Mine, adamnyng shyr etip jerge týsken minutynan bastap, ony ómirin, densaulyghyn, tynyshtyghyn qorghap otyrghan zang bar.

Búl zang 1948 jyly 10 - jeltoqsanda qabyldanghan. «Adam qúqyghynyng jalpygha birdey deklarasiyasy», sonymen qatar 1959 jyly qabyldanghan «Bala qúqyghy Deklarasiyasy», mine osy deklarasiyadan keyin 61 el qol qoyghan 1989 jyly 20 qarashada «Balalar qúqyghy turaly Konvensiya» qabyldandy. Qazirde búghan 191 memleket kirgen. Konvensiya degen - arnauly mәseleler jónindegi kelisim shart. Osy Konvensiya negizinde 2002 jyly tamyzda Qazaqstanda «Balalar qúqyghy turaly» zang qabyldandy. Búl zang 9 - tarau, 53 - bap - tan túrady. Osy erejelerdi búljytpay oryndau - bizding Otanymyz, elimiz, halqymyz aldyndaghy paryzymyz. Bizding ómirdegi keybir kelensiz jaghdaylardyng kóbi bizding osy zang talaptaryn, tәrtip talaptaryn bilmeytintindigimizden tuyndap jatatyn sekildi.

Zang degenimiz qoghamnyng negizgi tiregi Qogham dep otyrghanymyz - myna bizder. N.Á.Nazarbaev: «Konstitusiya - búl da el rәmizderining biri. Sondyqtan negizgi zandy elding tuy, әnúrany, eltanbasy sekildi qadirleu, qúrmetteu - bizding paryzymyz»- degen. Sondyqtan әrbir adamnyng zang talabyna baghynyp, jat qylyqtar, óreskel tәrtip búzushylyqqa barmau, ózine jýktelgen mindetti uaqytyly oryndaudyng ózin elimizding Ata Zannyn, halyqty qúrmetteui dep biluimizge bolady. Konstitusiya – elding barlyq erejeleri jinaqtalghan memleketting negizgi qújaty. Sondyqtan da biz ony Ata zang dep qúrmetteymiz. Árbir adam ózining de, ózge elding de zanyna baghynugha mindetti. Ár memleketting ózine tәn zany bar.

Qúqyqtary men zandy mýddelerin qorghau ýshin balanyng qúqyghy zanmen bekitiledi. Qúqyq qorghaudy ata - analar, baghyp - qaghu jәne qamqorlyqqa alu organdary, sot, prokuror jýzege asyrady. Zang balany ozbyrlyqtyng týrlerinen onyng abroyyn tómendetuden, ata - analar tarapynan bolatyn qiyanattan qorghaydy. QR - da balalardyng mýddesi qorghala otyryp, onday ata - analardy ata - analyq qúqyqtan jәne balany baghyp - qaghugha beruden aiyrugha baylanysty sharalardy qoldanu zandyq túrghyda qarastyrylghan. Bala mýliktik qúqyqqa da iye. Ol kóbinese óz ata - analarynyng jәne otbasynyng ózge de mýshelerining kýtip baghuy qúqyqtaryna baylanysty bolmaq. Aliymentter, zeynetaqy men jәrdemaqylar ata - ananyng atyna kelip týsedi, alayda, ol qarjy balany kýtip - baghugha, bilim beruge jәne tәrbiyeleuge júmsalady. Zang balagha syigha nemese múragha alghan mýlikti menshigine alu qúqyghyn beredi, sonday - aq enbekpen ainalysa otyryp, ózining jeke enbegining kiristerin alugha, jekelengen pәterding iyesi bolugha, t. b. mýmkindik beredi. Balalargha qamqorlyq jasay otyryp, memleket bala tughan kezde jәrdemaqy tóleydi. Kóp balaly otbasylaryn týrli jaghynan qorghaugha alynghan.

