Quandyq Shamahayúly. «Patsha – jalanash!» dep aighaylay alasyng ba?
Qazaqstan jurnalisterining kәsiby merekesi kýnderi osynday súraq kókeyden ketpey qoyatyny bar. «Tórtinshi biylik», «qoghamdyq pikirdi qalyptastyrushy»! Tize bersek, әdemi ataudan kende qalmaydy ekenbiz. Sonda ózi, shynymen tórtinshi biylik bolsaq, ony nege býkil әlem tyrnaqshanyng ishine alyp aitady, keketkeni me, әlde, kemsitken, әzildegen týrleri me? Al, qoghamdy pikirdi qalay qalyptastyryp, biylikke qalay yqpal etip jýrmiz?
Osy orayda, әlem ziyalylary men kózi qaraqty oqyrmandaryna ejelden mәlim әngimeni eske sala keteyik. Bir elding patshasy sәnqoylyqtyng sonyna týsip aqyry alayaqtardyng arbauyna týsedi. Alayaqtar patsha men saray manyndaghylardyng auyzdaryn úryp, qazynadan qyruar qarjy alyp jalghan «kiyim tigedi». Eger ol kiyim әldekimning kózine kórinbese ol adamnyng misyz әri aqymaqtyghynan eken. Joq nәrseni kim kórushi edi. Soghan qaramastan patshanyng ózi de, ainalasyndaghylardyng bәri joq kiyimdi kórgensiydi. Uәzirleri jappay jaghympazdanyp, patshagha keremet jarasyp túrghan aityp, auyzdarynyng suy qúridy. Oghan sengen patsha tyr janalash kýiinde halyqtyng aldyna shyghyp masaqara bolady. Sonda top ishinen bes jasar qarshaday bala ghana «Patsha - jalanash!» dep aighay salady. Keyin demokratiyalyq baspasózdi ziyaly qauym sol bes jasar balanyng ornyna qoyatyn bolghan edi.
Qazaqstan jurnalisterining kәsiby merekesi kýnderi osynday súraq kókeyden ketpey qoyatyny bar. «Tórtinshi biylik», «qoghamdyq pikirdi qalyptastyrushy»! Tize bersek, әdemi ataudan kende qalmaydy ekenbiz. Sonda ózi, shynymen tórtinshi biylik bolsaq, ony nege býkil әlem tyrnaqshanyng ishine alyp aitady, keketkeni me, әlde, kemsitken, әzildegen týrleri me? Al, qoghamdy pikirdi qalay qalyptastyryp, biylikke qalay yqpal etip jýrmiz?
Osy orayda, әlem ziyalylary men kózi qaraqty oqyrmandaryna ejelden mәlim әngimeni eske sala keteyik. Bir elding patshasy sәnqoylyqtyng sonyna týsip aqyry alayaqtardyng arbauyna týsedi. Alayaqtar patsha men saray manyndaghylardyng auyzdaryn úryp, qazynadan qyruar qarjy alyp jalghan «kiyim tigedi». Eger ol kiyim әldekimning kózine kórinbese ol adamnyng misyz әri aqymaqtyghynan eken. Joq nәrseni kim kórushi edi. Soghan qaramastan patshanyng ózi de, ainalasyndaghylardyng bәri joq kiyimdi kórgensiydi. Uәzirleri jappay jaghympazdanyp, patshagha keremet jarasyp túrghan aityp, auyzdarynyng suy qúridy. Oghan sengen patsha tyr janalash kýiinde halyqtyng aldyna shyghyp masaqara bolady. Sonda top ishinen bes jasar qarshaday bala ghana «Patsha - jalanash!» dep aighay salady. Keyin demokratiyalyq baspasózdi ziyaly qauym sol bes jasar balanyng ornyna qoyatyn bolghan edi.
BAQ jýiesi - әrtýrli ghylymdar men tәjiriybelik qyzmetterding sipattaryn óz boyyna sinirgen qoghamdyq erekshe institut. Sonymen qatar ol qoghamdyq pikir qalyptastyratyndyghymen, oqigha, kórinisterdi jan-jaqty qarastyratyn jәne erkin kózqarastyng ashyq alany bolatyndyghymen erekshelenip otyr dep kósile beruge bolar.
