HH ghasyrdyng basynda qazaq halqynyng ruhaniyatynda oyanu ýrdisining sәuleli shúghylasy jarq etkendey kórinedi de túrady. Abay, Shәkәrim jәne Alash arystarynyng barlyghy da Súltanmahmud aitsa aitqanday-aq «qaranghy qazaq tórine órmelep shyghyp kýn bolghan» eken ghoy. Alayda, bolishevizmning qandy qyrghyny olardy kózden búlbúl úshyrdy. Degenmen, kónilden ghayyp ete almaghanyna da shýkirshilik deymiz de. IYdeyalarynyng ómirshendigi rasynda, «kýn sóngenshe sónbesi» aqiqatqa ainalghanday. Olardyng sol tústa jasaghan kez-kelgen tuyndysyn qarastyryp kóriniz. Barlyghy sol tústaghy әlemdik ýrdisten bir eli keyin qalmaghan. Býginshilep aitqanda, «әlemdik standartqa» say kórkemdik tuyndyny sol agha buyn jasap, synshyl realizmning negizin qazaq dalasynda qalap ketken joq pa eken.

Jalpy kórkemdik dýniyeden tolyq habardar adam óner tuyndysynyng tildik elementterining baylanysyn, ózara әserlerin, qarym-qatynasyn iygeru barysynda kórkemdik kónil tolqularyna berilumen qatar tereng mәdeny mazmúngha boylaydy. Kórkemdik mәtinning ózge qúdiretin aitpaghannyng ózinde ondaghy adamnyng keskin-kelbeti, jana dәuirdegi dýniyetanym, kózqaras ýlgileri sekildi óner tuyndylarynda jii kórinis tabatyn mәdeny elementtermen ýnemi betpe-bet kelemiz.

HH ghasyrdyng basynda qazaq halqynyng ruhaniyatynda oyanu ýrdisining sәuleli shúghylasy jarq etkendey kórinedi de túrady. Abay, Shәkәrim jәne Alash arystarynyng barlyghy da Súltanmahmud aitsa aitqanday-aq «qaranghy qazaq tórine órmelep shyghyp kýn bolghan» eken ghoy. Alayda, bolishevizmning qandy qyrghyny olardy kózden búlbúl úshyrdy. Degenmen, kónilden ghayyp ete almaghanyna da shýkirshilik deymiz de. IYdeyalarynyng ómirshendigi rasynda, «kýn sóngenshe sónbesi» aqiqatqa ainalghanday. Olardyng sol tústa jasaghan kez-kelgen tuyndysyn qarastyryp kóriniz. Barlyghy sol tústaghy әlemdik ýrdisten bir eli keyin qalmaghan. Býginshilep aitqanda, «әlemdik standartqa» say kórkemdik tuyndyny sol agha buyn jasap, synshyl realizmning negizin qazaq dalasynda qalap ketken joq pa eken.

Jalpy kórkemdik dýniyeden tolyq habardar adam óner tuyndysynyng tildik elementterining baylanysyn, ózara әserlerin, qarym-qatynasyn iygeru barysynda kórkemdik kónil tolqularyna berilumen qatar tereng mәdeny mazmúngha boylaydy. Kórkemdik mәtinning ózge qúdiretin aitpaghannyng ózinde ondaghy adamnyng keskin-kelbeti, jana dәuirdegi dýniyetanym, kózqaras ýlgileri sekildi óner tuyndylarynda jii kórinis tabatyn mәdeny elementtermen ýnemi betpe-bet kelemiz.

Qazirgi mәdeniyet ghylym filosofiyanyng qosalqy bólshegi boludan qalyp, shygharmashylyq tuyndy jasau, sheshendik óner, ónertanu sekildi kórkemdik is qyzmetting belgili salalaryn zertteytin salagha ainaldy. Al, filosofiya әsemdik pen óner tabighatyn, kórkem tuyndynyng qaynar kózin zerttedi. Alayda, kórkem tuyndynyng psihologiyalyq jәne sosiologiyalyq mәselelerin bir ghana filosofiya ghylymynyng shama-sharqy jete qoymastay biyikke kóterilgen. Osy sebepten ejelgi dәuirde payda bolghan ónertanu men Grek klassikalyq mәdeniyeti túsynda tughanymen ellinizm kezinde damudyng jogharghy satysyna jetken shygharmashylyq pen sheshendik óner mәseleni sheshuge óz ýlesin qosatyn bolghan. Osy tústan bastap estetikalyq damu ýrdisi filosofiyalyq jәne ónertanu baghyty boyynsha damydy. Alayda, óner salasyndaghy ghylym ókilderi tikeley derbes ghalymdargha ainalyp ketpedi, birshama uaqyt filosofiyanyng belgili bir tarmaghyna jatqyzylyp keldi.

