Nәpil Bazylhan. Qyl qobyz – kók týrkining kózi men sózi
Býginge deyin kóne týrik dәuirining muzykalyq aspaptary turaly arheologiyalyq aighaqtar belgisiz bolyp kelgen edi. Qazir sol bayyrghy zamannyng әn-kýy ónerining tarihy jәdigerine kuә bolyp otyrmyz. Ol Mongholiyanyng Hovd aimaghy, Manhan súmyny Jargalant hayrhan tauynyng «Ómnóhiyn aman» degen bayyrghy jartastaghy jerleu ornynan tabylghan kóne týrik dәuirining muzykalyq aspaby* (Suret-1). Tipten, ol aspaptyng moyyn túsynda kóne týrik bitik mәtin jazylghany óte siyrek kezdesetin derek ghana bolyp qoymay, kóne týrik imperiyasynyng jazba eskertkishterining aghashqa órnektelgen (Bazylhan 2005: 227-228) tamasha núsqasy retinde zertteushilerdi qyzyqtyryp otyr.
Býginge deyin kóne týrik dәuirining muzykalyq aspaptary turaly arheologiyalyq aighaqtar belgisiz bolyp kelgen edi. Qazir sol bayyrghy zamannyng әn-kýy ónerining tarihy jәdigerine kuә bolyp otyrmyz. Ol Mongholiyanyng Hovd aimaghy, Manhan súmyny Jargalant hayrhan tauynyng «Ómnóhiyn aman» degen bayyrghy jartastaghy jerleu ornynan tabylghan kóne týrik dәuirining muzykalyq aspaby* (Suret-1). Tipten, ol aspaptyng moyyn túsynda kóne týrik bitik mәtin jazylghany óte siyrek kezdesetin derek ghana bolyp qoymay, kóne týrik imperiyasynyng jazba eskertkishterining aghashqa órnektelgen (Bazylhan 2005: 227-228) tamasha núsqasy retinde zertteushilerdi qyzyqtyryp otyr.
Óitkeni, euraziyalyq kóshpeliler meken etken jerlerden qazirgi deyin birneshe muzykalyq aspaptardyng arheologiyalyq tabylymdary tabylghan edi (Suret-2, 3). Ol jerleu ornynda 2008 jyly 25 mausymda monghol arheologtary S.Tórbat, D. Batsýh, T. Batbayar, N.Bayarhýý, T.Iderhangay (Tórbat t.b. 2008: 275-279, 285-287) arheologiyalyq qazba zertteulerin alghash ret jýrgizgen. Olar atalmysh jartas ýngiri quysyndaghy topyraqty tazalyp teksergende, jalpaq qasty aghash er 1 dana, tesikti aghash zat 1 dana, temir sauyttyng bóligi 3 dana, aghash tiyek 1 dana, sopaq temir әshekey zat 1 dana, búryn qazyp kómip ketken degen oq jebening bir jerden 11 jәne 9 danasyn anyqtap, barlyghy 20 dana temir jebe, jalpaq temir zat 2 dana (shege), temir ýzengi 2 dana, shapan kiyimnin qúramy ispetti sary, jasyl týsti qytay torghyn bólshekteri 50 dana, mata ýzindisi 8 dana, qoramsaqtyng qaby ispetti terinin danasy jәne de adamnyng qol ayaq sausaqtarynyng sýiekteri, on, sol jauyryn, qabyrgha sýiekteri atalmysh topyraqqa kómilip qalghandyghyn anyqtaghan.
«Jerlengen er adamnyng bas sýiegi tolyq, jaqsy saqtalynghan. Sol jaq enbek sýieginde jaralanyp keyin biteu aiyghyp jazylghannnyng beligsi bar. Ol tesik jaraynng ólshemi: 3,6h2,0 sm Enbegi men manda túsynda shashtyng qaldyghy bar. Sýiekting epifazy men titing eskirip ketuine qaraghanda adamnyng jasy 20-25, boyynyng úzyndyghy 166,7 sm er adam. Adamnyng bas túsynda aghashpen jasalynghan bir muzykalyq aspaptyng bet túsyn joghary qaratyp, onyng basyn shyghysqa baghyttap qoyghan, úzaq uaqyt ótse de alghashqy qoyylghan kýiinde jaqsy saqtalynghan aspap boldy. Ol aspaptyng moyynynan bastap bet túsynynyng jiyegimen kóne «runa» jazuy jazylghan. Aspaptyng tómengi túsynda jartas curetterinde kezdesetin anshy adamnyng әr týrli andardy aulap túrghan sureti bezendirilgen» deydi zertteushiler .
Mongholiya Ghylym akademiyasynyng Arheologiya instituty men Germaniya Bonn qalasyndaghy Rayn Fridrih Vilihelim uniyversiyteti arasyndaghy kelisim boyynsha atalmysh tabylymdar qalpyna keltiru, túmshalau-konservasiyalyq júmystary ýshin ol laboratoriyasyna jiberilgen eken. Olardyn radiokarbonattyq zertteuleri boyynsha atalmysh jerleu ornynyng merzimi 770-880 jyldargha tәn degen qorytyndy shygharghan.