Shyndyghyna kelsek, býginde Qazaqstandaghy barlyq sayasy qozghalystar men partiyalar, jekelegen toptar óz organdary retinde gazet, basylymdar shygharugha, elektrondyq aqparat qúraldaryna iyelik etuge mýddelilik tanytyp, óz sayasattarymen BAQ arqyly halyqqa yqpal etudi, saylauda basym dauysqa ie boludy kózdeytin boldy. Resmy mәlimet boyynsha eldegi tek diny basylymdardyng sany býginde 30-gha jetken. Onyng syrtynda memlekettik biylik, atqarushy ýkimet te ózderining sayasy imidjin qalasa da, qalamasa da BAQ arqyly ghana qalyptastyra alady. Sol siyaqty oppozisiyalyq toptar da óz minberin izdeytini belgili. Osynyng ózinen-aq, jurnalistika institutynsyz sayasi, әleumettik qay qyzmetting de qalyptylyghyn, túraqtylyghyn qamtamasyz etu mýmkin emes ekendigin kóruge bolady.
Qoghamdyq instituttar sonyng ishinde jurnalistika salasy tek azamattyq ashyq qogham jaghdayynda ghana pikiraluandyghyn negizge alghan demokratiyalyq -qúqyqtyq qoghamnyng qaghidasyna say damugha, is qyzmetin jýrgizuge mýmkindik tabady. Jalpy azamattyq qogham degenimizding ózi memleketi azamattarynyng jeke túlgha retindegi bostandyqtaryn moyyndaytyn, ýkimettik úiymdardy demokratiyalyq-qúqyqtyq jolmen qúratyn, onyng is-qyzmetterin halqy baqylay alatyn qoghamdyq jýie jәne ómirding dәl osynday normasynyng qalyptasuy. Olay bolsa, әrtýrli sayasy kózqarastar men tújyrymdamalardyn, qoghamdyq-sayasi, azamattyq oi-pikirlerdin barsha halyqqa jol tartatyn, el nazaryna jetkizetin, sol arqyly keri baylanys ornatyp, tarazylanyp, talqylanatyn eng negizgi minberlerining biri - BAQ bolmaghyna eshkim dau aitpas. Osy orayda, erkin oy men pikir aluandyghy, sayasy pikirtalastar aghyny әrbir jekelegen toptardyng aqparat qúraldary, baspasózi arqyly kórinis taba ma, әlde, sonyng bәrin erkin jariyalaytyn jalpyúlttyq derbes әri beytarap tәuelsiz gazetter nemese qoghamdyq telearnalar men radiohabarlar kerek pe? - degen zandy saual tuyndaydy. Demokratiyalyq ýrdister qalyptasyp, terendep damyghanda, mәdeniyetti de salauatty sayasy oi, pikirtalastyng keng óristep, qúlash jayghan kezeninde atalmysh mәsele de óz sheshimin tabugha tiyis.
Jalpy qazaq baspasózinde sayasy sanany qalyptastyru dәstýri boldy ma? degen saual osy orayda nazar audartady. HH ghasyrdyng basynda, yaghny qazaq baspasózining qalyptasu kezeninde elimizding qoghamdyq-sayasy sanasynyng dengeyin bilu ýshin «Qazaq» gazeti men «Ayqap» jurnalyna jýginuimizge tura keledi. Mysaly, «Qazaq» gazeti memlekettik dumada bolyp jatqan sayasy manyzy bar mәselelerge nazar audaryp, onda qabyldanghan sheshimderding qazaq taghdyryna qatystylyghyn ekshep, týsindirip otyrghany tarihtan mәlim. Al, «Ayqap» jurnaly últ mәselesin basty nysanagha ainaldyryp, el bolashaghynyng qamyn oilaghandyghymen erekshelendi. Atalmysh basylymdarda qyzmet etken Alash kósemderi sayasat taqyrybyndaghy oily maqalalary arqyly qazaq baspasózinde erkin oidyng negizin qalady, dәstýrin qalyptastyrdy.
«Ayqap» jurnalynda bir-birine qarama qarsy pikirlerdi qatar bergenin, osy arqyly pluralizmge, balama aqparat taratugha keng óris ashqanyn, qysqasy, demokratiyalyq jurnalistikanyng qaghidalaryn ústanghandyghyna kuә bolamyz. Mysaly, bir maqalada «Endi múnan bylay balalarynyzdy oryssha, músylmansha birdey oqytyp, dini men kýnderine birdey ie bolatynday qylyp tәrbiyeley kórinizder» - degen oy bildirilse, «Qúday saqtasyn, gazet-jurnal hәm jana shyqqan kitaptar bolsa, alyp oqymaq týgil qoldarynyzgha da ústamanyzdar jәne qúday saqtasyn, tóte oqytatyn múghalimder ústap balalarynyzdy búzyp alyp jýrmenizder, odan qayta nadan bolyp qalghany artyq» - dep kelesi maqalada qarsy pikir aitylady. Osylaysha, shyndyqqa jetuding joly, baspasóz obektivtiligining bir kriyteriyi retinde de balama aqparat berudi, qarsy pikirlerding gazet betinde qatar jariyalanuyn oryndy sanaghan.