Jana ghylymy aghymnyng qamtityn aumaghy tek qana bir óner janryn anyqtaushy ústanym retinde tuyndygerding ómiri, shygharmashylyq joly jәne ainalasyn qamtydy. Estetikalyq oilaudyng alghashqy bolmysy retinde ónerding jana janry aghartushylyq dәuirding manyzdy sipaty kópting sanasyna, ruhany oiyna yqpal etetin mindetimen ýndesti. Sebebi, ónerding ózi tolyqqandy әsemdikti aishyqtaudy kózdeydi. Alayda múnday jaghdayda әsemdikting aiqyndalu kórinisi bolatyn ónerdegi aiqyndama men әreketi ózine qauip tóndiredi. Sondyqtan, ejelgi tuyndygerler әsemdikti jasau ýshin qiyndyqty kórsetuden, shynayy ómirdi dәlme dәl beyneleuden boylaryn aulaq saldy. Ásemdik pen shynayy aiqyndama ekeui osylaysha bir qarama-qayshy polusten oryn teuip, ónerdegi olardyng birligi estetikanyng eng manyzdy talaby bolatyn әsemdik mәselesine әkeledi.

XVII- XVIII ghasyrlardaghy kórkemdik oilau jýiesi janadan qalyptasqan qoghamnyng jana túrmys saltynyng estetikalyq mәselelerin sheshuge tyryssa, HIH ghasyrdaghy syny realizm adam men onyng estatikalyq oilau problemalaryna basty nazar audardy. Jalpy syny realizmning negizgi ereksheligining ózi mәselege deni dúrys oimen qaraugha tyrysatyndyghy edi. XVII- XVIII ghasyrlar túsyndaghy әdebiyette negizinen jaghymdy keyipker túrghysynda kórinis tabatyn estetikalyq arman mýdde syny realizm tuyndygerlerining beynelep otyrghan keyipkerine degen kózqarasyn bildiretin tolyq bir jýie arqyly aiqyndalatyn boldy. Búl jýre kele qogham men onyng qúrylymyn syngha alugha iytermeledi. N.G. Chernyshevskiy aitqanday, ónerding maqsaty shynayy ómirdi obraz arqyly ashugha baghyttaldy. HIH ghasyrdyng 20-jyldarynan bastap, Europada syny realizm qarqyndy damydy. Atalmysh aghymnyng damu nәtiyjesinde Fransiyada O. Balizak, Stendali, Angliyada Ch. Dikkens, Reseyde L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevskiy, A. Chehov syndy óner men әdebiyetting kórnekti ókilderi tudy. Aytalyq, syny realizmning Reseyde qysqa merzimde damyghany sonshalyq A. Pushkiyn, M. Lermontov, N. Gogoli sekildi aqyn, jazushylar romantizmnen realizmge auysty.

HIH ghasyr túsynda adamzat tarihynda alghash ret sharuashylyqtyng birlesken jýiesi qalyptasyp, qoghamdyq óndiris ayasyna týrli salalar tartyla bastady. Osyghan baylanysty óner zertteu aumaghy da keneydi. Óner yqpalynyng ayasyna әleumettik keng arnaly ýderister, adam psihologiyasynyng kýrdeli qúbylystary, túrmystyq  jan-jaqty kórinister, tabighat, shynayy ómirding qaptaghan nysandary qamtyldy. Sol arqyly әleumettik manyzdylyqqa, estetikalyq qúndylyqqa balandy. Ónerding basty zertteu nysany bolyp tabylatyn adam turaly mәsele tereng ózgeriske enip, әleumettik baylanystar jalpy ortaq sipat tapty.  Atalmysh ózgeristerge say adamnyng ruhany ómirinde óner, kórkemdik dýnie sipatyndaghy sabaqtastyqty kórsetetin qúbylystar payda boldy. Nәtiyjesinde, syny realizmge negizdelgen kórkemdik jana aghym qalyptasty.