Germaniya ghalymy Piyter Ziymening zertteui (Suret-4) boyynsha aghashtan jasalynghan muzykalyq aspaptyng moyyn túynda 12 tanba-әrip jazylghan. Ol mәtindi: y(e)p(.)z čör ant (e)td(i)m(i)z - Y(e)p(.)z and čör we swore an oath (Lit, we made an oath ) - «Yepiz jәne Chór, biz ant ettik» dep oqyghan (Törbat t.b. 2009: 379].
Biz, atalmysh muzykalyq aspaptaghy kóne týrik bitik mәtini jayynda óz pikirimizdi úsynyp otyrmyz. Aspaptyng moyyn túsynyng ong qaptalynda ýshkir zatpen syzyp jazghan kóne týrik bitik mәtini 12 tanba-әripten túrady.
Mәtinning tanbalanuy (Suret-5):
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Mәtinning transkripsiyasy: Yinčüre bitidimiz
Mәtinning maghynasy: Syiynyp jazdyq (biz).
Kóne týrik tilinde yinčür-, yinčürü - syiynu, tabynu, bas ii, qúldyq úru [DTS 1969: 262], yinčgele- syilau, qúrmetteu, tabynu [DLT: III.411] degen maghynada kezdesedi. Olay bolsa, atalmysh muzykalyq aspaptaghy mәtinning maghynasy - aspaptyng muzykalyq qúdyretine syiynyp, aspaptyng iyesine bas iyip yrym-josyndyq túrghydan jazylghan bolu kerek. Aspaptaghy kóne týrik bitik mәtinnin tanba әriptik ereksheligine qaraghanda, VIII-IX ghasyrlargha qatysty dep joramaldaymyz.
Osy orayda búl mәtindi : Yipinčöre bitidimiz - Yipinchór-ge jazdyq dep oqyp, «qyl jipti chór-ge ( ertekshi-ge// aspap iyesi+ne) (arnap) jazdyq» dep te qarastyrugha bolar edi. Óitken, bizge belgili tildik derekterge sýiensek, yip - jip, arqan, qyl [DTS 1969: 267; Radlov OSTN. III-1: 530 «nitka, verevka»), al čöre túlghasy saqtalghan čörčök > chórchók - ertegi, әpsene, čörčök > chórchók - 1.ertegi, әpsene, 2. sózshen, myljyng [Radlov OSTN. III-2: 2042], čörčöktö- > chórchóktó- ertegi aitu [Budagov SSTTN. I: 493 ], chóre- chór- 1. jýru, 2. ómir sýru, 3. qyzmet etu, chóchók- qysqa ertegi [Butanaev 1999: 222-223] sózderi kezdesedi. Demek, qazaqsha čerter (// čörter?) > ýsh ishekti sherter muzykalyq aspabynyng atauy atalmysh sózdermen bir jeliles, tipt čör - proto týrik túlghasy bolsa kerek.
Búl jerleu ornyn alghash zerttegen monghol arheology S.Tórbat sóz bolyp otyrghan muzykalyq aspaptyng basyndaghy «an-januar» beynesin, bayyrghy kezderden saqtalynyp kele jatqan mongholdardyng morin quγur > atbas qobyzsha, šïnaγan quγur > ojau ispetti qobyzshasyna úqsas keledi dep boljaydy [Törbat t.b. 2009: 376]. Alayda jerleu ornynan qobyzdyng ysqyshy jayynda qanday bir mәlimet, aighaqtar anyq bolmay
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Kóshpelilerding muzykalyq aspaptar jayynda qytay jazbalarynda: «...búl elding adamdary dauystaryn sozyp, azandatyp әn salghandy jaqsy kóredi, әuenderi qasqyrdyng úlyghanyna da úqsaydy...әn aityp, by biylep duman qúrady...», «qyrghyzdarda....muzykalyq aspaptardan sybyzghy, dauylpaz, syrnay qatarly aspaptar bar» [Bichurin 1998:125; QTTQD, IV. 4.24, 25, 385] degen mәlimetter ghana bar. Ortaghasyrlyq shyghys miniaturalarynda qobyz ispetti muzykalyq aspap beynelengenderi barshylyq.
Qazirgi týrik tilderi men sóilenisterinde dәstýrli muzykalyq aspaptardyng negizgi ataulary ózara úqsas, qobyz ben dombyra ataularynyng keybireuleri tolyq sәikesedi. Mysaly, qazaqtardaghy qylqobyzdy altaysha - ikili, hakassha yyh, tyvasha - igil dep ataydy. Al, sherterdi hakassha - homys (qomïs> homys - hakastardyng eki ishekti kýy aspaby [Butanaev 1999: 188]), altaysha - topshuur, tyvasha - dopshulur chanzy, yakutsha - kyrympa, shanqobyzdy altaylyqtar komus, hakas, tyvalarda temir homys, demir homus [Sarybaev 1980: 76-77] dep ataydy. Mahmúd Qashghariyding «Diuany lúghat-t týrik» sózdiginde qobuz > qobúz, qobyz, qobza-, qobzal-, qobzaš-, qobzat- > qobyz tartu, qobyzdau, qobyzben oinasu, qobyzdatu [DLT: I.19; III.173] túlghalarynda kezdesedi. Sary úighyr tilinde qonïs> qonys -ishekti kýy aspaby [ Malov 1957: 58].
