariyanyng ong jaghynda, ekinshisi sol jaghynda.

Jaghalbayly ruy bir kezderi shamasy Horezmning manynda ómir sýrgen. Olar Qyrymda, Horezmde, no­ghaylarda, qaraqalpaqtarda, búqarlyq jәne fer­gha­­­nalyq ózbekterde jәne qúramalarda az-azdan kezige­di. Shamasy, jaghalbaylylar qanday da bir ýlken soq­qy alghan siyaqty (1625 jyly Horezmnen jan-jaq­qa bytyray qashqan naymandar siyaqty). Teleu tar­ma­ghy tarihy derekterde kezikpeydi, olardyng ejelgi meken­deri ontýstik (teleuler ózbekterding jәne qú­ra­­malar­­dyng arasynda kezigedi; noghaylarda jәne bú­dan әri batys pen soltýstikte kezikpeydi) bolghan.

Qazaq shejiresinde Tәuke han orta jýzding әlsiz jeti ruyn bir odaqqa biriktirip, kishi jýzge qosty delingen.

Olardyng shyghu tegi búl shejirege qayshy keledi.

g) Monghol shapqynshylyghynan

keyingi alshyndar

HII-HIV ghgh. alshyndardyng negizgi toby (bayúly) orys dalalarynyng ontýstik jәne ontýstik-shyghys bóligin mekendedi. Olardan ontýstik-shyghysqa qaray taghy 2 top (qarakesek pen jetiru) ornalasty. Jo­gharyda keltirilgen jylnamalyq datalar HV gh. sonynda alshyndardyng shynghys túqymy Noghaydyng jar­tylay tәuelsiz ordasynyng ózegin qúraghanyn kórsetedi. Olardan ontýstik Rusi, Litva, Polisha, Bolgariya, Serbiya jәne tipti biraz alysyraq ornalasqan Vizantiya da qaltyraytyn. Ol kezde Úly jýz qazaqtary Altyn Ordany mýldem bilmegen, al Orta jýzde ol turaly qypshaqtar men arghyndar az-maz birdene biletin, alshyndardyng barlyq jyr-anyzdary Altyn Orda men noghaylardyng ótken ómiri turaly aitady. Kishi jýzding noghaylardyng qúramynda bolghany eshqanday kýmәn keltirmeydi. Alayda búl qyzyqty da kýrdeli mәsele airyqsha zertteudi qajet etedi. Alshyndardyng jadynda Toqtamys, Edige, onyng úrpaqtary Ismayyl, Qazy, Músa, Oraq, Shah-mamay, alshyndardyng noghaylardyng qúramynan shyghuyna sebep bolghan Ormambet turaly jyr-anyzdar saqtalghan. Ótken ghasyrda qazaq jyrshylary dombyranyng sýiemeldeuimen noghaylardyng arasyndaghy bitpeytin qandy qyrghyndar turaly jyrlaytyn. Búl qyrghyndar «synsyghan ormandar órtenip, 100 myng noghaydyng bytyrauymen» ayaqtalghany mәlim. Búl jyr turaly Shoqan Uәlihanov (19): «noghaylar men qazaqtardyng qaq aiyryluy turaly joqtaudy estigende aqsaqaldardyng kózine jas ýiiriledi» degen edi. 1906 j. qaytys bolghan әigili aqyn - Múrat Mónkeúly «Ýsh qiyan» (20) degen erekshe beyneli óleninde Altyn Ordanyng kýireui men noghaylardyng últtyq qasireti turaly jyrlaydy. XV gh. ortasynda alshyndardyng nedәuir bóligi Ábilqayyrdyng qúzyrynda bolghan, biraq Edige úrpaqtarynyng arasyndaghy ózara qyrqystyng saldarynan onyng qarauynan kózi tirisinde-aq ketken.

XVI gh. ortasynda alshyndar «kóp noghay­lardyn» qúramynda bolghan. Noghaylardyng bir bóligi (bizding alshyndar) qazaqtargha 1555 jyly orystardy jaqtaytyn Ismayyl óz bauyry Yusufty óltirgende ketken dep jazady Soloviev (21). Aqyry songhy top (nedәuir kóp bóligi) qazaqtargha Ormambet han ólgende (1600 jyldar shamasy) ketedi. Osydan 10-20 jyl ótken song shyghystan jana jau jongharlar payda bolady. Olar Sibir arqyly jyljy otyryp, 1643 j. Edilge jetedi.