Bala әrqashan bala

Konvensiya - Bala qúqyghynyng әlemdik Konstitusiyasy. Halyqaralyq shart boyynsha bala dep kimdi sanaydy?

Balalar - búl besik arbadaghy nәreste, bala baqshagha asyqqan sәbiyler, bastauysh, 5 - 7 synyp oqushylary sonda da bolsa, 8 synyp oqushylary keyde ózderin bala dep ataghany ýshin renjiydi. Olar - jetkinshekter, yaghny ózderin eresek sezinedi.

16 - 17 jastaghy joghary synyp oqushylaryn jasóspirim dep ataymyz.
Konvensiyanyng birinshi babyn oqyp kóreyik: 18 jasqa tolmaghan әrbir adamzat iyesin bala dep sanau shartty maqsat. Yaghni, 18 jasqa tolmaghan jasóspirim, jetkinshek te Konvensiyada atap kórsetilgen bala qúqyghyn paydalana alady.

Bala qúqyqtary turaly Konvensiyagha sәikes, olardyng әrqaysysy ózining daralyghyn saqtaugha qúqyly. Daralyqtyng belgisine onyng esimi, tegi, әkesining aty jatady. Balagha esim ata - anasynyng kelisimi boyynsha beriledi. Ádette, ata - analar óz balalaryna kez kelgen atty oilap qoya beredi. Degenmen, onday tandaudyng shegi bar. Balanyng mýddesin eskere otyryp, ata - analar óz qúqyqtaryn paydalanyp, balanyng mýddesine qarama - qayshy keletin, ainalasyna kýlki, ne jaghymsyz jaghday tuyndatatyn esimdi tandamau kerek. Balanyng әkesining aty últtyq dәstýr eskerile otyryp, әkesining esimimen jazylady. Mәselen, ata - analarynyng qalauyna qaray әkesining atyna “úly”, “qyzy” sózderi qosylyp jazyluy mýmkin. Eger balanyng әkesining aty qos attan túrsa (mәselen Ádilmúrat) ata - analarynyng qalauyna qaray eki attyng biri balanyng әkesining aty bolyp jazylady. Eger әkesining aty belgisiz bolsa, sheshesining núsqauymen balanyng әkesi retindegi adamnyng esimi jazylady, al tegi sheshesining tegimen kórsetiledi.

Bala qúqyqtary turaly halyqaralyq Konvensiyadan
*Memleket әrbir balanyng aman – sau ósip, jan – jaqty damuyn qamtamasyz etedi;
*Bala ómirge kele salysymen tirkeuge alynady jәne ózine esim men azamattyq alugha qúqyly;
*Árbir bala óz otbasynda, ata – anasymen birge ómir sýruge qúqyly;
*Otbasynda әkesi men anasy óz aldyna derbes ómir sýrumen, balany ata – anasymen ajyratugha eshkim qúqyqty emes;
*Bala mektepte kinәli bolghanda da ony eshkimning úryp jazalaugha, kemsitip qorlaugha qúqyghy joq;
*Bala tynyghugha jәne mәdeny demalugha qúqyly;
*Árbir balanyng oy – pikir, ar - ojdan jәne din erkindigine qúqyghy bar;
*Bala ózi qalaghan sport týrimen shúghyldanugha qúqyly;
*Bala densaulyghyn saqtaugha, emdeluge qúqyly;
*Bala óz oiyn erkin aitugha qúqyly.

Konvensiya bala azamattyghy jayynda olardyng ómiri men densaulyghyn qorghap, balalardyng otbasynda ómir sýruin qamtamasyz etu qúqyghyn saqtaudy memlekettik mindet dep qarastyrghan.
Deklarasiyanyng 26 - babynda jәne Qazaqstan Respublikasy Konstitusiyasynyng 30 - babynda kórsetilgendey:

1. Bastauysh bilim barshagha mindetti al tehnikalyq jәne kәsiptik bilim - kópshilikting qoly jeterliktey boluy kerek.
2. Bilim beru adamnyng jeke basynyng kemeldenuine, sonday - aq halyqtar arasyndaghy ózara týsinistikke dostyqqa yqpal etui tiyis.
3. Ata - analar balalary ýshin bilim beru týrin tandaugha qúqyqty.
4. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng azamattary tegin orta bilim alugha mindetti.
- Árbir balanyng jaqsy oqyp, sabaqta ómirge qajetti jana jәne paydaly bilimderdi berip otyrugha qúqyghy bar. Qúqyq - adamnyng mindeti de bolyp tabylady.
- Qúqyq adamgha tek jaqsy, iygi isterdi jasau ýshin berilgen. Adamgha ziyan keltiretin isterding barlyghyna tyiym salynghan.

Qúqyqtary men zandy mýddelerin qorghau ýshin balanyng qúqyghy zanmen bekitiledi. Qúqyq qorghaudy ata - analar, baghyp - qaghu jәne qamqorlyqqa alu organdary, sot, prokuror jýzege asyrady. Zang balany ozbyrlyqtyng týrlerinen onyng abroyyn tómendetuden, ata - analar tarapynan bolatyn qiyanattan qorghaydy. QR - da balalardyng mýddesi qorghala otyryp, onday ata - analardy ata - analyq qúqyqtan jәne balany baghyp - qaghugha beruden aiyrugha baylanysty sharalardy qoldanu zandyq túrghyda qarastyrylghan. Bala mýliktik qúqyqqa da iye. Ol kóbinese óz ata - analarynyng jәne otbasynyng ózge de mýshelerining kýtip baghuy qúqyqtaryna baylanysty bolmaq. Aliymentter, zeynetaqy men jәrdemaqylar ata - ananyng atyna kelip týsedi, alayda, ol qarjy balany kýtip - baghugha, bilim beruge jәne tәrbiyeleuge júmsalady. Zang balagha syigha nemese múragha alghan mýlikti menshigine alu qúqyghyn beredi, sonday - aq enbekpen ainalysa otyryp, ózining jeke enbegining kiristerin alugha, jekelengen pәterding iyesi bolugha, t. b. mýmkindik beredi. Balalargha qamqorlyq jasay otyryp, memleket bala tughan kezde jәrdemaqy tóleydi. Kóp balaly otbasylaryn týrli jaghynan qorghaugha alynghan.

Árbir balanyng otbasynda túryp, tәrbiyelenuge qúqyghy bar. Otbasylyq tәrbie balany tәrbiyeleuding eng tәuir týri, sondyqtan da oghan basymyraq manyz beriledi. Balanyng óz ata-anasynyng otbasynda jәne ózge de tuysqandarymen túruyna, olarmen qarym-qatynas jasaugha qaqysy bar.

Neke búzylghan kezde bala kóbinese anasynyng janynda qalyp, sonymen birge túrady, al әkesimen, әdette, demalys kýnderi jolyghyp túrady. Ata-analarynyng ajyrasuy búdan keyin bólek túra bastaghan әkesi men balasynyng arasyndaghy qatynastardy toqtatugha әser etpeui tiyis. Biraq sot praktikasynda balanyng әkesimen kezdesip túruyna anasynyng rúqsat bermeytindiginin, ne әkesining balasyn jәne ony tәrbiyeleuge mindetti ekendigin úmytyp ketetinditinin: sansyz mysaldaryn kezdestiruge bolady. Zang ajyrasqan, ata-analargha, eki jaqta balany teng tirrde tәrbiyeleudi mindetteydi. Eger olardyng bireui óz mindetin oryndamasa, sot ony oryndaugha mәjburleuge qúqyly. Mysaly, sot balanyng әkesimen kezdesu uaqytyn jәne ornyn belgileydi nemese anasynyng talaby boyynsha әkening bala tәrbiyesimen ainalysuyn mindetteydi.