Últtyq memleket qúru ýshin tәuelsizdik bәrinen manyzdy ekendigin sol kezenning ózinde últ ziyalylary basyna tóngen qaterden qoryqpay, otarshylardyng sústarynan seskenbey batyl aita alghan. Týrik halyqtarynyng tútastyghyn, birligin kózdegen Mústafa Shoqay: «Osy elding qúramyndaghy Qazaqstanda últtyq tәuelsizdik mәselesi týgil, sayasy jәne últtyq bostandyqtyng eng qarapayym nyshandary sóz boluy mýmkin emes. Óitkeni qashan da orys soldatynyng sonynan orys mújyghy ilesip otyrady. Basyp alynghan jerde orys biyligi ornaghan son-aq, pýshәiman halyqtyng jeri tartylyp alyna bastaydy. Sol sebepti de osynday jolmen biriktirilgen memleket ishinde últtardyng erikti týrdegi teng qúqyqty odaghyn qúrugha eshqanday oryn qalmaydy» - dep mәlimdegen.
Marksizm-leninizm әdisteme ayasyndaghy synarjaq sayasy kózqaras kýshtep tanylghangha deyin qazaq baspasózinde pikir aluandyghy men sóz bostandyghy bolghandyghyn, erkin oidyng jariyalanuyna kedergi jasalmaghanyn jogharydan keltirilgen mysaldardan kóruge bolady.
Al, tәuelsizdik alghan kezden bastap jurnalistikada erkin sózge jol ashyldy. Jogharygha jaltaqtamay belgili dәrejede aitayyn degenin aitatyn, jazayyn degenin jazatyn jaghday tuyp, bir iydeologiyanyng qasang qaghidasyna negizdelgen úrannan órbiytin syldyr sózding uaqyty kelmeske ketkenimen «Patsha - jalanash!» dep aighaylay alatyndardy sausaqpen sanasaq, nesheuin býger ekenbiz?!
Internetting әlemdik aqparat jýiesine yqpalynyng artyp bara jatqanyn aitpaghannyng ózinde, jana aqparattyq, elektrondyq tehnologiyalar jedel jәne senimdi týrde damyp, әlemning damyghan jәne damushy elderinde ony paydalanushylar qatary kýn sayyn ósip, geografiyalyq auqymyn da úlghaytyp bara jatqany belgili. Internet jýiesindegi aqparat kózderining moldyghy men әr aluandylyghy kәdimgi dәstýrli búqaralyq aqparat qúraldaryn tyqsyryp bara jatqanday kórinetini ras. Alayda, gazet-jurnal-radio-televiziya payda bolghan kezde de osy taqylettes mәseleler tuyndaghynymen keyin olardyng qoghamdyq-sayasy ómirde óz oryndarynyng bar ekendigi, ózara sabaqtasa otyryp, bir-birin tolyqtyra týsetini belgili bolghan.
«Jurnalistika - tórtinshi biylik» degenge kelsek, ony derbes qoghamdyq institut túrghysynan qarastyruymyz oryndy bolady. Jurnalistika qoghamdyq erekshe institut bola otyryp, qogham ómirinin barlyq ayasynda «biylik qúqyn» jýrizuge ken mýmkindik alady . Sebebi, aqparat bolghan jerde basqaru, ýilestiru qyzmetteri belgili dәrejede jýzege asyrylady jәne barlyq salagha yqpal ete alady. Sonymen qatar biylik BAQ-tyn nysanyna, sayasatyna say kórinis tabady. Aytalyq, tómendegidey:
Birinshiden, eger BAQ memlekettin nemese әlde bir mekemenin organy bolsa, solardyn sayasatyna belgili dengeyde baghynady jәne onyn biyligi de qúryltayshy әmirinin jalghasy ispetti aiqyndalady.
Ekinshiden, memlekettik emes instituttardyn BAQ-tary óz sayasattaryn jetkizumen qatar halyqqa jәne memlekettik úiymdargha yqpal etuge qyzmetterin baghyttaydy.