Monghol tilderinde qoγur > hur, qobyzsha, yspa qobyz (qyl ishekti kýy aspaby), atbas qobyzsha, aman quγur > aman huur, syrnay, kele quγur > hel huur, ýshkirik, qamys syrnay [Sevel 1966: 738; Bazylhan 1984: 541], qoγur // quγur > monghol últynyng ishekti kýy aspaby, morin quγur > atbas qobyzsha, šïnaγan quγur > ojau ispetti qobyzsha, dörben čikitei quγur > tórt qúlaqty qobyzsha. Sonymen qatar monghol tilderinide qobis > «yatga» sekildi kýy aspaby, tórt ishekti keledi, shanaghy jylan terisinen jasalady. Demek, qobis // qobur // quγur - týbir ataulary bir tórkindes [Sečenčoγtu 1988: 1122-1123]. Al, túnghys-manjúr tilderinde: kuur > kuur «muzykalyq aspap» túlghasynda kezdesedi [SSTMYa-1: 434-435 ].
Sol sebepten, týrik-monghol tilderinde qop - (qob- // quw - //quγ-) týbir morfemagha +ur ( +uz //+ us) týbir morfemasy jalghanyp «quys-qoby kenistikten ysqyru, ýskiru, úrylu, yzyldau sekildi dau+ys // dyb+ys shygharyluy» degen jalpy semantikalyq óristi bildiretin qobur // quγur // qobuz //qomus sózderi tuyndaghan.
Al, kóne týrik tilinde sub- // sib- týbir morfemadan syb+yzghy jәne basqa sóz ataular tuyndaghan.
Al, dombyra atauynyng shyghu tegi týrik, monghol tilderindegi dop- //dom- týbir mofemadan «domalaq, domalanu, tompan, domalaq ydys, dóngelek aspap» [Bazylhan 2000:237] maghynaly, dom+byra, top+shuyr (top+šuur > topshur -ishekti muzykalyq aspap, top+šular > topshular), topchyl, topchyl homys [Butanaev 1999:150] ) syndy ataulary da qalyptasqanyn bayqaugha bolady.
Endeshe atalmysh muzkykalyq aspaby kóne dәuirdegi tótuma atauy ne boldy degen zandy súraq tuyndaydy. Bizding pikirimizshe búl bayyrghy zamannyng qob+uz > qobúz, basqasha aitqanda qobyzdyn kóne týrik dәuirindegi núsqasy bolu kerek (Suret-6).
Qoryta aitqanda, 2008 jyly Mongholiyanyng Hovd aimaghy, Manhan súmyny Jargalant hayrhan tauynyng jartas ýngiri jerleu ornynan tabylghan atalmysh muzykalyq aspaby qob+uz > qobúz//qobyzdyn VIII ghasyrlardaghy ilki núsqalarynyng biregeyi qúndy aighaghy ekendigi dausyz. Al, muzykalyq aspaptaghy mәtinde qúdyretti qobyz ýnine jәne qobyzshygha (tipti ang januarlar, kýy muzyka tabighatyna) tәnti bolghan ókilderding «Yinčüre bitidimiz /yinchýre bitidimiz/ - Syiynyp tabynyp jazdyq» degen maghynaly sóz jazylghan bolsa kerek.
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Napil BAZYLHAN
NADPIS V DREVNETURKSKOM MUZYKALNOM INSTRUMENTE:
ISTORIKO-ISTOChNIKOVEDChESKIE PREDVARIYTELNYY ChTENIYa
V dannom statie avtorom rassmatrivaetsya novyy prochteniya nadpisi v drevneturkskom muzykalinom instrumente, kotorye yavlyaitsya prototipom sovremennogo kobuza, naydennom v 2008 g. v Mongolii na skalinom pogrebenie drevneturkskogo perioda. Prochtenie nadpisi: Yinčüre bitidimiz - Poklonyaya napisaliy
Ph.Dr Napil BAZYLKHAN
THE INSCRIPTION ON ANCIENT TURKIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENT:
HISTORICAL AND SOURCE STUDY PRELIMINARY READING
In this article the author considers a new reading of inscription on ancient Turkic musical instrument, which is the prototype of the modern kobuza, found in 2008 in Mongolia in the rock tomb of the ancient Turkic period. Reading the inscription: Yinčüre bitidimiz - By bowing were written.
Týpnúsqadaghy taqyryp: «Kóne týrik dәuirining muzykalyq aspabyndaghy (qobyzyndaghy) mәtin: tarihiy-derektanulyq alghashqy taldau»
«Abay-aqparat»