Balanyng óz ata-anasynyng tәrbiyesinde bolugha, mýddeleri men jan-jaqty damuynyng qamtamasyz etiluine, onyng adamdyq kadir-kasiyetining qýrmetteluine qaqysy bar. Bala óz mýddesine qatysty kez kelgen otbasylyq mәselelerdi sheshkende óz oi-pikirin erkin bildiruge qúqyly. Bala 10 jasqa tolghan son, onyng pikirimen de sanasady. Mysaly, tegi men atyn ózgertkende, bala asyrap alghanda nemese onyng kajettigi bolmaghanda eskeriledi.

Balanyng qúqyqtary jónindegi konvensiyagha sәikes әrbir balanyng ózining daralyghyn saqtaugha qaqysy bar. Ony daralaytyn belgiler aty, tegi, әkesining aty. Balagha esim beru ata-anasynyng kelisimimen jasalady. Ata-analardyng bala mýddesine qayshy keletin, oghan ainalasyndaghy adamdardyng kýlkisin keltiretin nemese qolaysyz jaghdaylargha qaldyratyn esim paydalanularyna bolmaydy.

Eger balanyng әkesi anyqtalmaghan jaghdayda, oghan esim — anasynyng aituymen qoyylady, balanyng әkesi bolyp jazylghan adamnyng aty onyng әkesining aty bolady, al tegi — anasynyng tegi bolady.

Mysaly, qazaqtarda óz balalaryn әigileuding kóptegen yrymdargha, t.b. mәndi oqighalargha baylanysty әrqily týrleri boldy. Er balalargha qaraghanda qyz balalargha kóz tii onsha әser etpeydi dep esepteldi, sol sebepti olargha en әdemi, nәzik, aitugha jenil attar tandalady.

Kóptegen Europa memleketterinde, AQSh-ta, Kanadada arnauly qyzmetter (polisiya) júmys isteydi. Balalar solargha telefon soghyp, ata-analarynyng dәreki qylyqtary, kýsh qoldanyp jóbirleui turaly habarlassa, olar tezdetip sol aragha jetip sharalar qoldanady, ata-analarynan aiyppúl alady.

Balanyng mýliktik qúqyghghy da bar, ol kóbinese balanyng óz ata-analary men otbasynyng ózge de mýshelerinen asyrap-baghu ýshin qarajat kómegin aluyna baylanysty. Aliymentter, zeynetaqy men jәrdemaqylar ata-anasynyng atyna kelip týsedi, birak olar balalardy asyrap-baghugha, bilim beruge jәne tәrbiyeleuge júmsaluy kerek.

Zang balanyng syilyq retinde nemese múragha alghan menshiginin; enbekpen ainalysyp tapkan kiris menshiginin; jekeshelendirilgen pәter menshigining boluyna jol beredi.

Memleket balalardyng mýddelerin qorghap jәne balalardy otbasynda tәrbiyeleu balalargha tәrbie beruding eng tәuir týri ekendigin tany otyryp, tәrbiyenin otbasylyng turinin artyqshylyghyn zang jolymen bekitti. Qazirgi kezde balalar derevnyasynyn, otbasylyq balalar ýilerining qúrylyp, óris aluy kezdeysoq jay emes. Jas analar (әdette, student nemese kәmeletke tolmaghandar) materialdyq qiynshylyqtary sheshilgenshe, joghary oqu ornyn bitirgenshe, kәmeletke tolghansha balalaryn uaqytsha tәrbiyeleuge bere túratyn Ýmit ýii kúryldy. Múnday analardyng óz balalaryna kelip, kezdesip túruyna, qamqorlyq jasauyna tyiym salynbaydy.

Memleket balalargha qamqorlyq kórsete otyryp, bala tughanda jәrdemaqy teleydi, kóp balaly otbasylaryna barynsha kómektesip otyrady.

Ata-analar ózderining konstitusiyalyq mindetterin erkimen oryndamaghan jaghdayda, olardan aliymentti mәjburlep óndirip alu da memleketting balalar qúqyghyn qorghauynyng bir kerinisi bolyp tabylady. 

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