Mәdeniyet jeke adamdy jalghyzdyqtan qútqaryp, adamy qarym-qatynasqa tartady jәne qogham aldyndaghy jauapkershiligin sezdiretini mәlim. HH ghasyrda mәdeniyet pen óner shynayy ómirding kýrdeli ýrdisterimen, әleumettik damudan tuyndaghan qiyndyqtarmen, qoghamdyq qayshylyqtardyng terendeuimen, ghylymiy-tehnikalyq revolusiyanyng nәtiyjesinen tuyndaghan ótkir problemalarmen, býkil adamzattyq mýddeni bildiretin sayasat, ekologiya, moralidyq qyruar mәselelermen betpe-bet keldi. Osynyng ózi aqyr ayaghynda barsha júrttyng ónerge degen jana talaptaryn tughyzdy. Batys әlemining ónerindegi eng ozyq progressivti aghym retinde synshyl realizm atalmysh jana talaptargha jauap berip, óz kózqarasynyng negizgi baghytyn adamdar arasyndaghy qatynastyng qaraqan bastarynyng qamyn kýitteushilikterine, kisimshilikterine, ashty arazdyqtaryna, jalpy týiindi problemalargha arnady. U. Folkner, E. Heminguey, A. Sent Ekzuperi, I. Bergman, M. Antonioni, F. Fellini, S. Kreymer, R. Kent, N. Rerih sekildi batystyq realist tuyndygerlerding shygharmalaryndaghy adam jalghyzsyrauynyng ekzistensial (zandylyqpen oryn tebushilik) taghdyrdy enseruding mindetti ekendigin dәleldegen oqighalar kóptep beynelendi. Aytalyq, A. Sent Ekzupery adamdy ýrdis jәne belsendi túlgha dep qarastyrdy. Onyng enbekterinde qoldanylatyn negizgi ústanym «eger men oqighagha qatysushy bolmasam ózge kim bolghanym?» degen saual bolatyn. Ol adamdar arasynda bauyrlastyq qaghida ornatudy nasihattady. Onyng «Kishkentay hanzada» shygharmasynyng negizgi iydeyasy eger kim de kim ózge bir elde nemese jat ghalamsharda qiyndyq kórip, azaptalyp jatsa eshkimnin  eshqashan baqytty bola almaghany degenge kelip sayady. Sondyqtan, A. Sent Ekzuperiyding ómirding mәnin týsinui, shygharmalarynyng jandy túsy adamdar arasyndaghy qatynas jәne ondaghy qayshylyqtardy, jeke bastyng qamyn oilaushylyqty enseruge shaqyru boldy.

Adamgha baqyt qúsy tabys jetistikter ghana emes, algha qoyghan maqsatyn jýzege asyru jolynda júmsaghan kýsh qayratyn sezingen sanalylyqtyng ózi arqyly kelip qonady degen kózqaras Ernest Heminguey shygharmalarynyng arqauy boldy. Hemingueyding «Shal men tenizinde» «adamdy óltiruge bolar, biraq, olay jene almaysyn» degen joldar bar. Búl jazushy keyipkerlerining adamy bolmysynyng ústanymy ispetti. Heminguey ýshin sheksiz-shetsiz úly múhit pen tenizde jetim aralday jalghyz adam eshqashan túrmaydy. Búl onyng ómirge degen shyndyghy, onyng keyipkerlerining әdilettikke degen úmtylysynyng negizi, adam jauapkershiligin sezinudegi dýniyetanymynyng kórkemdik núsqasy.

Jana zaman synshyl realizmi, gumanizmi nemese adamgershilik kózqaras onyng tuyndylaryna әbden singen qasiyet. Synshyl realizmning taghy bir kórnekti ókili G. Bellidin  bir povesinde eki keyipker jol azabyn tarta jýrip, kezdesken qiyndyqtardy jengen song ghana bir-birin tabady. Osy arqyly óz bolashaqtary men ómirilerinde ýmit pen senimdi tapqanyn bayandaydy. Shygharmanyng bas keyipkeri «Uaqyt degen ózi mәngi ólmes bola túra ólimning dәl sonyng qasynan tabyla ketetindigin men esh angharmay kelgen ekenmin. Kóptegen adamdardyng ólim-jitimi, azap-tozaghy, jәrdem kýtken aighaylarynyng arasynda men әiteuir óz baq júldyzymdy kórip qaldym. Optimizm ólimdi de jene alady eken» deytini bar. Múnda Belli mahabbat degen ómirding mazmúnyn taghayyndaushy, adamgershilik qasiyetting ólmes mәngi qaynar kózi ekendigin anyq kórsetken.

Adamzat tarihynyng barlyq dәuirinde adam balasy ózi shygharma keyipkerining sanasy arqyly sonyng oiymen bayyp, jeke túlgha qasiyetining asyl teginen az da bolsa boyyna sinirip damityn kórinedi. Sondyqtan, belgili bir keyipkerding ómiri adamdar túrmysyna enip, barsha adamzattyng qúramdas bóligine ainalady. Ómir ainalymy osylay túiyqtalmaq. Ólim arqyly taryla týsken ómir mazmúny barsha adamzat tirliginde saqtalyp, dәstýrge ainalyp ketpek. Jeke basyn kýittegen jalghyzyraghan jannyng ishki shekteuin mahabbattyng kómegimen búzyp-jaruynyng arqasynda Belli keyipkerleri adamzatqa ómirding mәnin týsindirdi.