Ýshinshiden, derbes BAQ-tardyn qyzmeti negizinen ekinshide aitylghandarmen úqsas bolyp keledi. Degenmen de, derbes tәuelsiz qay baspasózdin bolsyn artynda әrtýrli qoghamdyq instituttardyn, belgili toptardyn nemese aqparatty tútynushylardyn pikirleri, kózqarastary mindetti týrde túrady. Sol aqparat qúralynyng sheksiz erkindigine túsau salatyn da osylar bolyp tabylady. Keybir tústary ghana bolmasa, búlardan orasan zor aiyrmashylyqty kórip otyrghan joqpyz. Qúryltayshylardyn ishki erejelerine baghynu, solardyn tapsyrystary boyynsha materialdar әzirlep jariyalau sekildi azyn-aulaq ózgeshelikteri ghana bar. Basqa jaghynan negizinen birdey deuge bolady. Árqaysysy ózinin bedelimen, yqpaldylyghymen qoghamdyq qúrylymnyn elementterine eleuli әser ete alady. Aytalyq, saylau aldyndaghy kampaniyalarda, býkilhalyqtyq referendumdarda, qoghamdyq-sayasi asa manyzdy qújattardyn jobalaryn talqylauda belgili bir toptardy qoldau nemese synau arqyly kórinedi.
Key jaghdayda Konstitusiyanyn normalaryna say әlde bir qúqyqtyq aktilerdi ózgertuge de yqpal etui ghajap emes. Múnyn bәri jurnalistika biylikterinin kórinisi deuge bolady. Degenmen, ony tura maghynadaghy tórtinshi biylik dep esepteuge kelinkiremeydi. Sebebi, memlekettik biyliktin jalpy sipaty - zannyn ayasynda mindetti týrde oryndalugha tiyis sheshimder qabyldaydy. Ony oryndamaghan nemese búzghan jaghdayda jauapkershilik jýkteuge tipti qylmystyq is qozghatugha deyin shara qoldana alatyn mýmkindikpen qamtamasyz etiledi.
Al, jurnalistikada onday mәjbýrleu mýmkindiktin joqtyghy mәlim. Sondyqtan, BAQ belgili bir problema jóninde qoghamgha yqpal ete alghanymen óz sheshimin mindetti týrde oryndatugha eshkimdi mәjbýrley almaydy. Biraq, jurnalistikanyn yqpalymen ýkimettin ózi taqtan tayyp ketetin kezderdin bolatynyn taghy erekshe atap ótuimiz kerek.
Qazirgi tanda jurnalistika menedjmentin ýsh dengeyden kóruge bolady:
- Konstitusiya jәne ózge qúqyqtyq aktilerdin ayasynda memleket tarapynan BAQ-tardyn qyzmetteri ýilestirilude;
- redaksiyalarda óz basqarushylary, qúryltayshylary bar;
- baspasóz oryndarynyn baghyttary, baghdarlamalary boyynsha yntymaqtasqan jurnalisterdin, olardyn újymdarynyng sayasi kózqarastary.
Osylardan jurnalistika degenimizdin ózi basqaru qúraly boluymen qatar qoghamdyq aqparattyn iri arnasy ekenin aiqyn angharugha bolady. BAQ - joghary biylik tarapynan qabyldanghan basqarugha, úiymdastyrugha baghyttalghan jalpygha ortaq sheshimderdi halyqqa jetkizedi. Sol sheshimderdi júrshylyqtyn qalay qarsy alyp jatqanyn jәne keri habarlaydy. Osynday keri baylanystyn nәtiyjesinde joghary biylik iyeleri óz sheshimderinin jýzege asyryluyn qalay úiymdastyrudy nemese ony jóndep jetildirudi, nәtiyjege jetken kýnnin ózinde aldaghy josparlaryn, strategiyalaryn anyqtaudy qolgha alady. Basqarudyn obiektisi men subiektisinen alghan aqparattaryn paydalana otyryp, BAQ tiyimdi joldardy, iskerlik bastamalardy úsynuy da әbden mýmkin. Osy maghynasyna say jurnalistika - basqarushylyq funksiyasyn atqarady jәne osy ýrdisting ayasynda neni kórse sony jazsa, bardy bar, joqty joq dep shynayy týrde jetkizse - «patshanyng jalanash túrghanyn» jasyrmaghany bolmaq.
Al, sen qyzmetinnen aiyryludan qoryqpay, biylikting qaharynan qaymyqpay «Patsha - jalanash!» dep aighaylay alasyng ba?
"Abay-aqparat"