Alshyndar Embining ontýstik-shyghysyna ketedi. XVI jәne XVIII ghgh. birinshi shiyreginde osy jerdi mekendeydi. Alshyndardyng jadynda qalmaqtardyng qyrghyny dәl osy kezge baylanysty «Sauran ainalghan»*** degen sózben saqtalghan.

1725-1726 jyldardaghy azattyq soghysynda alshyndar erekshe ról atqarady. Búl býkil qazaqtardyng bas qolbasshysy bolyp solardyng hany jasamys Ábilqayyrdyng saylanuynan-aq bayqalady. Alayda jongharlargha qarsy qazaq qolynyng jenimpaz sherui kezinde qazaq handary ózara arazdasyp, Ábilqayyr han Kishi jýzdi basqaryp jәne Sәmeke han qypshaqtardy, naymandardy jәne arghyndardyng bir bóligin bastap, orys shekarasyna ketedi de, sol jerde orystardyng bodandyghyn qabyldaydy.

Shejirege qosymsha

I Basqa tuystas halyqtardyng qúramynda kezdesetin qazaqtyng basty rulary

Ýisinder - qyrghyzdarda, qaraqalpaqtarda, ózbekterde, týrikmenderde, Qyrymda, Qashqariyada, Shyghys Aughanstanda.

Qanlylar - qyrghyzdarda, qaraqalpaqtarda, ózbekterde (parsy elinde), (Kishi Aziyada).

Jalayyrlar - Mongholiyada, Parsy elinde, qara­qalpaqtar men ózbekter arasynda.

Arghyndar - Altayda, Qyrymda, Kavkazda, Qazan tatarlary men týrikmender arasynda.

Kereyler - Altayda, Mongholiyada, qaraqalpaqtar, ózbekter, týrikmender, bashqúrttar arasynda, Qyrymda.

Naymandar - Mongholiyada, qyrghyzdar, qaraqalpaqtar, noghaylar, ózbekter arasynda, Qyrymda.

Qonyrattar - Mongholiyada, qyrghyzdar, qaraqalpaqtar, ózbekter arasynda, Qyrymda.

Qypshaqtar - qyrghyzdar, qaraqalpaqtar, ózbekter, týrikmender, noghaylar, bashqúrttar, Edil tatarlary, Qazan tatarlary arasynda, Qyrymda, Aughanstanda.

Alshyndar - qyrghyzdar, qaraqalpaqtar, týrikmender, ózbekter, noghaylar, bashqúrttar, Qazan tatarlary arasynda, Qyrymda, Kavkazda, Aughanstanda.

II Basty qazaq rularynyng ókilderi bar qazaqqa tuystas halyqtar

Qyrghyzdar - nayman, qonyrat (qúljyghash), qypshaq, alshyn, qarakesek (Kishi jýz), arghyn, qanly, tama, alasha.

Qaraqalpaqtar - ýisin, balghaly jәne qayshyly (jalayyrlar), qanly, qaramoyyn (qypshaq), ashamayly jәne sherushi (kerey), baghanaly, teristanbaly, qarakerey jәne sadyr (tórteui de naymandar), baybaqty, aday, sumúryn, berish jәne taz (beseui de alshyndar).

Ózbekter - ýisin, qanly, jalayyr (tarmaqtarymen), sirgeli, oshaqty, qypshaq, nayman, qonyrat, ashamayly jәne sherushi (kerey), alshynnyng barlyq tarmaghy derlik.

Týrikmender - ýisin, kerey, arghyn, qypshaq jәne alshyn rulary.

Noghaylar - nayman, qypshaq jәne alshynnyng barlyq tarmaqtary derlik.

Bashqúrttar - kerey, qypshaqtar (býkil bashqúrttyng 25-33 % payyzyn qúraydy), alshyn.

Qazan tatarlary - arghyn, qypshaq, alshyn.

Qyrym tatarlary - ýisin, qanly, arghyn, kerey, nayman, qypshaq, qonyrat, alshyn, alash, alasha.

Kavkazdyng músylman halyqtary - alshyn (sherkesh), arghyn, tama.

«Qazaq tarihy» jurnalynan