Mәdeniyet jәne onyng eng jogharghy formasy bolyp tabylatyn mahabbatqa negizdelgen adamdar arasyndaghy qatynas jalghyzdyq, tirshilikting mәnsizdigin enseru qúral әri adam balasynyng ómirding mәn- maghynasyna jetu jolyn tabatyn tәsili degendi realizm ózine qaghida etedi. Sondyqtan da bolar, bir merzimde derlik Japoniya kinorejisseri Kaneto Sindonyng «Jalanash araly» men Italiya  kinorejisseri F. Fellding «Tamasha ómir» filimining shygharyluy synshyl realizm ýshin zandy qúbylys bolatyn. Ómirdi beyneleui jәne sol beyneleude qoldanghan kórkemdik tәsili túrghysynan atalmysh filimder bir birine qarama qayshy tuyndylar bolghanymen belgili bir mәseleni san qyrynan kórsetip týsindirui jaghynan kelgende úqsas. «Jalanash aral» kinosynda demalyp kónil kóteru, ruhany qúndylyqtar, jana dәuir órkeniyetinen ýirenu ýshin saghatsyz enbek etuding mәn-maghynasyz, kýiretushi, adamdyqtan ada sipattardy kórsetedi. Al, «Tamasha ómir» filiminde bassyz, ayaqsyz toy-tomalaq pen shekteusiz meyiram adamdy iskerlik enbekten tolyqtay ajyratyp, mazmúnsyz býldirgige, túrmystyng tútqynyna ainaldyratyndyghyn eskertedi.

F. Fellingting «Alty jarym» atty filiminde jer әlemining asa kýrdeli, jiyntyq týrindegi týrli dýniyelerdi kórsetkenimen adamnyng ómirde óz ornyn tabuyn, tirlikting mәnin tabu mýmkindigi turaly bayandaydy. Filimning bas keyipkeri әlde bir tyng iydeya tabu ýshin tabanynan tausyla izdep jýrgen kinorejisser. Ol shygharmashylyqtaghy ómirding mazmúnyn izdep jýrgenimen ony adamdargha qalay jetkizuding amalyn tappay sharshap jýrgen bireu. Ómir shyndyghyn bәrimiz tanyp bilgen sekildi kóringenimizben adamdar bәz bayaghy qalpy baqytsyz ghúmyr keship jatyr. Olargha sayasy nasihat, filosofiyalyq qaghida, dinge tabynu bәri de kómektese almady. Sondyqtan tuyndynyng bas keyipkeri atalmysh mәselening bәrin sheshuge qabiletti «ómir termiynin» izdeydi. Olar asa biyik múnara túrghyzyp, oghan gharysh kóligin ornalastyrady. Sonymen atom men yadrolyq qauip tóndirip túrghan jer ghalamsharynan qashpaq bolady. Qazirgi zamannyng gharysh kóligi bir top tandauly adamdardy jinap alyp sheksiz aspan әleminen baqyt izdeuge bel baylaydy.

Alayda, gharysh kenistiginde qansha samghasa da et jaqyn jer-ghalamshary olardan aiyrylmaydy. Osylaysha jahandyq qayshylyqtar men mazasyzdyqtan qashu degenimiz daghdarystan shyghudyng amaly emes ekeni belgili bolady. Aqyry, bas keyipker- rejisser adamdardy gharyshtyq kemeden týsudi búiyrady. Mәseleni sheshe almaghan rejisser ayaq astynan óte tiyimdi iydeya tabady. Onyng pәrmenimen muzyka oinap, adamdardar jetektese túryp әn shyrqaydy. Osylay әn aitqanda olar ýshin atom bombadan keletin qauip týkke túrmaytynday seziledi. Olargha eng bastysy gharysh kemesi emes, bauyrlas qatynastyn, birlikting manyzdylyghy týsinikti bolady. Qazirgi zaman әlemining gumanistik obrazyn jasaghan atalmysh kino әrbir qayshylyq pen kýresting birligi, jaqyndasuy adamdar arasyndaghy týsinistik arqyly qalyptasatyndyghyn aighaqtaytyn synshyl realizmning naqty mysalyna ainaldy.

Osylaysha, HH ghasyrlyq synshyl realizmnyng yqpalymen Batys elderining óner sheberleri shygharmashylyq tuyndylaryn jasap, sol shygharmalarynda adamgershilik mәseleleri, adamnyng qoghamdaghy orny, qarym-qatynasy sekildi filosofiyalyq problemalardy kórkemdik tәsilmen týsindiruge tyrysulary iri progress bolatyn.

Sol synshyl da syrshyl realizmnen ótken ghasyr basynda qazaq sanasyna silkinis jasaghan Alash arystary da tys qalmaghanynyng dәleli jazyp qaldyrghan әdeby múralary ispetti kórinedi de túrady.

«Abay-aqparat»